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href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20">2022-09-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21">2022-09-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22">2022-09-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38">2022-W38</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W39"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W39</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" 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data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-10">2022-10-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11">2022-10-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12">2022-10-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13">2022-10-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14">2022-10-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16">2022-10-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41">2022-W41</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W42"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W42</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W42"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17">2022-10-17</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18">2022-10-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19">2022-10-19</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21">2022-10-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42">2022-W42</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg 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class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W45</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W45"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10">2022-11-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11">2022-11-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12">2022-11-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13">2022-11-13</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W46"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W46</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W46"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18">2022-11-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20">2022-11-20</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W47"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W47</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06">2022-12-06</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49">2022-W49</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W50"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W50</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W50"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12">2022-12-12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">2023</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023"><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W2"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W2</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W14"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08">2023-04-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14">2023-W14</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W16"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W16</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W16"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21">2023-04-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22">2023-W22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W23"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W23</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W23"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05">2023-06-05</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08">2023-06-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23">2023-W23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div 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href="../../../../Tech/operating-system/Virtualization/2.KVM虚拟化/">2.KVM虚拟化</a><p> > </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href>1. KVM 概述</a></div></nav><h1 class="article-title ">1. KVM 概述</h1><p class="content-meta ">Jul 15, 2024, 39 min read</p><ul class="tags "><li><a href="../../../../tags/技术/操作系统" class="internal tag-link">#技术/操作系统</a></li><li><a href="../../../../tags/虚拟化/kvm" class="internal tag-link">#虚拟化/kvm</a></li></ul></div></div><article class="popover-hint"><h2 id="引言">引言<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#引言" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<h3 id="什么是虚拟化">什么是虚拟化？<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#什么是虚拟化" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>**虚拟化是一种通过抽象底层硬件资源来创建多个独立运行的虚拟环境的技术。**它允许一台物理服务器运行多个操作系统实例，从而极大地提高了资源利用率和灵活性。</p>
