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href="../../../../Technology/">Technology</a><p> ❯ </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Technology/OperatingSystem/">OperatingSystem</a><p> ❯ </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Technology/OperatingSystem/Linux/">Linux</a><p> ❯ </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Technology/OperatingSystem/Linux/6.网络管理/">6.网络管理</a><p> ❯ </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href>Linux 网络管理</a></div></nav><h1 class="article-title">Linux 网络管理</h1><p show-comma="true" class="content-meta"><span>2023年4月10日</span><span>54分钟阅读</span></p><ul class="tags"><li><a href="../../../../tags/Linux/进阶" class="internal tag-link">Linux/进阶</a></li><li><a href="../../../../tags/技术/操作系统" class="internal tag-link">技术/操作系统</a></li></ul></div></div><article class="popover-hint"><h2 id="网络配置">网络配置<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络配置" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>发行版</th><th>常用网络管理工具</th><th>网络配置文件路径</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ubuntu</td><td>NetworkManager, systemd-networkd</td><td>/etc/netplan/</td></tr><tr><td>Debian</td><td>NetworkManager, systemd-networkd, ifupdown</td><td>/etc/network/interfaces</td></tr><tr><td>CentOS/RHEL</td><td>NetworkManager, systemd-networkd, ifcfg</td><td>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*</td></tr><tr><td>Fedora</td><td>NetworkManager, systemd-networkd, ifcfg</td><td>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*</td></tr><tr><td>Arch Linux</td><td>netctl</td><td>/etc/netctl/</td></tr><tr><td>openSUSE</td><td>NetworkManager, ifup</td><td>/etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-*</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<h3 id="网络概念">网络概念<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络概念" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li>**动态主机配置协议（DHCP）：**DHCP 用于自动分配 IP 地址、子网掩码、默认网关等网络参数。</li>
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<li>**静态地址（Static IP）：**静态 IP 是预先分配给设备的固定 IP 地址。</li>
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<li><strong>地址（IP）</strong>：网络设备的唯一标识符，用于在网络中进行通信。IPv4 地址格式为 <code>xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</code>，例如 <code>192.168.1.10</code>。</li>
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<li><strong>子网掩码（NetMask）</strong>：用于划分 IP 地址的网络和主机部分。常见的子网掩码有 <code>255.255.255.0</code>，表示一个 C 类子网。</li>
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<li><strong>网关（Gateway）</strong>：连接不同网络的设备，通常是路由器。默认网关用于转发网络请求到其他网络段。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>域名系统（DNS）</strong>：将域名解析为 IP 地址的服务。常见的 DNS 服务器有 Google 的 <code>8.8.8.8</code> 和 <code>8.8.4.4</code>。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="ip">Ip<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#ip" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>ip</code> 命令是 Linux 系统中用于管理网络设备、地址、路由等网络设置的一个强大工具。它是 iproute2 软件包的一部分，由 Alexey N. Kuznetsov 开发，首次发布于 1999 年。<strong><code>ip</code> 命令的设计目的是替代原有的 <code>ifconfig</code>、<code>route</code> 等传统网络配置工具，提供更灵活、功能强大的解决方案。</strong></p>
|
||
<p>**<code>ip</code> 命令通过 Netlink 套接字与 Linux 内核通信，实现对网络设备、地址、路由等资源的管理。**Netlink 是一种用于在内核和用户空间之间传递信息的通信机制。通过 Netlink，<code>ip</code> 命令能够执行各种复杂的网络配置任务。</p>
|
||
<p><em><strong>ip 命令的配置是临时的，仅在当前会话中有效。重启系统或网络服务后，这些配置将会丢失。</strong></em></p>
|
||
<h4 id="生命周期">生命周期<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#生命周期" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">flowchart LR
|
||
A[1. 开始] --> B[2. 显示网络接口信息]
|
||
B --> C[ip addr show]
|
||
B --> D[ip link show]
|
||
B --> E[ip route show]
|
||
|
||
A --> F[3. 添加 IP 地址]
|
||
F --> G[ip addr add <IP>/<PREFIX> dev <DEVICE>]
|
||
|
||
A --> H[4. 删除 IP 地址]
|
||
H --> I[ip addr del <IP>/<PREFIX> dev <DEVICE>]
|
||
|
||
A --> J[5. 修改网络接口状态]
|
||
J --> K[5.1 启用接口]
|
||
K --> L[ip link set dev <DEVICE> up]
|
||
J --> M[5.2 禁用接口]
|
||
M --> N[ip link set dev <DEVICE> down]
|
||
|
||
A --> O[6. 添加路由]
|
||
O --> P[ip route add <ROUTE> via <GATEWAY>]
|
||
|
||
A --> Q[7. 删除路由]
|
||
Q --> R[ip route del <ROUTE>]
|
||
|
||
A --> S[8. 管理邻居条目]
|
||
S --> T[8.1 显示邻居表]
|
||
T --> U[ip neigh show]
|
||
S --> V[8.2 添加邻居条目]
|
||
V --> W[ip neigh add <IP> lladdr <MAC> dev <DEVICE>]
|
||
S --> X[8.3 删除邻居条目]
|
||
X --> Y[ip neigh del <IP> dev <DEVICE>]
|
||
|
||
A --> Z[9. 刷新 IP 地址]
|
||
Z --> AA[ip addr flush dev <DEVICE>]
|
||
|
||
A --> AB[10. 监控网络事件]
|
||
AB --> AC[ip monitor all]
|
||
|
||
A --> AD[11. 显示网络设备统计信息]
|
||
AD --> AE[ip -s link]
|
||
|
||
A --> AF[12. 查看或设置 MTU 值]
|
||
AF --> AG[12.1 查看 MTU]
|
||
AG --> AH[ip link show dev <DEVICE>]
|
||
AF --> AI[12.2 设置 MTU]
|
||
AI --> AJ[ip link set dev <DEVICE> mtu <MTU>]
|
||
|
||
A --> AK[13. 显示和修改路由规则]
|
||
AK --> AL[13.1 显示路由规则]
|
||
AL --> AM[ip rule show]
|
||
AK --> AN[13.2 添加路由规则]
|
||
AN --> AO[ip rule add from <SOURCE> table <TABLE>]
|
||
AK --> AP[13.3 删除路由规则]
|
||
AP --> AQ[ip rule del from <SOURCE> table <TABLE>]
|
||
|
||
A --> AR[14. 创建和管理虚拟接口]
|
||
AR --> AS[14.1 创建虚拟接口]
|
||
AS --> AT[ip link add link <PARENT> name <NAME> type vlan id <ID>]
|
||
AR --> AU[14.2 删除虚拟接口]
|
||
AU --> AV[ip link del <NAME>]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="常用命令">常用命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用命令" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>ip addr show</code></td><td>显示网络接口的地址信息</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip addr add</code></td><td>为网络接口添加 IP 地址</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip addr del</code></td><td>删除网络接口的 IP 地址</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip link show</code></td><td>显示网络接口状态</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip link set</code></td><td>修改网络接口属性</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip route show</code></td><td>显示路由表</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip route add</code></td><td>添加路由</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip route del</code></td><td>删除路由</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip neigh show</code></td><td>显示邻居表（ARP 缓存）</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip neigh add</code></td><td>添加邻居条目</td></tr><tr><td><code>ip neigh del</code></td><td>删除邻居条目</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="常用选项">常用选项<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用选项" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>show</code></td><td>显示指定类型的网络对象（如地址、链接、路由等）</td></tr><tr><td><code>add</code></td><td>添加指定类型的网络对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>del</code></td><td>删除指定类型的网络对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>set</code></td><td>修改指定类型的网络对象的属性</td></tr><tr><td><code>list</code></td><td>列出指定类型的网络对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>flush</code></td><td>清除指定类型的网络对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>monitor</code></td><td>监控网络事件</td></tr><tr><td><code>-4</code></td><td>仅处理 IPv4 地址和路由</td></tr><tr><td><code>-6</code></td><td>仅处理 IPv6 地址和路由</td></tr><tr><td><code>-s</code></td><td>输出简化版信息</td></tr><tr><td><code>-brief</code></td><td>以简洁的格式输出信息</td></tr><tr><td><code>-json</code></td><td>以 JSON 格式输出信息</td></tr><tr><td><code>-details</code></td><td>输出详细信息</td></tr><tr><td><code>-family</code></td><td>指定地址族（如 inet、inet6、link 等）</td></tr><tr><td><code>-dynamic</code></td><td>设置动态属性（如动态路由等）</td></tr><tr><td><code>-permanent</code></td><td>设置永久属性（如永久地址等）</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="操作示例">操作示例<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#操作示例" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>查看当前网络接口信息</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> route</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">192.168.101.0/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> dev</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> proto</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> kernel</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> scope</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> link</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> src</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 192.168.101.177</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> link</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">1:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> lo:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">P</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mtu</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 65536</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qdisc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> noqueue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> state</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> UNKNOWN</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> DEFAULT</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> group</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qlen</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> link/loopback</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 00:00:00:00:00:00</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> brd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 00:00:00:00:00:00</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">2:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">P</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mtu</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1500</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qdisc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pfifo_fast</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> state</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> UP</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> DEFAULT</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> group</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qlen</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> link/ether</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 00:0c:29:99:2f:75</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> brd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> altname</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enp2s0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> addr</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">1:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> lo:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">P</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mtu</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 