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href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20">2022-09-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21">2022-09-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22">2022-09-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38">2022-W38</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W39"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W39</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" 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data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-10">2022-10-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11">2022-10-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12">2022-10-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13">2022-10-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14">2022-10-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16">2022-10-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41">2022-W41</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W42"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W42</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W42"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17">2022-10-17</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18">2022-10-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19">2022-10-19</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21">2022-10-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42">2022-W42</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg 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class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W45</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W45"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10">2022-11-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11">2022-11-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12">2022-11-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13">2022-11-13</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W46"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W46</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W46"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18">2022-11-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20">2022-11-20</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W47"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W47</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06">2022-12-06</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49">2022-W49</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W50"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W50</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W50"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12">2022-12-12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">2023</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023"><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W2"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W2</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W14"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08">2023-04-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14">2023-W14</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W16"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W16</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W16"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21">2023-04-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22">2023-W22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W23"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W23</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W23"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05">2023-06-05</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08">2023-06-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23">2023-W23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div 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(站点可靠性工程师)</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li id="explorer-end"></li></ul></div></div><div class="recent-notes desktop-only"><h3>Recent Notes</h3><ul class="recent-ul"><li class="recent-li"><div class="section"><div class="desc"><h3><a href="../../../../Blog/乌兰哈达火山银河之旅" class="internal">乌兰哈达火山银河之旅</a></h3></div><p class="meta">Jun 27, 2024</p></div></li><li class="recent-li"><div class="section"><div class="desc"><h3><a href="../../../../Blog/冰箱，让你我错过了多少新鲜的生活？" class="internal">冰箱，让你我错过了多少新鲜的生活？