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<p>虚拟化可以分为以下几类：</p>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>全虚拟化</strong>：虚拟机完全模拟底层硬件，操作系统无需修改即可运行。代表技术有 VMware ESXi 和 Microsoft Hyper-V。</li>
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<li><strong>半虚拟化</strong>：需要对操作系统进行修改以适应虚拟化环境，从而提高性能。代表技术有 Xen。</li>
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<li><strong>硬件辅助虚拟化</strong>：通过 CPU 提供的虚拟化指令集（如 Intel VT-x 和 AMD-V）来提高虚拟化性能。现代的虚拟化技术通常结合了全虚拟化和硬件辅助虚拟化。</li>
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</ol>
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<h3 id="虚拟化的历史和发展">虚拟化的历史和发展<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#虚拟化的历史和发展" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>虚拟化技术的起源可以追溯到 20 世纪 60 年代。当时 IBM 开发了 CP/CMS 操作系统，为大型机提供了虚拟化功能，以便同时运行多个操作系统实例。</p>
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<p>在 1960 年代，IBM 的 CP-40 和 CP-67 系统首次引入了虚拟化的概念，允许多个虚拟机在同一个物理机上运行。这些虚拟机提供了彼此隔离的操作环境，极大地提高了大型机的利用率和灵活性。CP/CMS 操作系统是虚拟化技术的早期实现之一，为后来发展的虚拟化技术奠定了基础。</p>
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<p>进入 21 世纪，随着硬件性能的提升和虚拟化需求的增加，虚拟化技术得到了迅速发展。<strong>VMware</strong> 在 1999 年发布了首款商业虚拟化产品，标志着现代虚拟化技术的兴起。随着开源社区的崛起，<strong>KVM</strong>（Kernel-based Virtual Machine）于 2006 年被合并到 Linux 内核中，成为开源虚拟化领域的重要组成部分。KVM 通过将 Linux 内核转变为一个 Hypervisor，为用户提供了高效且灵活的虚拟化解决方案。</p>
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<h3 id="kvm-的定位和重要性">KVM 的定位和重要性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的定位和重要性" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p><strong>KVM（Kernel-based Virtual Machine）是 Linux 内核的一部分，它将 Linux 内核转变为一个 Hypervisor，允许用户在 Linux 操作系统上运行多个隔离的虚拟机。作为一种开源虚拟化技术，KVM 在虚拟化领域占据了重要地位。</strong></p>
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<p>KVM 是一个模块化的虚拟化解决方案，与 Linux 内核紧密集成，利用 Linux 的调度和内存管理功能来实现高效的虚拟化。它支持全虚拟化和硬件辅助虚拟化，能够运行多种操作系统，包括 Linux、Windows 和 BSD。作为开源社区的一部分，KVM 受到了广泛的支持和发展。它不仅被许多企业和研究机构采用，还成为了许多云计算平台（如 OpenStack）的核心虚拟化技术。</p>
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<p><strong>KVM 的应用领域</strong>非常广泛。在<strong>数据中心</strong>，KVM 被广泛应用以提高服务器的利用率和灵活性。通过 KVM，可以在同一台物理服务器上运行多个虚拟机，从而实现资源的动态分配和高效利用。在<strong>云计算</strong>环境中，KVM 得到了广泛应用，许多公有云和私有云平台都采用 KVM 作为底层虚拟化技术，为云计算提供了灵活的资源管理和隔离机制。开发人员和测试人员也利用 KVM 提供的灵活<strong>虚拟化环境</strong>，快速创建和销毁虚拟机，以便进行软件开发和测试。KVM 还可以用于<strong>桌面虚拟化</strong>，将用户的桌面环境虚拟化，实现集中管理和远程访问。</p>
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<p>KVM 的灵活性、高性能和开源特性使其成为现代虚拟化技术的重要组成部分，广泛应用于各个领域，推动了虚拟化技术的发展和普及。</p>
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<h2 id="kvm-简介">KVM 简介<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-简介" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<h3 id="什么是-kvm">什么是 KVM？<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#什么是-kvm" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM（Kernel-based Virtual Machine）是一个开源虚拟化技术，<strong>它将 Linux 内核转变为一个 Hypervisor</strong>，使得用户可以在 Linux 操作系统上运行多个隔离的虚拟机。KVM 通过加载内核模块来提供虚拟化功能，并且<strong>依赖硬件辅助虚拟化技术（如 Intel VT-x 和 AMD-V）来提高虚拟化性能。</strong></p>
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<h4 id="kvm-的定义">KVM 的定义<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的定义" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p>KVM 是一个虚拟化基础架构，它将 Linux 内核转换为一个 Hypervisor，从而使主机能够运行多个虚拟机。每个虚拟机拥有其独立的虚拟硬件，包括 CPU、内存、磁盘和网络接口。</p>
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<h4 id="kvm-的特点">KVM 的特点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的特点" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>高性能</strong>：KVM 利用硬件辅助虚拟化技术，实现了高效的虚拟化性能。</li>
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<li><strong>模块化设计</strong>：KVM 是一个内核模块，可以动态加载和卸载，不影响主机系统的其他功能。</li>
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<li><strong>开源</strong>：KVM 是开源项目，源代码公开，广泛应用于开源社区和企业环境。</li>
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<li><strong>与 Linux 紧密集成</strong>：KVM 作为 Linux 内核的一部分，能够充分利用 Linux 的调度、内存管理和设备驱动等功能。</li>
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<li><strong>支持多种操作系统</strong>：KVM 支持运行多种操作系统，包括 Linux、Windows、BSD 等。</li>