65536</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qdisc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> noqueue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> state</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> UNKNOWN</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> group</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qlen</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> link/loopback</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 00:00:00:00:00:00</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> brd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 00:00:00:00:00:00</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> inet</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 127.0.0.1/8</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> scope</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> host</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> lo</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> valid_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> preferred_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> inet6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ::1/128</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> scope</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> host</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> valid_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> preferred_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">2:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">P</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mtu</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1500</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qdisc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pfifo_fast</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> state</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> UP</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> group</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qlen</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> link/ether</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 00:0c:29:99:2f:75</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> brd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> altname</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enp2s0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> inet</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 192.168.101.177/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> scope</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> global</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> valid_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> preferred_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>关闭指定网络接口</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> link</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> set</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> dev</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> down</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<p><em>注意：如果通过 SSH 连接，执行此操作会导致连接断开。</em></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>配置静态 IP 地址</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> addr</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 192.168.101.222/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> dev</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> addr</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">1:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> lo:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">P</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mtu</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 65536</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qdisc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> noqueue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> state</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> UNKNOWN</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> group</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qlen</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> link/loopback</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 00:00:00:00:00:00</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> brd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 00:00:00:00:00:00</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> inet</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 127.0.0.1/8</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> scope</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> host</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> lo</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> valid_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> preferred_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> inet6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ::1/128</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> scope</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> host</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> valid_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> preferred_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">2:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">P</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mtu</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1500</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qdisc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pfifo_fast</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> state</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> UP</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> group</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> qlen</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> link/ether</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 00:0c:29:99:2f:75</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> brd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> altname</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enp2s0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> inet</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 192.168.101.177/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> scope</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> global</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> valid_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> preferred_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> inet</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 192.168.101.222/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> scope</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> global</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> secondary</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> valid_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> preferred_lft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> forever</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>配置网关地址</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> route</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> via</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 192.168.101.1</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>配置 DNS 服务器地址</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> echo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> "nameserver 8.8.8.8"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> ></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /etc/resolv.conf</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> echo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> "nameserver 8.8.4.4"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> >></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /etc/resolv.conf</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>启用网络接口</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> link</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> set</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> dev</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens32</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> up</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h3 id="networkmanager">NetworkManager<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#networkmanager" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>**NetworkManager 是由 Red Hat 公司开发的一款用于管理 Linux 操作系统上网络连接的软件。**自 2004 年首次发布以来，它迅速成为 Linux 操作系统中最流行的网络管理工具之一。在 NetworkManager 诞生之前，Linux 中的网络管理通常需要通过手动配置网络文件完成，这一过程不仅繁琐且易出错，但随着 NetworkManager 的出现，这一切都变得简单和直观。</p>
|
||
<p>NetworkManager 展现了其在管理网络连接和网络接口方面的核心能力，提供了**一整套综合工具，大大简化了网络设置的复杂性。**用户得以轻松添加、修改、启用或禁用各类网络连接，包括有线和无线网络，乃至虚拟私人网络（VPN）。其核心由负责监控和管理网络的后台守护进程、提供直观操作的图形界面以及功能强大的命令行界面组成，还包括管理设备驱动和处理连接请求的高效后端服务。</p>
|
||
<p>在用户进行网络设置调整时，<strong>NetworkManager 自动更新相关配置文件</strong>，确保网络设置的一致性和准确性得到坚实保障。借助灵活的插件体系和高效的 D-Bus 通信机制，NetworkManager 能够轻松处理多种类型的网络连接，将配置和管理过程自动化，从而提供了一个无缝、直观且高度可靠的网络管理解决方案。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="nmcli">Nmcli<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#nmcli" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><strong><code>nmcli</code> 是 NetworkManager 的命令行界面</strong>，提供了全面的功能来管理网络。用户可以通过它快速创建、修改和监控网络连接。无论是列出网络设备状态，管理网络连接，设置静态 IP，还是管理 VPN 和其他特殊连接，<code>nmcli</code> 都能提供强大支持。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="nmtui">Nmtui<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#nmtui" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p>对于那些偏好图形界面或在终端中工作的用户，<code>nmtui</code> 提供了一个简单直观的解决方案。这个<strong>交互式的文本界面</strong>应用使得配置 NetworkManager 控制的网络设置变得轻松。它的直观操作和无需鼠标的特性，使得 <code>nmtui</code> 成为 SSH 会话和终端窗口中理想的网络管理工具。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="生命周期-1">生命周期<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#生命周期-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">flowchart LR
|
||
A[1. 开始] --> B[2. 添加新设备]
|
||
B --> C[3. NetworkManager 识别设备]
|
||
C --> D[4. 查看设备状态]
|
||
D --> E[nmcli device show]
|
||
|
||
C --> F[5. 配置网络连接]
|
||
F --> G[5.1 配置 DHCP]
|
||
G --> H[nmcli connection modify <connection-name> ipv4.method auto]
|
||
F --> I[5.2 配置静态 IP]
|
||
I --> J[nmcli connection modify <connection-name> ipv4.addresses <ip-address>/<subnet-mask> ipv4.gateway <gateway-address> ipv4.dns <dns-address> ipv4.method manual]
|
||
|
||
F --> K[5.3 配置 Wi-Fi]
|
||
K --> L[5.3.1 扫描 Wi-Fi 网络]
|
||
L --> M[nmcli device wifi rescan]
|
||
K --> N[5.3.2 显示 Wi-Fi 网络]
|
||
N --> O[nmcli device wifi list]
|
||
K --> P[5.3.3 连接 Wi-Fi 网络]
|
||
P --> Q[nmcli device wifi connect <SSID> password <password>]
|
||
|
||
C --> R[6. 激活网络连接]
|
||
R --> S[nmcli connection up <connection-name>]
|
||
|
||
C --> T[7. 管理现有连接]
|
||
T --> U[7.1 查看现有连接]
|
||
U --> V[nmcli connection show]
|
||
T --> W[7.2 修改现有连接]
|
||
W --> X[nmcli connection modify <connection-name> ...]