</a></h3></div><p class="meta">Jun 27, 2024</p></div></li><li class="recent-li"><div class="section"><div class="desc"><h3><a href="../../../../Blog/記伍月" class="internal">記伍月</a></h3></div><p class="meta">May 31, 2024</p></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="center"><div class="page-header"><div class="popover-hint"><nav class="breadcrumb-container " aria-label="breadcrumbs"><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../..">Home</a><p> > </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Tech/">Tech</a><p> > </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Tech/operating-system/">operating system</a><p> > </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Tech/operating-system/Linux/">Linux</a><p> > </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Tech/operating-system/Linux/3.系统管理/">3.系统管理</a><p> > </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href>Linux 服务管理</a></div></nav><h1 class="article-title ">Linux 服务管理</h1><p class="content-meta ">Jun 30, 2023, 36 min read</p><ul class="tags "><li><a href="../../../../tags/linux/系统管理" class="internal tag-link">#linux/系统管理</a></li><li><a href="../../../../tags/技术/操作系统" class="internal tag-link">#技术/操作系统</a></li></ul></div></div><article class="popover-hint"><h2 id="引言">引言<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#引言" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Linux，一种自由和开源的操作系统，因其强大的定制性和稳定性，在全球各地的服务器、桌面、移动设备等领域得到了广泛应用。无论是云计算的基础设施，还是物联网设备的操作系统，Linux 都是核心的选择。然而，为了充分利用 Linux 的潜力，了解其如何启动和运行，以及如何管理运行级别，是必不可少的。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="系统启动">系统启动<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#系统启动" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<p><strong>Linux 系统的启动过程是多阶段的，涉及硬件、引导加载器、内核和系统初始化等多个阶段。</strong></p>
|
||
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/2024%2F04%2F15%2F396185f642598644c4012c2027b1f92f-LinuxBootProcess.gif" alt="Linux Boot Process"/></p>
|
||
<h3 id="启动流程">启动流程<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#启动流程" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>开机自检（POST）</strong>：当电源开启后，BIOS 或 UEFI 固件从非易失性存储器中加载，执行一系列检查来验证系统基本硬件功能，如内存、处理器和输入/输出系统是否正常工作。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>设备检测</strong>：在开机自检之后，BIOS/UEFI 将识别并配置系统中连接的所有硬件设备，包括处理器、内存、硬盘、光驱以及其他外围设备，如键盘和鼠标。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>选择启动设备</strong>：BIOS/UEFI 检查其设置或启动顺序配置，决定从哪个设备启动操作系统。这可能包括硬盘、USB 设备、网络服务器或光驱。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>运行引导加载器</strong>：从选定的启动设备加载引导加载器（例如 GRUB 或 Windows Boot Manager）。引导加载器提供一个界面，用户可以选择加载特定的操作系统或内核版本。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>内核加载</strong>：引导加载器从启动设备中加载选定的操作系统内核到 RAM 中，并开始系统的初始化过程。此过程包括加载必要的驱动程序以及进行初步的系统设置。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>系统服务启动</strong>：操作系统内核初始化完成后，systemd 或其他初始化系统作为第一个用户空间进程运行，负责启动其他系统服务和进程。这个阶段可能包括硬件探测、文件系统挂载和网络配置。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>执行启动脚本</strong>：在系统服务启动之后，操作系统执行多个启动脚本，这些脚本进一步配置环境变量、网络设置、用户权限和系统服务，确保系统按预期方式运行。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>显示登录界面</strong>：所有系统服务和启动脚本执行完毕后，操作系统将显示登录界面。用户现在可以输入用户名和密码进行登录，系统则为用户会话准备环境和资源。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h4 id="1bios-阶段">1.BIOS 阶段<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#1bios-阶段" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>当电脑开机时，会进行一种叫做电源自检（Power-On Self Test，POST）的过程。这个过程是由电脑的基本输入/输出系统（Basic Input/Output System，BIOS）或统一可扩展固件接口（Unified Extensible Firmware Interface，UEFI）来管理的。<strong>POST 是电脑启动过程中的第一个步骤，是为了确定系统的基本硬件设备是否能够正常运行。</strong></p>
|
||
<p>基本的 POST 过程的步骤：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
|
||
A[系统电源打开] --> B[CPU 复位]
|
||
B --> C[BIOS/UEFI 初始化]
|
||
C --> D[硬件检查]
|
||
D --> E[错误检查和报告]