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</ol>
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<h3 id="kvm-的发展历史和背景">KVM 的发展历史和背景<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的发展历史和背景" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>KVM 的发展历程可以追溯到 2006 年，由以色列企业 Qumranet 的 Avi Kivity 开发，并于同年被合并到 Linux 内核主线。随着时间的推移，KVM 逐渐发展成为一个成熟的虚拟化解决方案。</p>
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<h4 id="kvm-的起源和演变">KVM 的起源和演变<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的起源和演变" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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||
<p>KVM 由 Avi Kivity 开发，并在 2006 年被合并到 Linux 内核版本 2.6.20。KVM 最初的目标是提供一个简单、高效的虚拟化解决方案，与现有的虚拟化技术（如 Xen）形成竞争。</p>
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<h4 id="关键版本和里程碑">关键版本和里程碑<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#关键版本和里程碑" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>2006 年</strong>：KVM 被合并到 Linux 内核 2.6.20，标志着 KVM 的诞生。</li>
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<li><strong>2008 年</strong>：<strong>Red Hat 收购 Qumranet</strong>，进一步推动 KVM 的开发和商业化应用。</li>
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<li><strong>2011 年</strong>：KVM 成为 OpenStack 项目的核心组件之一，大大提升了其在云计算领域的应用。</li>
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<li><strong>2014 年</strong>：KVM 成为 Linux 基金会的一个顶级项目，进一步加强了其在开源社区的影响力。</li>
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||
</ul>
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<h3 id="kvm-在虚拟化技术中的地位">KVM 在虚拟化技术中的地位<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-在虚拟化技术中的地位" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM 在虚拟化技术领域占据了重要地位，与其他虚拟化技术（如 VMware vSphere、Microsoft Hyper-V 和 Xen）相比，KVM 具有独特的优势。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="kvm-与其他虚拟化技术的比较">KVM 与其他虚拟化技术的比较<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-与其他虚拟化技术的比较" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>VMware vSphere</strong>：VMware vSphere 是一种成熟的商业虚拟化解决方案，具有强大的管理工具和企业支持。相比之下，KVM 虽然是开源项目，但在灵活性和成本效益方面具有优势。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Microsoft Hyper-V</strong>：Hyper-V 是微软的虚拟化解决方案，与 Windows Server 紧密集成。KVM 则与 Linux 紧密集成，适合在 Linux 环境中使用。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Xen</strong>：Xen 是另一种开源虚拟化技术，早期采用半虚拟化技术，后来也支持全虚拟化。<strong>KVM 相较于 Xen，更容易与 Linux 系统集成</strong>，并且逐渐在开源社区中获得更广泛的支持。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h4 id="kvm-在开源社区的影响力">KVM 在开源社区的影响力<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-在开源社区的影响力" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 作为一个开源项目，受到了广泛的支持和贡献。它不仅是许多 Linux 发行版的默认虚拟化技术，还在许多开源项目（如 OpenStack、oVirt 和 Proxmox）中发挥着关键作用。KVM 的成功得益于其高效的性能、灵活的架构以及与 Linux 内核的紧密集成。作为开源社区的重要组成部分，KVM 推动了虚拟化技术的发展和普及，为各类应用场景提供了强大的支持。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="kvm-的基本概念">KVM 的基本概念<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的基本概念" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/2024/07/18/234c1f6ad6d4e.png" alt="KVM 基本结构"/></p>
|
||
<h3 id="kvm-的工作原理">KVM 的工作原理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的工作原理" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM（Kernel-based Virtual Machine）将 Linux 内核转变为一个 Hypervisor，使其能够运行多个隔离的虚拟机。KVM 依赖于硬件辅助虚拟化技术，如 Intel VT-x 和 AMD-V，以实现高效的虚拟化性能。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="kvm-与-linux-内核的集成">KVM 与 Linux 内核的集成<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-与-linux-内核的集成" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 作为一个内核模块加载到 Linux 内核中，利用内核的现有功能，如调度和内存管理，从而实现虚拟化。KVM 模块加载后，Linux 内核变成一个功能强大的 Hypervisor，能够创建和管理虚拟机。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="kvm-的运行机制">KVM 的运行机制<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的运行机制" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 通过/dev/kvm 设备接口与用户空间交互。用户空间的虚拟机管理工具（如 QEMU）通过这个接口创建和管理虚拟机。每个虚拟机都有一个对应的 QEMU 进程，该进程负责模拟虚拟机的硬件设备，而 KVM 模块则处理虚拟机的 CPU 和内存管理。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="全虚拟化与半虚拟化">全虚拟化与半虚拟化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#全虚拟化与半虚拟化" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/2024/07/15/b506eeb644613.png" alt="全虚拟化与半虚拟化"/></p>
|
||