|
||
T --> Y[7.3 删除现有连接]
|
||
Y --> Z[nmcli connection delete <connection-name>]
|
||
|
||
C --> AA[8. 监控和调试]
|
||
AA --> AB[8.1 监控网络状态]
|
||
AB --> AC[nmcli general status]
|
||
AA --> AD[8.2 监控连接状态]
|
||
AD --> AE[nmcli connection show --active]
|
||
|
||
C --> AF[9. 禁用设备]
|
||
AF --> AG[nmcli device disconnect <device-name>]
|
||
|
||
AG --> AH[10. 设备生命周期结束]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="常用命令-1">常用命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用命令-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>nmcli dev show</td><td>显示所有网络设备的信息</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn show</td><td>显示所有网络连接的信息</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn up</td><td>启用指定的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn down</td><td>禁用指定的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn add</td><td>添加一个新的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn modify</td><td>修改一个已有的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn delete</td><td>删除一个已有的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli connection edit</td><td>编辑一个已有的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli device wifi</td><td>显示所有 Wi-Fi 网络及其相关信息</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli device wifi rescan</td><td>重新扫描 Wi-Fi 网络列表</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli device wifi connect</td><td>连接指定的 Wi-Fi 网络</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="常用选项-1">常用选项<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用选项-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-f，—format</td><td>指定输出格式（例如 csv、json、tabular 等）</td></tr><tr><td>-t，—terse</td><td>指定分隔符</td></tr><tr><td>-m，—mode</td><td>指定最大输出宽度（用于长文本的换行）</td></tr><tr><td>-p，—set-property</td><td>指定要修改的属性</td></tr><tr><td>-a，—add</td><td>添加新的属性</td></tr><tr><td>-r，—remove</td><td>删除一个属性</td></tr><tr><td>-e，—enable</td><td>激活一个属性</td></tr><tr><td>-d，—disable</td><td>禁用一个属性</td></tr><tr><td>-v，—verbose</td><td>输出详细信息</td></tr><tr><td>-i，—ignore-case</td><td>忽略大小写</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="操作实例">操作实例<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#操作实例" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>查看当前网络接口信息</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 显示所有网络设备的信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> device</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>配置静态 IP 地址</p>
|
||
<p>注意：如果当前已经有一个 DHCP 分配的 IP 地址，则需要首先释放该地址。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 释放 DHCP 分配的 IP 地址</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens160</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> auto</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 为指定网络接口配置静态 IP 地址</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens160</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.addresses</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 192.168.101.123/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.gateway</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 192.168.101.1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.dns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 114.114.114.114</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> manual</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>激活新的网络配置</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 激活新的网络配置</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> up</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ens160</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>连接到 Wi-Fi 网络</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 重新扫描 Wi-Fi 网络列表</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> device</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> wifi</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> rescan</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 显示所有 Wi-Fi 网络及其相关信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> device</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> wifi</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> list</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 连接指定的 Wi-Fi 网络</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> device</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> wifi</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connect</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">SSI</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">D</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> password</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">passwor</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">d</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>添加新的网络连接</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 添加一个新的以太网连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ethernet</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ifname</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> eth0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> con-name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> static-eth0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> autoconnect</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yes</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 192.168.1.100/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> gw4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 192.168.1.1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.dns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 8.8.8.8</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>删除网络连接</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除一个已有的网络连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> delete</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> static-eth0</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>查看和管理 VPN 连接</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 显示活动的 VPN 连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --active</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 添加一个新的 OpenVPN 连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> openvpn</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">path-to-ovpn-fil</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 激活 VPN 连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> up</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vpn-connection-nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 禁用 VPN 连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> down</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vpn-connection-nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h2 id="网络管理">网络管理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络管理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="iptables">Iptables<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#iptables" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>iptables</code> 是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行防火墙工具，它允许系统管理员配置内核防火墙（netfilter）规则。它主要用于数据包过滤、网络地址转换（NAT）和数据包修改。由于 <code>iptables</code> 在内核空间运行，能够为内核提供强大的防火墙和网络处理功能。</p>
|
||
<p><code>iptables</code> 由 Rusty Russell 在 1998 年创建，最初作为 <code>ipchains</code> 的替代品发布。它是 netfilter 项目的一部分，该项目的目标是提供一套丰富且可靠的防火墙和路由工具。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="架构图">架构图<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#架构图" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p>在 <code>iptables</code> 的规则体系中，存在<strong>一个重要的概念叫做四表五链</strong>。这些表和链提供了 <code>iptables</code> 进行包过滤和处理的基础架构。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TB
|
||
subgraph 四表
|
||
A[filter]
|
||
B[nat]
|
||
C[mangle]
|
||
D[raw]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
subgraph 五链
|
||
E[INPUT]
|
||
F[OUTPUT]
|
||
G[FORWARD]
|
||
H[PREROUTING]
|
||
I[POSTROUTING]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
A --> E
|
||
A --> F
|
||
A --> G
|
||
|
||
B --> H
|
||
B --> F
|
||
B --> I
|
||
|
||
C --> H
|
||
C --> E
|
||
C --> G
|
||
C --> F
|
||
C --> I
|
||
|
||
D --> H
|
||
D --> F
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="四表">四表<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#四表" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
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|
||
|