|
||
E --> F[启动引导设备]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>系统电源打开</strong>：当你按下电源开关后，电源供应器开始为整个系统供电。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>CPU 复位</strong>：电源打开后，中央处理器（CPU）会被复位到预定义的状态。复位过程包括清空 CPU 的寄存器和缓存，设置程序计数器为预定义的地址（在许多系统中，这通常是固定的 ROM 地址）。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>BIOS/UEFI 初始化</strong>：CPU 开始执行在预定义地址上的代码，这通常是 BIOS/UEFI 的代码。BIOS/UEFI 在启动时，会进行一些基本的系统初始化，如设置中断描述符表、初始化内存控制器等。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>硬件检查</strong>：BIOS/UEFI 开始进行 POST，检查系统的基本硬件设备。这通常包括内存、硬盘驱动器、键盘、鼠标等设备。这个过程可能包括设备自我检测（如果设备支持的话），也可能包括读写测试（如对内存的读写测试）。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>错误检查和报告</strong>：如果在 POST 过程中检测到错误，BIOS/UEFI 会报告这个错误。这可能是通过屏幕上的错误消息，或者通过蜂鸣器的蜂鸣声（通常被称为 “beep codes”）。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>启动引导设备</strong>：如果 POST 成功完成，BIOS/UEFI 会开始从引导设备（如硬盘、USB 设备等）加载操作系统。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>在这个阶段，有一些系统可能使用 UEFI（统一的可扩展固件接口）而不是传统的 BIOS。UEFI 是一个规范，定义了软件与操作系统和平台固件之间的软件接口。UEFI 启动过程的细节和 BIOS 有所不同，但基本思路是类似的：它<strong>负责初始化硬件，然后加载并运行启动加载器。</strong></p>
|
||
<h4 id="2引导加载器阶段">2.引导加载器阶段<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#2引导加载器阶段" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>**启动加载程序（Bootloader）是在计算机启动过程中，BIOS 或 UEFI 完成硬件检测后，用于加载操作系统内核的一个小程序。**常见的 Linux 启动加载程序有 GRUB（GNU GRand Unified Bootloader）、LILO（Linux Loader）、SYSLINUX 等。</p>
|
||
<p>启动加载程序的基本步骤：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
|
||
A[读取配置文件] --> B[展示操作系统选择菜单]
|
||
B --> C[加载操作系统内核]
|
||
C --> D[传递控制权]
|
||
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>读取配置文件</strong>：启动加载程序首先会读取其配置文件，了解哪些操作系统可供选择，每个操作系统的内核文件存放在何处，是否有特定的启动参数等信息。在 GRUB 中，这个配置文件通常是 /boot/grub/grub.cfg。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>展示操作系统选择菜单</strong>：根据配置文件，启动加载程序会在屏幕上展示一个菜单，列出所有可用的操作系统（如果有多个的话），并等待用户选择。用户可以在这个时候选择要启动的操作系统，或者修改启动参数。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>加载操作系统内核</strong>：用户选择了要启动的操作系统后，启动加载程序会找到相应的内核文件，加载到内存中。这个过程可能涉及到文件系统的操作，因为内核文件通常存放在硬盘的某个文件系统中。所以，启动加载程序需要包含一些简单的文件系统驱动程序。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>传递控制权</strong>：内核文件被加载到内存后，启动加载程序会将 CPU 的控制权传递给内核，然后操作系统开始运行。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>引导加载器不仅可以加载 Linux，也可以加载许多其他类型的操作系统。例如，GRUB 支持加载 Linux、Windows、FreeBSD 等等。<strong>这是通过多启动（multi-boot）规范实现的，它定义了一个标准的方法让引导加载器与操作系统内核交互。</strong></p>
|
||
<h4 id="3内核阶段">3.内核阶段<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#3内核阶段" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>**一旦启动加载程序（例如 GRUB）将操作系统内核加载到内存并将控制权移交给它，Linux 内核就开始初始化。**在内核初始化过程中，它实际上是在设定一个基本的运行环境，这样用户空间的程序才能在这个环境中运行。在这个环境中，内核提供了许多基本的服务，例如设备驱动、文件系统、网络服务、进程调度等。所有这些服务在用户空间的程序看来就像是操作系统的一部分，但它们实际上都是由内核提供的。</p>
|
||
<p>以下是内核阶段的一些主要步骤：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
|
||
A[初始化 CPU 和内存管理] --> B[启动其他 CPU 核心]
|
||
B --> C[设备和驱动初始化]
|
||
C --> D[设置中断和系统调用处理]
|
||
D --> E[初始化虚拟文件系统 VFS]
|
||
E --> F[挂载根文件系统]
|
||
F --> G[启动 init 进程]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>初始化 CPU 和内存管理</strong>：首先，内核需要设置和初始化处理器和内存管理系统。它会设置页表来管理虚拟内存，检测和初始化 CPU 和其他硬件设备，以及初始化内核数据结构。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>启动其他 CPU 核心</strong>：在多核处理器系统中，内核需要唤醒和初始化其他的 CPU 核心。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>设备和驱动初始化</strong>：内核会开始探测并初始化系统中的各种硬件设备。这包括识别硬件设备，加载和初始化设备驱动，以及设置设备的相关参数。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>设置中断和系统调用处理</strong>：内核会设置中断处理程序，这是处理硬件中断（例如键盘输入、网络数据包到达等）的机制。同时，内核也会设置系统调用处理程序，这是用户空间程序与内核进行交互的主要方式。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>初始化虚拟文件系统（VFS）</strong>：Linux 内核会初始化虚拟文件系统（VFS），这是管理所有文件和目录的核心组件。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>挂载根文件系统</strong>：内核会挂载根文件系统（通常是 ”/”）。这通常涉及到读取硬盘上的数据，并可能需要启动额外的驱动程序来识别文件系统（如 ext4、btrfs 等）。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>启动 init 进程</strong>：最后，内核会启动一个特殊的用户空间程序，称为 init 进程。这个进程的进程 ID（PID）是 1，它负责启动所有其他的用户空间程序和服务。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h4 id="4系统初始化阶段">4.系统初始化阶段<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#4系统初始化阶段" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>**在 Linux 内核完成初始化并挂载了根文件系统后，它将启动第一个用户空间程序，这个进程通常被称为 init 进程。init 进程的进程 ID（PID）是 1，它是所有其他用户空间进程的父进程。**init 进程在系统中有特殊的地位，它负责启动其他所有的系统服务和用户空间进程。</p>