<p>虚拟化可以分为全虚拟化和半虚拟化，两者在实现和性能上有所不同。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="全虚拟化的定义与实现">全虚拟化的定义与实现<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#全虚拟化的定义与实现" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>全虚拟化是指虚拟机完全模拟底层硬件，使操作系统无需修改即可运行。KVM 实现全虚拟化依赖于硬件辅助虚拟化技术，通过这些技术，KVM 可以拦截并处理虚拟机的特权指令，从而实现对底层硬件的完全模拟。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="半虚拟化的定义与实现">半虚拟化的定义与实现<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#半虚拟化的定义与实现" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>半虚拟化是指需要对操作系统进行修改以适应虚拟化环境，从而提高性能。半虚拟化通过让操作系统直接调用 Hypervisor 提供的接口来执行特权操作，减少了特权指令的模拟开销。KVM 支持通过 virtio 接口提供半虚拟化设备，如 virtio-net 和 virtio-blk，从而提高虚拟机的 I/O 性能。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="硬件辅助虚拟化">硬件辅助虚拟化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#硬件辅助虚拟化" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>硬件辅助虚拟化通过在 CPU 中添加专门的指令集来支持虚拟化，从而提高虚拟化性能并简化 Hypervisor 的实现。Intel 和 AMD 分别提供了 VT-x 和 AMD-V 技术来支持硬件辅助虚拟化。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="intel-vt-x-技术">Intel VT-x 技术<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#intel-vt-x-技术" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>Intel VT-x 技术通过在 CPU 中添加虚拟化指令集，支持全虚拟化。VT-x 技术包括虚拟机扩展（VMX），允许 KVM 拦截并处理虚拟机的特权指令，以及扩展页表（EPT），提供高效的内存管理。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="amd-v-技术">AMD-V 技术<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#amd-v-技术" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>AMD-V 技术类似于 Intel VT-x，通过在 CPU 中添加虚拟化指令集来支持全虚拟化。AMD-V 技术包括安全虚拟机模式（SVM），允许 KVM 拦截并处理虚拟机的特权指令，以及快速虚拟化索引（RVI），提供高效的内存管理。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="硬件辅助虚拟化的优势">硬件辅助虚拟化的优势<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#硬件辅助虚拟化的优势" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>硬件辅助虚拟化的主要优势包括：</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>性能提升</strong>：通过专门的指令集和硬件支持，减少了虚拟机的特权指令模拟开销，提高了虚拟化性能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>简化实现</strong>：硬件辅助虚拟化简化了 Hypervisor 的实现，使其能够更高效地管理虚拟机。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>提高安全性</strong>：通过硬件隔离，提高了虚拟机之间的隔离性，增强了虚拟化环境的安全性。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>KVM 利用硬件辅助虚拟化技术，实现了高效、灵活和安全的虚拟化解决方案，广泛应用于数据中心、云计算、开发和测试等领域。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="kvm-的架构">KVM 的架构<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的架构" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/2024/07/15/b324679637ccd.png" alt="KVM 架构图"/></p>
|
||
<h3 id="kvm-模块">KVM 模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-模块" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM 通过内核模块加载到 Linux 内核中，将其转变为一个功能强大的 Hypervisor。主要包括以下模块：</p>
|
||
<h4 id="kvmko-模块">kvm.ko 模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvmko-模块" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>kvm.ko 是 KVM 的核心模块，它提供了基本的虚拟化功能。该模块负责虚拟机的创建、配置和管理，并与硬件辅助虚拟化技术（如 Intel VT-x 和 AMD-V）进行交互。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="kvm-intelko-和-kvm-amdko-模块">kvm-intel.ko 和 kvm-amd.ko 模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-intelko-和-kvm-amdko-模块" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>kvm-intel.ko 和 kvm-amd.ko 是 KVM 的硬件特定模块。kvm-intel.ko 用于支持 Intel 的 VT-x 技术，而 kvm-amd.ko 则用于支持 AMD 的 AMD-V 技术。这些模块处理与特定 CPU 虚拟化指令集的交互，提供高效的虚拟化性能。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="qemu-用户空间工具">QEMU 用户空间工具<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#qemu-用户空间工具" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p><strong>QEMU 是一个开源的用户空间虚拟化工具，与 KVM 协作以提供完整的虚拟化解决方案。</strong></p>
|
||
<h4 id="qemu-的作用和功能">QEMU 的作用和功能<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#qemu-的作用和功能" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>**QEMU 负责模拟虚拟机的硬件设备，如 CPU、内存、磁盘和网络接口。**它支持多种架构和设备，提供灵活的虚拟机配置选项。QEMU 还负责虚拟机的启动、暂停和停止等操作。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="qemu-与-kvm-的协作">QEMU 与 KVM 的协作<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#qemu-与-kvm-的协作" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>QEMU 与 KVM 协作，通过 /dev/kvm 设备接口与 KVM 模块进行通信。QEMU 处理虚拟机的用户态操作，如设备模拟和 I/O 操作，而 KVM 则负责虚拟机的内核态操作，如 CPU 和内存的管理。通过这种协作，QEMU 和 KVM 提供了一个高效且灵活的虚拟化平台。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="kvm-和-qemu-的关系">KVM 和 QEMU 的关系<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-和-qemu-的关系" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p><strong>KVM 和 QEMU 之间通过明确的分工来实现高效的虚拟化解决方案。</strong></p>
|
||