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|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>表名</th><th>用途</th><th>关联的链</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>filter</td><td>数据包过滤</td><td>INPUT、FORWARD、OUTPUT</td></tr><tr><td>nat</td><td>网络地址转换（NAT）</td><td>PREROUTING、OUTPUT、POSTROUTING</td></tr><tr><td>mangle</td><td>数据包修改</td><td>PREROUTING、INPUT、FORWARD、OUTPUT、POSTROUTING</td></tr><tr><td>raw</td><td>配置连接追踪豁免</td><td>PREROUTING、OUTPUT</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="五链">五链<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#五链" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>链名</th><th>用途</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>INPUT</td><td>处理进入本机的数据包</td></tr><tr><td>OUTPUT</td><td>处理本机产生的数据包</td></tr><tr><td>FORWARD</td><td>处理经过本机转发的数据包</td></tr><tr><td>PREROUTING</td><td>在路由决策之前处理进入系统的数据包</td></tr><tr><td>POSTROUTING</td><td>在路由决策之后处理离开系统的数据包</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<p>尽管 <code>iptables</code> 强大且灵活，但也有一些缺点。例如，<strong><code>iptables</code> 的配置较为复杂</strong>，需要花费较多的时间学习和理解。</p>
|
||
<p>此外，<code>iptables</code> 的<strong>性能与网络流量和规则数量成正比</strong>，大量的规则和网络流量可能会导致性能下降。然而，通过深入理解和恰当配置，管理员可以充分利用 <code>iptables</code> 来建立强大且灵活的网络防火墙。</p>
|
||
<p>随着时间的推移，<strong><code>iptables</code> 已经不再是 Linux 系统中唯一的防火墙解决方案</strong>。在最近的 Linux 发行版中，<code>nftables</code> 开始替代 <code>iptables</code> 成为默认的防火墙工具。<code>nftables</code> 提供了与 <code>iptables</code> 类似的功能，但具有更优的性能和更简洁的语法。</p>
|
||
<p>尽管如此，<code>iptables</code> 仍然广泛用于很多系统中，并且由于其强大和灵活的特性，仍然是许多系统管理员的首选工具。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="常用命令-2">常用命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用命令-2" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列出所有防火墙规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -L</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 添加一条新的规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -A</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> INPUT</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -p</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --dport</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 22</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -j</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ACCEPT</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除一条规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -D</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> INPUT</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 清空所有规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -F</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 设置默认策略</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -P</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> INPUT</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> DROP</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建新的链</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -N</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> LOGGING</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除一个空链</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -X</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> LOGGING</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在链中插入一条规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -I</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> INPUT</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -p</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --dport</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 22</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -j</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ACCEPT</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 替换链中的一条规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -R</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> INPUT</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -p</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --dport</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 80</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -j</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ACCEPT</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列出所有规则的详细信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -S</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列出规则，不解析服务名称</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -n</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -L</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 保存 iptables 规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables-save</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> ></span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /etc/iptables/rules.v4</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 恢复 iptables 规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables-restore</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /etc/iptables/rules.v4</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h3 id="nftables">Nftables<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#nftables" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><strong><code>nftables</code> (Netfilter tables) 是一种 Linux 内核的包过滤框架，它是 <code>iptables</code>、<code>ip6tables</code>、<code>arptables</code>、<code>ebtables</code> 等工具的替代品</strong>，旨在提供单一、统一的解决方案，以简化包过滤和防火墙的配置。<code>nftables</code> 提供了一个新的、更高级的语法，用于更简洁、更直观地定义和管理规则。</p>
|
||
<p><code>nftables</code> 于 2014 年作为 Linux 内核 3.13 的一部分首次发布。它由同样也是 <code>iptables</code> 创建者的 Netfilter 项目团队开发，主要目的是解决 <code>iptables</code> 在易用性和性能上的一些问题。新的框架是为了改善和扩展现有的过滤系统，提供更强大的网络数据包处理能力。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="架构图-1">架构图<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#架构图-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
|
||
A[Netfilter框架] --> B[nftables核心]
|
||
B --> C[用户空间工具nft]
|
||
B --> D[Netlink接口]
|
||
B --> E[内核模块nftables]
|
||
C --> F[命令行接口]
|
||
C --> G[规则定义文件]
|
||
D --> H[配置和管理]
|
||
E --> I[数据包处理]
|
||
I --> J[规则匹配]
|
||
I --> K[动作执行]
|
||
J --> L[过滤]
|
||
J --> M[网络地址转换NAT]
|
||
J --> N[数据包修改]
|
||
K --> O[接受]
|
||
K --> P[丢弃]
|
||
K --> Q[重定向]
|
||
|
||
subgraph "用户空间"
|
||
F
|
||
G
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
subgraph "内核空间"
|
||
H
|
||
I
|
||
L
|
||
M
|
||
N
|
||
O
|
||
P
|
||
Q
|
||
end
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p><code>nftables</code> 提供了一种新的、基于 Netlink 的接口，用于配置网络过滤规则。它还提供了一种新的语法，用于定义过滤规则。这种语法更加简洁、直观，比 <code>iptables</code> 的语法更易于学习和使用。与 <code>iptables</code> 相比，<code>nftables</code> 还有一些其他的优点。例如，它能更高效地处理大量的规则，支持更多的数据类型和操作符，提供更强大的过滤和分类功能，支持动态更新规则等等。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="核心特性">核心特性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#核心特性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>更简洁、更直观的语法</strong>：<code>nftables</code> 的语法比 <code>iptables</code> 的语法更简洁、更直观，更易于学习和使用。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>更高的性能</strong>：<code>nftables</code> 能更高效地处理大量的规则，对性能的影响较小。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>更强大的功能</strong>：<code>nftables</code> 支持更多的数据类型和操作符，提供更强大的过滤和分类功能，支持动态更新规则。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>替代多种工具</strong>：<code>nftables</code> 可以替代 <code>iptables</code>、<code>ip6tables</code>、<code>arptables</code>、<code>ebtables</code> 等工具，提供一个统一的解决方案。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>使用新技术</strong>：作为一种新的包过滤框架，<code>nftables</code> 使用了许多新的技术和接口，这可能需要一些学习和适应。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>尽管 <code>nftables</code> 在许多方面都优于 <code>iptables</code>，但它也存在一些问题。例如，它的<strong>语法和接口与 <code>iptables</code> 不兼容</strong>，这可能导致一些旧的脚本和工具无法正常工作。此外，由于 <code>nftables</code> 是相对较新的技术，可能还存在一些 bug 或不稳定的问题。</p>
|
||