|
||
<p>常见的 init 系统包括 Systemd、Upstart、SysV init 等，它们各自的启动流程可能会有所不同。以下是使用 Systemd 作为 init 系统的一般流程：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
|
||
A[启动] --> B[读取和解析配置文件]
|
||
B --> C[启动系统服务]
|
||
C --> D[启动用户登录服务]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>启动</strong>：内核首先启动 Systemd 进程，通常是通过执行 /sbin/init 程序。这个程序通常是指向 Systemd 的一个符号链接。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>读取和解析配置文件</strong>：Systemd 首先读取和解析其配置文件，了解要启动哪些系统服务。这些配置文件通常位于 /etc/systemd/system 或 /lib/systemd/system 目录中，每个文件描述了一个服务的启动信息，如启动命令、依赖关系等。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>启动系统服务</strong>：Systemd 开始按照配置文件启动系统服务。Systemd 会处理服务之间的依赖关系，确保服务按照正确的顺序启动。这些服务通常包括网络服务、日志服务、定时任务等。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>启动用户登录服务</strong>：Systemd 会启动一个特殊的服务，用于处理用户登录。这个服务可以是一个命令行登录程序（如 getty 或 mingetty），也可以是一个图形登录界面（如 GDM 或 LightDM）。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>在系统初始化阶段，init 系统会根据预设的运行级别启动一系列的系统服务和守护进程。这些运行级别是一个用来定义系统应该运行哪些服务的机制。例如，在某个运行级别，系统可能只启动最必要的服务，以便快速启动或进行故障排查。而在另一个运行级别，系统可能会启动全部的服务，包括图形界面、网络服务等。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="运行级别的概念">运行级别的概念<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#运行级别的概念" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>运行级别是 Linux 系统中用于定义系统需要运行哪些服务和进程的方式。每个运行级别都有特定的服务和进程集合，可以根据系统的需求进行切换。Linux 系统中包含以下七个运行级别：</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table><thead><tr><th>运行级别</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>系统停机，通常用于正常关闭系统。</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>单用户模式，通常用于系统维护。</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>多用户模式，不包括网络服务。</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>完全的多用户模式，包括网络服务。这通常是 Linux 系统默认的运行级别。</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>通常不使用，用户可以自定义。</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>图形用户模式，启动 X Window 图形界面。</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>系统重启。</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<h3 id="管理运行级别">管理运行级别<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#管理运行级别" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Linux 系统提供了一些工具和命令，使用户能够查看和更改当前的运行级别。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>使用 <code>runlevel</code> 命令可以查看当前的运行级别。该命令会输出两个数字，前一个代表前一个运行级别，后一个代表当前运行级别。</li>
|
||
<li>使用 <code>init</code> 命令加上运行级别的数字，可以更改当前的运行级别。例如，执行 <code>init 3</code> 会将系统转换到多用户文本模式。</li>
|
||
<li>另外，用户还可以通过编辑 <code>/etc/inittab</code> 文件来更改系统的默认运行级别。例如，<code>id:3:initdefault:</code> 就设置了系统的默认运行级别为 3。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>通过理解 Linux 系统的启动流程和运行级别，可以更好地理解和管理 Linux 系统的行为和状态。这些知识对于系统管理员来说尤其重要，因为它们直接影响到系统的性能和稳定性。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="进程管理">进程管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#进程管理" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<p>在操作系统中，理解并掌握进程及其管理是至关重要的，尤其是在类 Unix 的操作系统如 Linux 中，它们是系统正常运行的基础。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="进程的概念">进程的概念<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#进程的概念" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>进程是一个运行的程序的实例。每个<strong>运行中的程序都会生成至少一个进程</strong>。每个进程都有一个<strong>唯一的进程 ID</strong>，也称为 PID，是由系统自动分配的。同时，每个进程都有其父进程。父进程是创建其他进程的进程。<strong>在 Linux 系统中，init 进程（PID 为 1）是所有进程的祖先进程（神父进程）。</strong></p>
|
||
<h3 id="进程的状态">进程的状态<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#进程的状态" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Linux 进程有五种状态：运行（Running），等待（Interruptible Sleep），非中断等待（Uninterruptible Sleep），停止（Stopped），僵尸（Zombie）。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">stateDiagram-v2
|
||
[*] --> Running: 创建进程
|
||
Running --> InterruptibleSleep: 等待事件
|
||
InterruptibleSleep --> Running: 事件完成
|
||
Running --> Stopped: 收到停止信号
|
||
Stopped --> Running: 收到继续信号
|
||
Running --> Zombie: 进程结束
|
||
Zombie --> [*]: 父进程读取状态