<h4 id="用户态和内核态的分工">用户态和内核态的分工<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#用户态和内核态的分工" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 负责内核态的虚拟化操作，主要包括 CPU 和内存的管理。QEMU 负责用户态的虚拟机管理和设备模拟。通过这种分工，KVM 可以利用硬件虚拟化特性提供高性能的虚拟化支持，而 QEMU 则提供灵活的设备模拟和管理功能。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="资源管理和调度">资源管理和调度<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#资源管理和调度" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 通过内核模块管理物理资源，如 CPU、内存和 I/O 设备。QEMU 通过用户态进程管理虚拟机的生命周期，并与 KVM 协同调度资源。KVM 利用 Linux 内核的调度机制，实现对虚拟机资源的高效管理。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="虚拟机监控器hypervisor与宿主操作系统的关系">虚拟机监控器（Hypervisor）与宿主操作系统的关系<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#虚拟机监控器hypervisor与宿主操作系统的关系" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM 作为一个内核模块，与宿主操作系统（通常是 Linux）紧密集成，共享和管理宿主机的资源。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="宿主机资源的管理">宿主机资源的管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#宿主机资源的管理" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 使用 Linux 内核的调度和内存管理功能，实现对虚拟机的资源分配和管理。宿主操作系统负责提供底层硬件的访问接口，KVM 则通过这些接口管理虚拟机的运行。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="客户机与宿主机的交互">客户机与宿主机的交互<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#客户机与宿主机的交互" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>客户机（虚拟机）通过虚拟硬件设备与宿主机进行交互。这些虚拟硬件设备由 QEMU 模拟，并通过 KVM 实现与实际硬件的映射。例如，客户机的网络流量通过虚拟网卡传输到宿主机，再由宿主机的物理网卡发送出去。</p>
|
||
<p>KVM 的架构通过模块化设计，实现了高效的虚拟化性能和灵活的资源管理。与 QEMU 的紧密协作，使得 KVM 成为一个功能强大且广泛应用的虚拟化解决方案。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="kvm-的功能特性">KVM 的功能特性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的功能特性" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="支持的操作系统">支持的操作系统<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#支持的操作系统" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM 作为一个强大的虚拟化平台，具有广泛的客户操作系统兼容性，能够运行多种操作系统，使其在各种应用场景中得以广泛应用。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="客户操作系统的兼容性">客户操作系统的兼容性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#客户操作系统的兼容性" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 支持多种客户操作系统，包括但不限于 Linux、Windows 和 BSD 系列操作系统。其兼容性源自 KVM 对硬件辅助虚拟化技术的支持，以及 QEMU 提供的广泛硬件设备模拟。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="常见支持的操作系统">常见支持的操作系统<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#常见支持的操作系统" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Linux</strong>：几乎所有主流的 Linux 发行版都可以在 KVM 上运行，如 Ubuntu、CentOS、Debian、Fedora 等。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Windows</strong>：KVM 支持多种版本的 Windows 操作系统，包括 Windows Server 和 Windows Desktop 版本。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>BSD 系列</strong>：FreeBSD、OpenBSD 和 NetBSD 等 BSD 系列操作系统也能在 KVM 上良好运行。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="高性能和高可用性">高性能和高可用性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#高性能和高可用性" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM 设计为高性能和高可用性环境，提供了多种性能优化机制和高可用性特性。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="性能优化机制">性能优化机制<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#性能优化机制" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 通过硬件辅助虚拟化技术（如 Intel VT-x 和 AMD-V）实现高效的虚拟化性能。此外，KVM 利用 Linux 内核的调度和内存管理功能，以及高级的 I/O 虚拟化技术（如 Virtio）来优化性能。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>硬件辅助虚拟化</strong>：使用 CPU 的虚拟化指令集来降低虚拟化开销，提高性能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Virtio 驱动</strong>：提供高效的虚拟化 I/O 设备，提高网络和存储性能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>大页支持</strong>：利用大页内存减少内存管理开销，提高内存访问性能。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4 id="高可用性特性">高可用性特性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#高可用性特性" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 支持多种高可用性特性，确保虚拟机的持续可用性。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>实时迁移（Live Migration）</strong>：允许虚拟机在不停机的情况下，从一个物理主机迁移到另一个物理主机。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>故障转移</strong>：在硬件故障时，自动将虚拟机转移到备用主机，确保服务不中断。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>快照和备份</strong>：支持虚拟机的快照和备份机制，提供恢复手段，确保数据安全。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="内存管理和硬件支持">内存管理和硬件支持<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#内存管理和硬件支持" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM 提供了先进的内存管理机制和广泛的硬件支持，确保虚拟机的高效运行。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="内存分配和管理">内存分配和管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#内存分配和管理" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 利用 Linux 内核的内存管理功能，实现高效的内存分配和管理。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>内存过量使用（Overcommitment）</strong>：允许分配的虚拟内存总量超过物理内存总量，提高资源利用率。