<p>总的来说，<code>nftables</code> 是一种强大而灵活的网络过滤框架，它提供了许多 <code>iptables</code> 所不具备的特性和优点。它的目标是简化网络过滤和防火墙的配置，提供更高的性能，支持更多的功能，使得网络管理员能够更有效地管理他们的网络。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="常用的命令">常用的命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用的命令" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 显示当前已定义的所有表</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> list</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tables</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 添加一个新表，表名为 "mytable"，表类型为 "ip"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> table</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mytable</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列出在表 "mytable" 下的 "mychain" 中定义的所有链</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> list</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mytable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mychain</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在表 "mytable" 下添加一个新链 "mychain"，并设置链的类型为 "filter"，hook 为 "input"，优先级为 0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mytable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mychain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> filter</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> hook</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> input</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> priority</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> }</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在 "mychain" 中添加一个新规则，如果源 IP 地址是 192.0.2.1，则丢弃该包</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> rule</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mytable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mychain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> saddr</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 192.0.2.1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> drop</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列出所有已定义的规则集</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> list</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ruleset</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除在 "mychain" 中的 handle 是 1 的规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> delete</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> rule</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mytable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mychain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> handle</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 清空指定链 "mychain" 中的所有规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> flush</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mytable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mychain</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除指定链 "mytable" 中的 "mychain"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> delete</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mytable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mychain</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除指定表 "mytable"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nft</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> delete</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> table</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mytable</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h3 id="ufw">Ufw<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#ufw" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><strong><code>ufw</code>（Uncomplicated Firewall）是一种简洁的防火墙配置工具，专门为 Linux 设计。</strong> 该工具的主要目标是简化 <code>iptables</code> 防火墙配置的复杂性，并提供一个用户友好的界面，以便于用户进行操作和管理。UFW 是由 Ubuntu 开发的，但它也能在其他的 Linux 发行版上使用。</p>
|
||
<p>UFW 的功能主要是通过控制网络流量来提供安全防护。用户可以设置防火墙规则，来允许或拒绝某个 IP 地址、端口或服务的入站或出站流量。同时，UFW 也支持 IPv6，这样可以满足现代网络环境的需求。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="架构图-2">架构图<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#架构图-2" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
|
||
subgraph ufw
|
||
A[UFW Command Line Interface]
|
||
B[UFW Configuration]
|
||
C[Backend]
|
||
C --> D[iptables/nftables]
|
||
E[Logging]
|
||
F[Applications]
|
||
end
|
||
A --> B
|
||
A --> C
|
||
A --> E
|
||
A --> F
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>UFW Command Line Interface</strong>：UFW 提供了一个简单的命令行界面，通过该界面用户可以方便地管理防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>UFW Configuration</strong>：配置文件存储了 UFW 的规则和策略，用户可以编辑这些文件以自定义防火墙行为。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Backend（后端）</strong>：UFW 支持两种主要的后端：iptables 和 nftables。后端负责实际执行防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Logging（日志）</strong>：UFW 支持日志记录功能，用户可以配置日志级别以监控网络活动。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Applications（应用）</strong>：UFW 支持预配置的应用规则，使用户能够方便地管理常见应用的防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h4 id="工作流程">工作流程<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#工作流程" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">flowchart TD
|
||
A[启动 UFW] --> B[加载配置文件]
|
||
B --> C[设置初始防火墙规则]
|
||
C --> D{用户交互}
|
||
D -->|添加规则| E[更新配置文件]
|
||
D -->|删除规则| F[更新配置文件]
|
||
D -->|修改规则| G[更新配置文件]
|
||
E --> H[应用新规则]
|
||
F --> H[应用新规则]
|
||
G --> H[应用新规则]
|
||
H --> I[日志记录]
|
||
I --> J[监控网络活动]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>启动</strong>：当 UFW 启用时，它会加载配置文件，并根据这些配置文件设置初始的防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>规则管理</strong>：用户可以通过 CLI（命令行界面）与 UFW 进行交互，添加、删除或修改防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>应用规则</strong>：UFW 支持预配置的应用规则，用户可以通过简单的命令添加或删除这些规则。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>日志记录</strong>：用户可以配置 UFW 的日志记录级别，以便监控和调试网络活动。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>持久性配置</strong>：UFW 的配置文件存储在系统中，可以在重启后自动加载。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h4 id="常用命令-3">常用命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用命令-3" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 启用 UFW</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enable</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 禁用 UFW</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> disable</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 显示 UFW 状态和规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> status</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 允许特定端口或服务的流量</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> allow</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 22</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 拒绝特定端口或服务的流量</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> deny</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 22</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除特定规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> delete</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> allow</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 22</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 设置默认的入站或出站策略</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> deny</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> incoming</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 显示预配置的应用规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> app</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> list</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 显示特定应用的规则信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> app</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> info</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'Apache'</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 设置日志记录级别</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> logging</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> medium</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 重新加载 UFW 规则，无需重启防火墙服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> reload</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 重置 UFW 配置为默认状态</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ufw</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> reset</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h3 id="firewalld">Firewalld<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#firewalld" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>firewalld 是一个用于管理 Linux 发行版的防火墙的动态守护程序。主要用于 IPv4、IPv6 防火墙规则以及以太网桥的管理，**firewalld 基于 nftables 或 iptables 实现网络包过滤。**相较于传统的防火墙管理方式，firewalld 采用动态管理，能够让你在无需重启防火墙的情况下实时更新策略和规则。</p>
|
||
<p>**firewalld 使用区域（zones）来定义不同网络接口或连接的安全级别和防火墙规则。**每个区域都有一组默认规则，可以允许或拒绝特定类型的流量。区域的设计目的是根据网络信任度对网络流量进行分区管理。这使你能够为信任的网络接口、设备和服务定义区域，实现更加灵活的防火墙管理。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="架构图-3">架构图<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#架构图-3" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
|
||
subgraph firewalld
|
||
A[firewalld Daemon]
|
||
B[D-Bus Interface]
|
||
C[Backend]
|
||
C --> D[iptables/nftables]
|
||
E[Zones]
|
||
E --> drop[Drop]
|
||
E --> block[Block]
|
||
E --> public[Public]
|
||
E --> external[External]
|
||
E --> dmz[DMZ]
|
||
E --> work[Work]
|
||
E --> home[Home]
|
||
E --> internal[Internal]
|
||
F[Services]
|
||
end
|
||
A -->|Communicates via| B
|
||
A --> C
|
||
A --> E
|
||
A --> F