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>运行状态（Running）</strong>: 进程正在 CPU 上运行或者在运行队列中等待运行。运行状态的进程可能正在使用 CPU ，也可能正在等待 CPU 时间片。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>等待状态（Interruptible Sleep）</strong>: 进程正在等待某个条件（如用户输入或者磁盘 I/O）完成。当满足其等待的条件，它就会转移到运行状态。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>非中断等待状态（Uninterruptible Sleep）</strong>: 与等待状态类似，进程在等待某个条件完成。但这种状态的进程不能被其他进程或者事件唤醒和打断，只有等待的条件被满足，它才会被唤醒。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>停止状态（Stopped）</strong>: 进程被暂停执行，可以由一个信号（signal）触发进入该状态。即使有可用的 CPU 时间，被停止的进程也不会执行。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>僵尸状态（Zombie）</strong>: 这是进程结束（或被其他进程杀死）后的一种状态。尽管进程的主体已经终止，但它在进程表中的条目仍然存在，直到父进程读取了子进程的退出状态信息后，才会消失。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="进程的优先级">进程的优先级<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#进程的优先级" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Linux 系统中，处理器必须在多个并发运行的进程之间分享其时间。**为了公平和有效地管理这些进程，Linux 使用一种称为优先级的机制来确定哪个进程应该优先获取 CPU 时间。**优先级是一种衡量进程重要性和优先级的方法，优先级较高的进程将获得更多的 CPU 时间。</p>
|
||
<p>Linux 系统使用所谓的 Nice 值来表示进程的优先级。Nice 值的范围从 -20（最高优先级）到 19（最低优先级）。默认的 Nice 值是 0。Nice 值越低，进程的优先级就越高，也就是说，它会获得更多的 CPU 时间。反之，Nice 值越高，进程的优先级就越低，获得的 CPU 时间也就越少。</p>
|
||
<p>在 Linux 系统中，你可以使用 <code>nice</code> 和 <code>renice</code> 命令来设置和修改进程的优先级。以下是它们的使用方法：</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># PID 是想要修改的进程的进程 ID，可以使用 ps 或 top 命令来查看进程的 PID</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用 nice 命令启动一个新进程，设置其 Nice 值为 10</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nice</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-n</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">command</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用 nice 命令启动一个新进程，设置其 Nice 值为 -5</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nice</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-n</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">command</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 将 PID 为 1234 的进程的 Nice 值设为 10</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">renice</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-p</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1234</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 将 PID 为 5678 的进程的 Nice 值设为 -5</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">renice</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-p</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5678</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="进程管理命令">进程管理命令<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#进程管理命令" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>ps</code></td><td>显示当前进程的快照。</td></tr><tr><td><code>top</code></td><td>动态显示进程状态，可以实时查看系统中各个进程的资源占用情况。</td></tr><tr><td><code>htop</code></td><td>与 <code>top</code> 类似，但提供了一个更美观、更友好的界面以及额外的功能，如垂直和水平滚动。</td></tr><tr><td><code>pgrep</code></td><td>根据条件查找进程，并列出匹配条件的进程 ID。</td></tr><tr><td><code>pkill</code></td><td>发送信号到匹配条件的进程，常用于终止进程。</td></tr><tr><td><code>kill</code></td><td>发送信号到特定的进程，最常用于终止进程。</td></tr><tr><td><code>killall</code></td><td>根据进程的名称来终止一组进程。</td></tr><tr><td><code>nice</code></td><td>启动一个进程并设置其优先级。优先级较低的进程运行得较慢，从而减少对系统资源的占用。</td></tr><tr><td><code>renice</code></td><td>修改已经运行的进程的优先级。</td></tr><tr><td><code>nohup</code></td><td>运行命令使其可以在用户注销后继续运行。</td></tr><tr><td><code>jobs</code></td><td>显示当前会话中的所有作业及其状态。</td></tr><tr><td><code>bg</code></td><td>将一个在后台暂停的作业恢复执行。</td></tr><tr><td><code>fg</code></td><td>将一个在后台运行的作业调到前台继续运行。</td></tr><tr><td><code>&</code></td><td>在命令后添加 <code>&</code> 可以让命令在后台运行。</td></tr><tr><td><code>disown</code></td><td>将作业从当前会话的作业列表中移除，使得该作业不会在会话结束时被终止。</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<h2 id="服务管理">服务管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#服务管理" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="服务的概念">服务的概念<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#服务的概念" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Linux 环境中，服务（也被称为守护进程）是一个关键概念，指的是一种在后台运行的程序或一组程序，这些程序在用户的视觉范围之外，不断地提供某些特定的功能或服务。例如，web 服务器（如 Apache），数据库服务器（如 MySQL），邮件服务器，SSH，FTP 等都属于典型的服务。这些服务是操作系统正常运行的重要组成部分，负责处理各种系统任务和应用请求。</p>
|
||