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>透明大页（Transparent Huge Pages）</strong>：自动将小页转换为大页，减少内存管理开销，提高性能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>内存共享（Memory Ballooning）</strong>：动态调整虚拟机的内存分配，根据实际需求优化内存使用。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4 id="硬件兼容性和支持">硬件兼容性和支持<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#硬件兼容性和支持" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 兼容大多数现代 x86 和 x86_64 架构的硬件平台，支持 Intel 和 AMD 的硬件虚拟化技术。KVM 还支持多种硬件设备和外围设备，通过 PCI 直通（PCI Passthrough）技术，可以将物理设备直接分配给虚拟机，提高性能。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="网络和存储的虚拟化支持">网络和存储的虚拟化支持<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络和存储的虚拟化支持" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM 提供了强大的网络和存储虚拟化支持，确保虚拟机的灵活性和高效性。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="虚拟网络的实现">虚拟网络的实现<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#虚拟网络的实现" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 通过虚拟网络设备和软件定义网络（SDN）技术，实现灵活的网络虚拟化。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>虚拟网桥（vBridge）</strong>：通过 Linux Bridge 或 Open vSwitch 实现虚拟机之间的网络连接。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>虚拟网络接口（vNIC）</strong>：通过 Virtio 网络驱动提供高效的网络性能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>SDN 集成</strong>：支持与 OpenStack Neutron 等 SDN 解决方案集成，实现高级网络功能。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4 id="存储虚拟化的实现">存储虚拟化的实现<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#存储虚拟化的实现" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 提供多种存储虚拟化机制，确保数据存储的高效和灵活。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>虚拟磁盘</strong>：支持多种虚拟磁盘格式，如 QCOW2、RAW、VMDK 等。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>存储池和卷</strong>：通过 Libvirt 管理存储池和存储卷，提供灵活的存储分配。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>I/O 虚拟化</strong>：通过 Virtio 块设备驱动提供高效的存储性能。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="快照和备份">快照和备份<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#快照和备份" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>KVM 提供了全面的快照和备份功能，确保虚拟机数据的安全和可恢复性。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="快照的创建与管理">快照的创建与管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#快照的创建与管理" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 支持虚拟机的快照功能，可以在任何时间点创建虚拟机的状态快照，用于备份和恢复。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>创建快照</strong>：通过 QEMU 或 Libvirt 接口创建虚拟机快照，保存当前状态。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>管理快照</strong>：支持多级快照管理，可以回滚到任意快照点，实现灵活的状态恢复。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4 id="备份和恢复机制">备份和恢复机制<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#备份和恢复机制" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 提供了强大的备份和恢复机制，确保数据安全。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>实时备份</strong>：支持虚拟机运行时的实时备份，确保数据不丢失。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>增量备份</strong>：通过 QCOW2 格式支持增量备份，减少备份数据量，提高效率。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>恢复机制</strong>：提供便捷的恢复工具，可以快速恢复虚拟机到任意备份点。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>KVM 的功能特性使其成为一个灵活、高效且可靠的虚拟化解决方案，广泛应用于数据中心、云计算、开发和测试等领域。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="kvm-的优缺点">KVM 的优缺点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的优缺点" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="kvm-的优势">KVM 的优势<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的优势" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="开源免费">开源免费<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#开源免费" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><strong>KVM 是一个完全开源的虚拟化解决方案</strong>，任何人都可以免费使用、修改和分发。作为 Linux 内核的一部分，KVM 继承了开源社区的优势，具有透明的开发流程和<strong>广泛的社区支持</strong>。此外，开源的特性使得用户可以根据需要定制虚拟化环境，而无需支付昂贵的许可费用。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="与-linux-内核紧密集成">与 Linux 内核紧密集成<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#与-linux-内核紧密集成" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><strong>KVM 直接集成在 Linux 内核中</strong>，利用 Linux 内核的强大功能，如调度、内存管理和安全机制。这种紧密集成不仅提高了虚拟化性能，还简化了虚拟化环境的管理。Linux 内核的稳定性和广泛的硬件支持也为 KVM 提供了坚实的基础。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="高性能和扩展性">高性能和扩展性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#高性能和扩展性" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 利用<strong>硬件辅助虚拟化技术</strong>（如 Intel VT-x 和 AMD-V），提供了高效的虚拟化性能。通过 <strong>Virtio 驱动</strong>，KVM 进一步优化了网络和存储 I/O 性能。此外，KVM 支持实时迁移（Live Migration）、快照和大页内存等高级功能，提供了高扩展性和灵活性，满足各种复杂应用场景的需求。