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>firewalld Daemon</strong>：firewalld 是一个常驻内存的守护进程，负责管理防火墙规则。它通过 D-Bus 接口提供与外部交互的能力，可以动态加载和卸载规则，而不需要重启防火墙服务。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>D-Bus Interface</strong>：D-Bus 是一个消息总线系统，firewalld 通过它与其他系统组件和应用程序进行通信。用户和管理工具可以通过 D-Bus 与 firewalld 交互，查询状态、修改规则等。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Backend（后端）</strong>：firewalld 支持两种主要的后端：iptables 和 nftables。后端是实际执行防火墙规则的地方，firewalld 负责将用户定义的规则翻译成适当的后端命令并执行。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Zones（区域）</strong>：区域是 firewalld 管理规则的一种方式。每个网络接口或连接可以分配到一个区域，区域定义了特定的信任级别和规则集。常见的区域包括 <code>public</code>、<code>home</code>、<code>work</code> 和 <code>internal</code> 等。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Services（服务）</strong>：服务定义了一组预定义的规则，这些规则允许或拒绝特定的网络流量。例如，HTTP 服务允许 TCP 端口 80 的流量。通过添加或删除服务，用户可以方便地管理复杂的防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>区域</th><th>描述</th><th>默认行为</th><th>适用场景</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>drop</td><td>丢弃所有传入的网络包，不回应任何请求。</td><td>丢弃所有传入流量</td><td>高度安全需求，伪装系统离线</td></tr><tr><td>block</td><td>拒绝所有传入的连接，返回拒绝信息。</td><td>拒绝所有传入流量</td><td>完全信任的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>public</td><td>对外部网络的默认配置，允许有限的传入连接。</td><td>允许有限的传入流量</td><td>公共网络连接，最低信任级别</td></tr><tr><td>external</td><td>用于外部网关，启用网络地址转换（NAT），保护内部网络。</td><td>启用 NAT，限制传入流量</td><td>外部网络网关，保护内部网络</td></tr><tr><td>dmz</td><td>非军事区（DMZ），允许对公众开放的服务，同时保护内部网络。</td><td>允许特定服务的传入流量</td><td>公共服务的隔离区，保护内部网络</td></tr><tr><td>work</td><td>适用于工作环境，信任网络较高，允许更多的传入连接。</td><td>允许更多的传入流量</td><td>工作环境，较高信任级别</td></tr><tr><td>home</td><td>适用于家庭网络，信任网络较高，允许更多的传入连接。</td><td>允许更多的传入流量</td><td>家庭网络，高信任级别</td></tr><tr><td>internal</td><td>适用于完全信任的内部网络，允许所有传入的连接。</td><td>允许所有传入流量</td><td>完全信任的内部网络</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="工作流程-1">工作流程<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#工作流程-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">flowchart TD
|
||
A[启动 firewalld] --> B[加载默认配置文件]
|
||
B --> C[设置初始防火墙规则]
|
||
C --> D{用户交互}
|
||
D -->|添加规则| E[更新规则]
|
||
D -->|删除规则| F[更新规则]
|
||
D -->|修改规则| G[更新规则]
|
||
E --> H[应用新规则]
|
||
F --> H[应用新规则]
|
||
G --> H[应用新规则]
|
||
H --> I[日志记录]
|
||
I --> J[监控网络活动]
|
||
H --> K{持久性配置}
|
||
K -->|临时规则| L[临时规则加载，重启后丢失]
|
||
K -->|永久规则| M[永久规则保存到配置文件]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>启动 firewalld</strong>：当 firewalld 守护进程启动时，开始加载默认配置文件。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>加载默认配置文件</strong>：从系统中读取默认的防火墙配置文件。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>设置初始防火墙规则</strong>：根据配置文件设置初始的防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>用户交互</strong>：用户通过 CLI（命令行界面）或 GUI（图形用户界面）与 firewalld 进行交互，执行添加、删除或修改规则的操作。这些命令通过 D-Bus 接口传递给 firewalld 守护进程。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>更新规则</strong>：根据用户的操作，更新防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>应用新规则</strong>：根据更新后的配置文件，立即应用新的防火墙规则，而不需要重启服务。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>日志记录</strong>：firewalld 支持日志记录功能，记录防火墙的操作和网络活动。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>监控网络活动</strong>：通过日志，用户可以监控和分析网络活动及安全事件。</li>
|
||
<li>**持久性配置：**firewalld 提供两种规则管理模式：
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>临时规则</strong>：这些规则在系统重启后会丢失。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>永久规则</strong>：这些规则会保存到配置文件中，在系统重启后自动加载。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h4 id="常用命令-4">常用命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用命令-4" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 启动 firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 停止 firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> stop</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在启动时启用 firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 查看 firewalld 状态</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --state</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列出所有区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --get-zones</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 查看某个区域的详细信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=public</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --list-all</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 更改默认区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --set-default-zone=home</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 将接口分配到特定区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=home</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --change-interface=eth0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 永久分配接口到特定区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=home</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-interface=eth0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 添加源地址到区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=public</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-source=192.168.1.0/24</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 永久添加源地址到区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=public</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-source=192.168.1.0/24</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列出所有默认防火墙规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --list-all</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 添加服务到防火墙</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-service=http</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --remove-service=http</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 开放端口</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-port=8080/tcp</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 移除端口</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --remove-port=8080/tcp</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 重新载入防火墙规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --reload</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列出所有区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --get-zones</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 查看某个区域的详细信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=public</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --list-all</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 更改默认区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --set-default-zone=home</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 将接口分配到特定区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=home</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --change-interface=eth0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 永久分配接口到特定区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=home</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-interface=eth0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 添加源地址到区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=public</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-source=192.168.1.0/24</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 永久添加源地址到区域</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=public</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-source=192.168.1.0/24</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h3 id="iptablesnftablesufwfirewalld-对比">iptables、nftables、UFW、firewalld 对比<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#iptablesnftablesufwfirewalld-对比" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Linux 环境下，<code>iptables</code>，<code>nftables</code>，<code>ufw</code> 和 <code>firewalld</code> 都是常用的防火墙工具，每种工具都有其独特的优点和使用场景：</p>
|
||
<p>在 Linux 环境下，<code>iptables</code>，<code>nftables</code>，<code>ufw</code> 和 <code>firewalld</code> 都是常用的防火墙工具，每种工具都有其独特的优点和使用场景：</p>