<p>服务管理则是操作系统中的一项重要任务，其主要目标是保证服务能够稳定、高效地运行，同时，也能够便捷地进行服务的配置和维护。为了达到这个目标，人们设计了许多不同的服务管理系统，例如 SysV init，Upstart，以及现在广泛使用的 Systemd。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="服务管理-1">服务管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#服务管理-1" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="systemd">Systemd<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#systemd" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><a href="https://systemd.io/" class="external">systemd</a> 是当前大多数 Linux 发行版中默认的初始化系统和服务管理器，由 Lennart Poettering 和 Kay Sievers 在 Freedesktop.org 项目中创建。它的主要任务是负责系统的引导流程，以及在系统运行期间管理和维护各种服务。</p>
|
||
<p>与传统的 SysV init 和 Upstart 等系统相比，systemd 提供了许多高级特性。其中一个主要特点就是并行化处理，能同时启动多个服务，大大提高了系统启动的速度。此外，systemd 还支持按需启动服务，即只有在服务被需要时才启动。这些特性加上实时系统状态查看，服务依赖管理，系统资源控制等，使得 systemd 能为用户提供现代化的、高效的、全面的解决方案。</p>
|
||
<p>**systemd 还提供了一种新的系统配置方法，即使用 systemd 单元（unit）文件。**这些单元文件用于定义服务、设备、挂载点、套接字等对象的属性和行为。单元文件是纯文本文件，易于编辑，支持灵活的配置选项。</p>
|
||
<p>除了基本的初始化服务，**systemd 还提供了进程监控、日志管理、设备管理、网络配置、用户会话管理等多项功能。**特别是通过日志管理工具 journald，实现了全面的日志管理功能。journald 可以收集各种类型的日志信息，包括内核日志、系统服务日志、用户程序日志等，然后将它们统一存储在一个中央日志库中，便于用户查阅和管理。</p>
|
||
<p>尽管 systemd 具有诸多优点，但由于其庞大和复杂，也引来了不少批评。一些人认为 systemd 违反了 Unix 哲学——” 做一件事，并把它做好 “，它的功能太过全面，违反了模块化设计的原则。然而，也有很多人认为，对于现代 Linux 系统来说 systemd 是必不可少的。</p>
|
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<p>以下是一些 systemd 中常用的 <code>systemctl</code> 命令示例：</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 启动一个服务</span></span>
|
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">systemctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">start</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [service_name]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 停止一个服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">systemctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">stop</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [service_name]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 重启一个服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">systemctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">restart</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [service_name]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 查看一个服务的状态</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">systemctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">status</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [service_name]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 设置一个服务在系统启动时自动启动</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">systemctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enable</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [service_name]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 禁止一个服务在系统启动时自动启动</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">systemctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">disable</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [service_name]</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>常用的选项：</p>
|
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<table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>--user</code></td><td>对用户级别的服务进行操作，而不是系统级别的服务</td></tr><tr><td><code>--global</code></td><td>对所有用户的用户级别的服务进行操作</td></tr><tr><td><code>--system</code></td><td>对系统级别的服务进行操作，这是默认的操作级别</td></tr><tr><td><code>--all</code></td><td>显示所有的服务，包括未启动的和不活跃的服务</td></tr><tr><td><code>--failed</code></td><td>显示启动失败的服务</td></tr><tr><td><code>-H [user@]hostname</code></td><td>对远程主机上的服务进行操作</td></tr><tr><td><code>--no-pager</code></td><td>不使用分页显示输出结果</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<p>总的来说，<code>systemd</code> 是一种强大的初始化系统和服务管理器，它改变了 Linux 系统的启动方式和服务管理方式，带来了许多新的可能性和便利性。如果你正在使用的是一个现代的 Linux 发行版，那么你很可能已经在使用 <code>systemd</code> 了。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="upstart">Upstart<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#upstart" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>Upstart 是一种为 Linux 系统设计的事件驱动的初始化系统和服务管理器，由 Canonical 公司的 Scott James Remnant 开发，最初用于 Ubuntu 发行版。它的设计初衷是用于取代传统的 SysV init 系统，并且解决其在处理现代化计算环境中的并发性和动态性时的局限性。</p>
|
||
<p>Upstart 的主要特点是事件驱动（Event-Driven），它可以根据系统事件（比如硬件添加或者删除，服务状态变化等）来动态地启动或停止服务。这种设计使得 Upstart 能够灵活地适应不同的系统状态，并确保相关的服务在适当的时机和顺序下启动。</p>
|
||
<p>此外，Upstart 还支持并行启动服务，这大大提高了系统启动的速度。它还具有服务状态跟踪功能，可以在服务异常退出时自动重启服务，从而提高系统的可靠性。</p>