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="kvm-的限制和不足">KVM 的限制和不足<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的限制和不足" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="对硬件要求较高">对硬件要求较高<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#对硬件要求较高" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 依赖硬件辅助虚拟化技术，因此对硬件的要求较高。需要支持 VT-x 或 AMD-V 的处理器才能发挥 KVM 的全部功能。这在某些旧硬件或嵌入式系统中可能会成为一个限制。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="学习曲线">学习曲线<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#学习曲线" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>虽然 KVM 提供了强大的功能，但其配置和管理相对复杂，尤其对于初学者来说，<strong>学习曲线较陡</strong>。用户需要掌握 Linux 系统管理、QEMU、Libvirt 等相关知识，才能高效地使用和管理 KVM 环境。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="社区支持与企业支持的差异">社区支持与企业支持的差异<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#社区支持与企业支持的差异" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 主要依靠开源社区的支持，虽然社区活跃且资源丰富，但与一些商业虚拟化解决方案相比，企业级的技术支持可能不够全面和及时。对于需要高可靠性和快速响应支持的企业用户，可能需要依赖第三方服务提供商，如 Red Hat 提供的企业级 KVM 支持。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="kvm-的应用场景">KVM 的应用场景<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的应用场景" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="服务器虚拟化">服务器虚拟化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#服务器虚拟化" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="数据中心的服务器整合">数据中心的服务器整合<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据中心的服务器整合" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 在数据中心的服务器整合中发挥了重要作用。通过 KVM，可以在一台物理服务器上运行多个虚拟机，从而将多个服务器的工作负载集中到少量高性能服务器上。这种整合不仅降低了硬件成本，还减少了物理空间的占用和电力消耗。此外，KVM 的高效资源管理功能使得数据中心能够灵活分配和调整计算资源，提高整体运营效率。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="提高资源利用率">提高资源利用率<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#提高资源利用率" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 通过虚拟化技术提高了物理服务器的资源利用率。传统物理服务器在不同应用负载下常常会有大量资源闲置，而 KVM 允许在同一物理服务器上运行多个虚拟机，每个虚拟机可以运行不同的应用程序，从而充分利用服务器的计算能力、内存和存储资源。这种资源共享和动态分配的能力，使得企业能够更高效地管理其 IT 基础设施。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="桌面虚拟化">桌面虚拟化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#桌面虚拟化" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="桌面即服务daas">桌面即服务（DaaS）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#桌面即服务daas" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 在桌面即服务（DaaS）中被广泛应用，提供虚拟桌面基础设施（VDI）解决方案。通过 KVM，用户可以在数据中心托管虚拟桌面，并通过网络远程访问。这种方式不仅提高了数据安全性和管理的便捷性，还降低了终端设备的成本和维护复杂性。用户可以通过各种设备（如 PC、平板电脑和智能手机）访问其虚拟桌面，实现无缝办公体验。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="远程办公的支持">远程办公的支持<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#远程办公的支持" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>随着远程办公需求的增加，KVM 提供了可靠的虚拟化解决方案，支持员工在任何地点、任何设备上访问其工作环境。通过 KVM 实现的远程桌面虚拟化，可以确保数据安全和应用程序的一致性，同时提供高性能和低延迟的用户体验。这对于需要频繁远程访问公司资源的企业尤为重要。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="云计算环境中的应用">云计算环境中的应用<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#云计算环境中的应用" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="公有云与私有云中的-kvm">公有云与私有云中的 KVM<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#公有云与私有云中的-kvm" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 在公有云和私有云环境中都得到了广泛应用。许多公有云提供商，如 Google Cloud 和 OpenStack，都使用 KVM 作为其底层虚拟化技术。KVM 的开源特性和高性能使其成为构建私有云的理想选择。企业可以使用 KVM 创建和管理虚拟机，提供灵活的计算资源，并根据需求动态扩展或缩减云环境。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="kvm-在-iaas-中的作用">KVM 在 IaaS 中的作用<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-在-iaas-中的作用" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 在基础设施即服务（IaaS）中起着关键作用。通过 KVM，IaaS 提供商能够为用户提供按需计算资源，包括虚拟机、存储和网络。这种灵活的资源分配和管理方式，使得用户可以根据其业务需求快速部署和调整计算资源，同时仅为实际使用的资源付费。KVM 的高性能和可靠性确保了 IaaS 平台的稳定运行。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="开发和测试环境">开发和测试环境<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#开发和测试环境" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="快速部署和回滚">快速部署和回滚<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#快速部署和回滚" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>在开发和测试环境中，KVM 提供了快速部署和回滚的能力。开发人员可以迅速创建虚拟机进行应用程序测试，模拟不同的操作系统和配置环境。通过快照功能，开发人员可以在测试前创建虚拟机快照，出现问题时快速回滚到之前的状态。这种灵活性大大提高了开发和测试的效率，缩短了软件开发周期。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="多平台兼容性测试">多平台兼容性测试<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#多平台兼容性测试" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 支持多种操作系统，使其成为多平台兼容性测试的理想选择。开发团队可以在同一台物理服务器上运行多个虚拟机，测试应用程序在不同操作系统和版本上的表现。这种多平台测试能力，确保了软件在各种环境中的兼容性和稳定性，减少了发布后的问题和维护成本。</p>
|
||