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|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>特性</th><th>iptables</th><th>nftables</th><th>ufw</th><th>firewalld</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>发布日期</td><td>1998</td><td>2014</td><td>2008</td><td>2011</td></tr><tr><td>操作复杂度</td><td>高</td><td>中</td><td>低</td><td>中</td></tr><tr><td>基于</td><td>netfilter</td><td>netfilter</td><td>iptables</td><td>iptables/nftables</td></tr><tr><td>内建于内核</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>否</td><td>否</td></tr><tr><td>GUI</td><td>否</td><td>否</td><td>否</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>基于区域的过滤</td><td>否</td><td>否</td><td>否</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>直接规则</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>否</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>规则集合</td><td>否</td><td>是</td><td>否</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>协议支持</td><td>IPv4/IPv6</td><td>IPv4/IPv6</td><td>IPv4/IPv6</td><td>IPv4/IPv6</td></tr><tr><td>适用于</td><td>服务器、桌面</td><td>服务器、桌面</td><td>桌面、新手</td><td>服务器、桌面</td></tr><tr><td>跨平台</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>语法复杂度</td><td>高</td><td>低</td><td>低</td><td>中</td></tr><tr><td>动态规则修改</td><td>否</td><td>是</td><td>否</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>日志记录</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>应用配置支持</td><td>否</td><td>否</td><td>是</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>持久性配置</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>是</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>初学者和基本防火墙需求</strong>：<code>ufw</code> 是最好的选择，因其简易性和用户友好性。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>高级用户和复杂配置</strong>：<code>iptables</code> 提供了最细致的控制，适合需要高度自定义和复杂配置的环境。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>现代化和简化管理</strong>：<code>nftables</code> 提供了更简洁的语法和规则集合功能，是 iptables 的现代替代品。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>动态和区域管理</strong>：<code>firewalld</code> 结合了强大功能和易用性，适合需要动态管理和基于区域的过滤需求的环境。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>**总的来说，应该根据特定需求和技能水平选择最适合的防火墙工具。**对于初学者和只需要基本防火墙功能的用户来说，<code>ufw</code> 可能是最好的选择。对于需要进行精细控制和高级配置的用户，<code>iptables</code> 和 <code>nftables</code> 可能更合适。如果您需要一种同时提供强大功能和易用性的防火墙工具，那么 <code>firewalld</code> 可能是最好的选择。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="网络优化">网络优化<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络优化" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="网络带宽管理">网络带宽管理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络带宽管理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络带宽管理是一种在 Linux 系统上优化网络性能和响应时间的方法。它允许管理员控制和分配网络带宽，从而为不同的应用程序和服务提供最佳性能。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>tc (Traffic Control)</strong>：Linux 内核的一部分，用于实现复杂的带宽管理和流量控制策略。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket)</strong>：一个基于 tc 的流量整形工具，允许管理员创建多层次的带宽限制和优先级分配策略。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络质量管理qos">网络质量管理（QoS）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络质量管理qos" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络质量管理（Quality of Service，QoS）是一种用于分配网络带宽的技术，确保网络资源的公平使用和最佳利用。通过 QoS，管理员可以根据应用程序的需求和优先级分配网络带宽，从而优化网络性能。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>tc (Traffic Control)</strong>：用于实现复杂的 QoS 策略和流量控制。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Wondershaper</strong>：一个基于 tc 的简单 QoS 工具，允许管理员轻松设置带宽限制和优先级策略。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="负载均衡">负载均衡<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#负载均衡" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>负载均衡是在多个服务器之间分配负载的技术，以提高应用程序的性能和可靠性。在 Linux 系统上，可以使用软件负载均衡器和硬件负载均衡器来实现负载均衡。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>HAProxy</strong>：一个高性能、高可用性的软件负载均衡器，支持 TCP 和 HTTP 协议。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Nginx</strong>：一个功能强大的 Web 服务器，也可以作为负载均衡器和反向代理服务器。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>LVS (Linux Virtual Server)</strong>：一个基于 Linux 内核的负载均衡解决方案，支持多种负载均衡算法。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="数据压缩">数据压缩<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#数据压缩" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>数据压缩技术可以减少网络传输的数据量，从而提高网络带宽利用率和传输效率。Linux 系统提供了多种压缩工具和库，支持不同的压缩算法。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>gzip</strong>：一种广泛使用的文件压缩工具，基于 DEFLATE 压缩算法。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>bzip2</strong>：一个基于 Burrows-Wheeler 算法的文件压缩工具，提供较高的压缩率。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>lz4</strong>：一种快速的无损压缩算法，适用于实时场景和大数据处理。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="缓存服务">缓存服务<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#缓存服务" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>缓存服务用于在网络上存储和提供数据，以提高访问速度和响应时间。Linux 系统上有多种缓存服务可用，包括 Web 缓存、DNS 缓存和内容分发网络（CDN）。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Squid</strong>：一个成熟的 Web 缓存代理服务器，可以用来缓存网站内容和优化网络访问速度。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Unbound</strong>：一个轻量级的 DNS 缓存服务器，用于加速 DNS 解析请求和提高域名解析性能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Varnish</strong>：一个高性能的 HTTP 加速器和缓存服务器，广泛用于 Web 应用程序的性能优化。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="tcpip-优化">TCP/IP 优化<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#tcpip-优化" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>TCP/IP 优化包括调整 TCP 拥塞控制算法、修改最大传输单元（MTU）、调整 Nagle 算法等，以提高网络性能和传输速度。Linux 系统提供了多种工具和设置来优化 TCP/IP 性能。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>修改内核参数</strong>：通过调整 <code>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/</code> 目录下的内核参数，如 <code>tcp_wmem</code>、<code>tcp_rmem</code> 和 <code>tcp_congestion_control</code>，以优化 TCP 性能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>调整 MTU</strong>：修改网卡的 MTU 设置，以适应网络环境和提高传输效率。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>禁用 Nagle 算法</strong>：通过设置 <code>TCP_NODELAY</code> 选项，关闭 Nagle 算法以减小传输延迟。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="cdn内容分发网络">CDN（内容分发网络）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#cdn内容分发网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>内容分发网络（CDN）是一种用于分发静态内容的技术，通过在全球范围内部署多个数据中心，将内容缓存到离用户最近的节点，从而提高访问速度和减轻源服务器负担。CDN 广泛应用于 Web 应用程序和大型网站，以提供优质的用户体验。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Akamai</strong>：全球最大的 CDN 服务商，提供广泛的网络加速和安全解决方案。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Cloudflare</strong>：一家提供 CDN 和网络安全服务的公司，帮助网站加速和保护其内容。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Amazon CloudFront</strong>：亚马逊提供的全球内容分发服务，与其他 AWS 服务紧密集成。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="网络安全">网络安全<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络安全" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="网络故障排查与诊断">网络故障排查与诊断<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络故障排查与诊断" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>Linux 系统提供了一系列工具来帮助用户进行网络故障排查与诊断，包括 <code>ping</code>、<code>traceroute</code>、<code>mtr</code>、<code>nslookup</code>、<code>dig</code> 和 <code>whois</code> 等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>ping</strong>：用于检测网络连接和延迟，通过发送 ICMP 数据包来检测目标主机是否可达。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>traceroute</strong>：用于显示数据包从源主机到目标主机经过的路由路径。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>mtr</strong>：结合了 <code>ping</code> 和 <code>traceroute</code> 功能的网络诊断工具，提供实时路由分析。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>nslookup</strong>：用于查询 DNS 服务器以获取域名解析信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>dig</strong>：功能强大的 DNS 查询工具，可以获取详细的 DNS 记录信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>whois</strong>：用于查询域名注册信息和 IP 地址分配信息。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="安全隔离">安全隔离<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#安全隔离" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>安全隔离是网络安全的重要概念，可以防止潜在的网络攻击和数据泄露。主要实现技术包括 VLAN、DMZ 和容器网络隔离。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)</strong>：通过在网络交换机上配置 VLAN，可以将物理网络划分为多个逻辑子网，实现网络资源的安全隔离。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)</strong>：一种网络安全策略，通过在内部网络和外部网络之间建立一个隔离区域，保护内部网络资源免受外部攻击。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>容器网络隔离</strong>：通过使用容器技术（如 Docker、Kubernetes）和虚拟网络（如 Calico、Flannel）来实现应用程序的安全隔离。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="ssh-安全配置">SSH 安全配置<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#ssh-安全配置" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>SSH 是远程登录和管理 Linux 系统的常用协议。正确配置 SSH 可以提高系统的安全性。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>密钥认证</strong>：使用公钥/私钥对进行身份验证，替代密码认证，提高安全性。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>端口改变</strong>：将 SSH 服务端口从默认的 22 更改为其他端口，降低被扫描和攻击的风险。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>禁止 root 登录</strong>：禁止直接通过 SSH 以 root 身份登录，减少被攻击者利用的可能性。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>防止暴力破解</strong>：通过限制登录尝试次数、使用防火墙规则或安装防暴力破解软件（如 Fail2Ban）来防止暴力破解攻击。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="虚拟化网络">虚拟化网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#虚拟化网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>虚拟化网络是在物理网络基础上创建虚拟网络资源的技术，包括虚拟网卡、虚拟交换机、网桥和 SDN（软件定义网络）等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>虚拟网卡</strong>：在虚拟机和容器中模拟的网络接口，与物理网卡类似，可用于建立虚拟网络连接。