|
||
<p>Upstart 使用的服务配置文件称为 Job 文件，这些文件定义了一个服务的启动条件、停止条件、脚本等信息。Job 文件是纯文本文件，位于 <code>/etc/init</code> 目录下，易于编辑和管理。</p>
|
||
<p>以下是一些 Upstart 中常用的 <code>initctl</code> 命令示例：</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 启动一个服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">initctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">start</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [job_name]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 停止一个服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">initctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">stop</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [job_name]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 重启一个服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">initctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">restart</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [job_name]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 查看一个服务的状态</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">initctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">status</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [job_name]</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>常用的选项：</p>
|
||
|
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||
<table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>list</code></td><td>列出所有已知的任务和服务</td></tr><tr><td><code>show-config</code></td><td>显示指定任务或服务的所有配置信息</td></tr><tr><td><code>emit</code></td><td>发出一个事件，可以触发相关的任务和服务</td></tr><tr><td><code>reload-configuration</code></td><td>重新加载所有的任务和服务的配置文件</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<p>尽管 Upstart 在其出现时提供了一种新颖和强大的初始化和服务管理方式，但由于其开发和维护的复杂性，以及后来 systemd 的出现，Upstart 在许多 Linux 发行版中被 systemd 替代。然而，了解 Upstart 仍然是有益的，因为有些旧的系统或特定的场景可能仍然在使用它。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="sysv-init">SysV Init<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#sysv-init" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>SysV init 是 Unix System V 中的初始化系统，长期以来在各种 Unix-like 系统中使用，包括早期的 Linux 发行版。它主要负责在系统启动时启动各种服务，以及在系统运行期间管理和维护各种服务。</p>
|
||
<p>SysV init 的主要特点是顺序启动服务。它依赖于在 <code>/etc/inittab</code> 文件中定义的运行级别（runlevels），并在每个运行级别中按照预定义的顺序启动或停止服务。这种设计简单可靠，但在处理现代化计算环境中的并发性和动态性时，表现出一定的局限性。</p>
|
||
<p>在 SysV init 系统中，服务的启动脚本通常位于 <code>/etc/init.d/</code> 目录下，而各个运行级别的服务链接则位于 <code>/etc/rc.d/</code> 或 <code>/etc/rc[runlevel].d/</code> 目录下。这种设计使得服务配置分散在多个文件和目录中，管理相对较复杂。</p>
|
||
<p>以下是一些 SysV init 中常用的命令示例：</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 启动一个服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">/etc/init.d/[service_name]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">start</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 停止一个服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">/etc/init.d/[service_name]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">stop</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 重启一个服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">/etc/init.d/[service_name]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">restart</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 查看一个服务的状态</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">/etc/init.d/[service_name]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">status</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 切换运行级别</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">init</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [runlevel]</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>常用的运行级别：</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
|