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>虚拟交换机</strong>：在虚拟环境中实现网络连接和数据包转发的虚拟设备。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>网桥</strong>：用于连接虚拟网络和物理网络，实现虚拟机与外部网络通信。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>SDN</strong>：一种将网络控制平面与数据平面分离的技术，允许通过软件实现网络资源的动态配置和管理。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络监测和分析">网络监测和分析<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络监测和分析" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络监测和分析工具可以帮助管理员实时监控网络状况、发现异常行为和安全威胁。常用工具包括 <code>tcpdump</code>、<code>Wireshark</code>、<code>netstat</code>、<code>nmap</code>、<code>sniffing</code>、<code>IDS</code> 和 <code>NMS</code> 等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>tcpdump</strong>：用于捕获和分析网络数据包的命令行工具。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Wireshark</strong>：一个图形界面的网络协议分析器。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>netstat</strong>：用于显示网络连接状态和监听端口的命令行工具。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>nmap</strong>：一款强大的网络扫描和安全审计工具。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络入侵检测系统ids">网络入侵检测系统（IDS）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络入侵检测系统ids" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络入侵检测系统（Intrusion Detection System，IDS）可以检测网络中的恶意行为和攻击活动。常见的 IDS 工具包括 Snort、Suricata、OSSEC 和 Bro/Zeek。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Snort</strong>：一款开源的网络入侵检测和防御系统，基于规则匹配和异常检测来识别恶意流量。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Suricata</strong>：一个高性能的开源 IDS/IPS/NSM（网络安全监控）引擎，支持实时流量分析和威胁防御。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>OSSEC</strong>：一个开源的主机入侵检测系统，用于监控文件系统、日志文件和网络活动。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Bro/Zeek</strong>：一款强大的网络安全监控平台，支持实时流量分析、协议解析和异常检测。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络安全监控系统nms">网络安全监控系统（NMS）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络安全监控系统nms" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络安全监控系统（Network Monitoring System，NMS）用于实时监控网络设备和服务的运行状况，发现性能问题和安全威胁。常见的 NMS 工具包括 Nagios、Zabbix、Cacti、Prometheus 和 Grafana。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Nagios</strong>：一款功能强大的开源网络监控系统，支持多种插件和扩展，用于监控网络设备、服务和应用程序。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Zabbix</strong>：一种企业级的开源监控解决方案，提供分布式监控、报警和报表功能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Cacti</strong>：一个基于 RRDtool 的网络图形监控工具，用于绘制网络设备性能图表。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Prometheus</strong>：一个开源的监控和告警系统，广泛用于监控微服务和容器化应用程序。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Grafana</strong>：一个流行的开源监控数据可视化工具，支持多种数据源，如 Prometheus、InfluxDB 和 Elasticsearch 等。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络安全审计系统">网络安全审计系统<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络安全审计系统" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络安全审计系统用于评估网络设备和应用程序的安全性，发现潜在的漏洞和配置问题。常见的安全审计工具包括 OSSEC、Tripwire、AIDE、OpenSCAP 和 Lynis。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>OSSEC</strong>：一个开源的主机入侵检测系统，也可以用于安全审计和配置检查。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Tripwire</strong>：一款用于文件完整性检查和安全审计的工具，可以检测文件的变更和潜在的安全问题。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment)</strong>：一个用于文件完整性检查和入侵检测的开源工具。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>OpenSCAP (Open Security Content Automation Protocol)</strong>：一个开源的安全配置和漏洞管理框架，基于 SCAP 标准实现。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Lynis</strong>：一个开源的安全审计和硬化工具，用于检查 Linux 系统的配置和安全性。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络加密技术">网络加密技术<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络加密技术" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络加密技术用于保护数据在传输过程中的隐私和完整性。主要的网络加密技术包括 SSL/TLS、IPSec、SSH 等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>SSL/TLS</strong>：安全套接层（Secure Sockets Layer，SSL）和传输层安全（Transport Layer Security，TLS）是应用于网络传输层的加密技术，用于保护 Web 浏览、电子邮件和其他应用程序的数据安全。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>IPSec</strong>：Internet 协议安全（IP Security，IPSec）是一个用于保护 IP 数据包传输安全的协议套件，提供加密、认证和完整性保护功能。IPSec 广泛应用于 VPN 技术中。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>SSH</strong>：安全外壳（Secure Shell，SSH）是一种加密网络协议，用于在不安全的网络环境中实现安全的远程登录、文件传输和其他网络服务。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="安全认证和授权">安全认证和授权<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#安全认证和授权" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>安全认证和授权技术用于验证用户身份和控制用户访问权限。主要技术包括 RADIUS、TACACS+、LDAP、Kerberos 等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>RADIUS</strong>：远程认证拨号用户服务（Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service，RADIUS）是一个用于 AAA（认证、授权和计费）的网络协议，广泛应用于网络接入和 VPN 服务中。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>TACACS+</strong>：终端访问控制器访问控制系统 +（Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System+，TACACS+）是一种用于网络设备管理的 AAA 协议，主要应用于路由器、交换机等网络设备的远程管理。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>LDAP</strong>：轻型目录访问协议（Lightweight Directory Access Protocol，LDAP）是一种用于访问和维护分布式目录信息服务的协议，常用于企业网络的用户认证和组织结构管理。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Kerberos</strong>：一种基于票据的网络认证协议，用于实现单点登录（Single Sign-On，SSO）和安全的跨域认证。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络安全策略和最佳实践">网络安全策略和最佳实践<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络安全策略和最佳实践" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>为了提高网络安全，企业和组织需要制定和实施合适的网络安全策略，并遵循最佳实践。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>制定并执行网络安全政策：明确网络资源的访问控制、数据保护和应急响应等方面的要求。</li>
|
||
<li>定期进行安全审计和漏洞扫描：检查网络设备和应用程序的安全配置，发现并修复潜在的安全漏洞。</li>
|
||
<li>提高员工安全意识：通过培训和教育，提高员工对网络安全的认识，防止误操作和内部威胁。</li>
|
||
</ul></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-3.542,0.634-4.898,1.688l-7.669-7.669C16.785,10.424,17,9.74,17,9c0-2.206-1.794-4-4-4S9,6.794,9,9s1.794,4,4,4
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c0.74,0,1.424-0.215,2.019-0.567l7.669,7.669C21.634,21.458,21,23.154,21,25s0.634,3.542,1.688,4.897L10.024,42.562
|
||
C8.958,41.595,7.549,41,6,41c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6s2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-1.035-0.263-2.009-0.726-2.86l12.829-12.829
|
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c1.106,0.86,2.44,1.436,3.898,1.619v10.16c-2.833,0.478-5,2.942-5,5.91c0,3.309,2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-2.967-2.167-5.431-5-5.91
|
||
v-10.16c1.458-0.183,2.792-0.759,3.898-1.619l7.669,7.669C41.215,39.576,41,40.26,41,41c0,2.206,1.794,4,4,4s4-1.794,4-4
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s-1.794-4-4-4c-0.74,0-1.424,0.215-2.019,0.567l-7.669-7.669C36.366,28.542,37,26.846,37,25s-0.634-3.542-1.688-4.897l9.665-9.665
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||
C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
|
||
S11,10.103,11,9z M6,51c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S8.206,51,6,51z M33,49c0,2.206-1.794,4-4,4s-4-1.794-4-4
|
||
s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
|
||
s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#网络配置" data-for="网络配置">网络配置</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络概念" data-for="网络概念">网络概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#ip" data-for="ip">Ip</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#networkmanager" data-for="networkmanager">NetworkManager</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#网络管理" data-for="网络管理">网络管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#iptables" data-for="iptables">Iptables</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#nftables" data-for="nftables">Nftables</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#ufw" data-for="ufw">Ufw</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#firewalld" data-for="firewalld">Firewalld</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#iptablesnftablesufwfirewalld-对比" data-for="iptablesnftablesufwfirewalld-对比">iptables、nftables、UFW、firewalld 对比</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#网络优化" data-for="网络优化">网络优化</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络带宽管理" data-for="网络带宽管理">网络带宽管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络质量管理qos" data-for="网络质量管理qos">网络质量管理（QoS）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#负载均衡" data-for="负载均衡">负载均衡</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据压缩" data-for="数据压缩">数据压缩</a></li><li 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