||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table><thead><tr><th>运行级别</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>关机</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>单用户模式</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>多用户模式（没有网络服务）</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>多用户模式（有网络服务）</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>未定义，可以由用户自定义</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>多用户模式（有网络服务和图形用户界面）</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>重启</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<p>尽管 <code>SysV init</code> 系统在设计上有一些局限性，但其简单和可靠的特点使得它在许多年里得到了广泛的使用。然而，随着现代 Linux 系统的发展，更多的发行版开始选择如 <code>Upstart</code> 或 <code>systemd</code> 这样的现代化的初始化系统和服务管理器。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="未来发展">未来发展<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#未来发展" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>随着云计算、容器技术、微服务等新技术的发展，服务管理面临着新的挑战和机遇。在这样的环境下，服务管理不仅要考虑如何管理单个系统上的服务，还需要考虑如何在分布式环境中协调和管理多个服务。这可能需要新的管理策略和工具，或者是现有工具的深度集成和优化。</p>
|
||
<p>例如，随着 Kubernetes 这样的容器编排工具的普及，服务的生命周期管理和调度已经可以通过这些工具来完成。在这种情况下，传统的服务管理器可能需要与 Kubernetes 等工具进行深度整合，以便更好地在微服务环境中管理服务。</p>
|
||
<p>另一方面，新的服务管理工具和框架也正在不断出现，比如用 Go 语言编写的 <a href="http://supervisord.org/" class="external">supervisord</a>，或者是由 Uber 开发的 <a href="https://eng.uber.com/peloton/" class="external">Peloton</a>。这些工具都试图在特定环境下提供更好的服务管理能力。</p>
|
||
<p>总的来说，服务管理是一个重要且不断发展的领域。随着新技术的发展，我们期待看到更多的创新和进步，以帮助我们更好地管理和维护系统服务。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
|
||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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|
||
s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
|
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#引言" data-for="引言">引言</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#系统启动" data-for="系统启动">系统启动</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#启动流程" data-for="启动流程">启动流程</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#运行级别的概念" data-for="运行级别的概念">运行级别的概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#管理运行级别" data-for="管理运行级别">管理运行级别</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#进程管理" data-for="进程管理">进程管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#进程的概念" data-for="进程的概念">进程的概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#进程的状态" data-for="进程的状态">进程的状态</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#进程的优先级" data-for="进程的优先级">进程的优先级</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#进程管理命令" data-for="进程管理命令">进程管理命令</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#服务管理" data-for="服务管理">服务管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#服务的概念" data-for="服务的概念">服务的概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#服务管理-1" data-for="服务管理-1">服务管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#未来发展" data-for="未来发展">未来发展</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" 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data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a 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data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer 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href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22">2023-W22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W23"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W23</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W23"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05">2023-06-05</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08">2023-06-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23">2023-W23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W24"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W24</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W24"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-12" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-12">2023-06-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-13" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-13">2023-06-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-15">2023-06-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-W24" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-W24">2023-W24</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W25"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W25</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W25"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W25/2023-W25" data-for="Journal/2023/W25/2023-W25">2023-W25</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 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