<p>KVM 的广泛应用场景展示了其作为一种高效、灵活的虚拟化解决方案的巨大潜力。从服务器虚拟化、桌面虚拟化到云计算和开发测试环境，KVM 为各种业务需求提供了强有力的支持，助力企业实现数字化转型和高效运作。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="kvm-的未来发展">KVM 的未来发展<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的未来发展" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="kvm-社区的现状和发展方向">KVM 社区的现状和发展方向<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-社区的现状和发展方向" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="当前社区的活跃度">当前社区的活跃度<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#当前社区的活跃度" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 社区非常活跃，汇集了大量开发者、企业和开源爱好者的贡献。社区定期发布更新，改进功能和性能，并积极修复漏洞。<strong>大型企业如 Red Hat、Intel 和 IBM 等都在积极支持和推动 KVM 的发展，确保其在虚拟化领域的领先地位。</strong></p>
|
||
<h4 id="社区的重要项目和贡献">社区的重要项目和贡献<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#社区的重要项目和贡献" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 社区中有多个重要项目和贡献，这些项目推动了 KVM 的技术进步和广泛应用：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>QEMU</strong>：作为 KVM 的用户空间工具，QEMU 的开发和改进直接影响 KVM 的功能和性能。社区对 QEMU 的持续优化使得 KVM 在硬件模拟和设备支持方面不断增强。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Libvirt</strong>：这是一个开源 API 和管理工具集，用于管理 KVM 虚拟机。Libvirt 的开发提高了 KVM 虚拟机的管理和自动化能力，使其更易于集成和使用。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Virtio</strong>：Virtio 项目致力于优化虚拟机的 I/O 性能，通过提供高效的虚拟化驱动程序，使得 KVM 在网络和存储性能方面表现优异。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="新技术和趋势">新技术和趋势<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#新技术和趋势" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="kvm-与容器技术的结合">KVM 与容器技术的结合<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-与容器技术的结合" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>随着容器技术的普及，KVM 与容器技术的结合成为一种趋势。KVM 提供了虚拟化的隔离性和安全性，而容器技术则提供了轻量级和高效的应用部署方式。两者的结合可以实现更高效和安全的云计算环境。例如，KubeVirt 项目就是一个将 KVM 和 Kubernetes 结合的开源项目，允许用户在 Kubernetes 集群中运行虚拟机，从而实现虚拟机和容器的混合编排。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="kvm-在边缘计算中的应用">KVM 在边缘计算中的应用<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-在边缘计算中的应用" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>边缘计算的兴起为 KVM 提供了新的应用场景。在边缘计算环境中，计算资源靠近数据源，从而减少延迟和带宽消耗。KVM 可以在边缘节点上运行，提供虚拟化服务，使得边缘设备能够高效地运行各种应用程序。KVM 的灵活性和高性能使其成为边缘计算的理想选择，特别是在需要多租户隔离和资源动态分配的场景中。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="kvm-的性能优化和新特性">KVM 的性能优化和新特性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#kvm-的性能优化和新特性" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>KVM 的未来发展方向之一是持续的性能优化和新特性的引入。以下是一些值得关注的方向：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>内存优化</strong>：通过改进内存管理机制，如大页支持和内存共享技术，提高虚拟机的内存使用效率。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>I/O 性能提升</strong>：通过优化 Virtio 驱动和引入新的 I/O 虚拟化技术，进一步提升虚拟机的网络和存储性能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>安全性增强</strong>：引入更多的安全机制，如 SEV（安全加密虚拟化）和 SGX（软件保护扩展），提高虚拟机的隔离性和数据保护能力。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>多架构支持</strong>：扩展对更多硬件架构的支持，如 ARM 和 RISC-V，以适应多样化的应用需求。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>KVM 作为一个成熟且不断发展的虚拟化解决方案，其未来充满潜力。在社区的推动和新技术的引入下，KVM 将继续优化和扩展其功能，为用户提供更高效、安全和灵活的虚拟化服务。无论是在云计算、边缘计算，还是在混合编排环境中，KVM 都将发挥重要作用。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#引言" data-for="引言">引言</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#什么是虚拟化" data-for="什么是虚拟化">什么是虚拟化？</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#虚拟化的历史和发展" data-for="虚拟化的历史和发展">虚拟化的历史和发展</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#kvm-的定位和重要性" data-for="kvm-的定位和重要性">KVM 的定位和重要性</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#kvm-简介" data-for="kvm-简介">KVM 简介</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#什么是-kvm" data-for="什么是-kvm">什么是 KVM？</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#kvm-的发展历史和背景" data-for="kvm-的发展历史和背景">KVM 的发展历史和背景</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#kvm-在虚拟化技术中的地位" data-for="kvm-在虚拟化技术中的地位">KVM 在虚拟化技术中的地位</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#kvm-的基本概念" data-for="kvm-的基本概念">KVM 的基本概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#kvm-的工作原理" data-for="kvm-的工作原理">KVM 的工作原理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#全虚拟化与半虚拟化" data-for="全虚拟化与半虚拟化">全虚拟化与半虚拟化</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#硬件辅助虚拟化" data-for="硬件辅助虚拟化">硬件辅助虚拟化</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#kvm-的架构" data-for="kvm-的架构">KVM 的架构</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#kvm-模块" data-for="kvm-模块">KVM 模块</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#qemu-用户空间工具" data-for="qemu-用户空间工具">QEMU 用户空间工具</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#kvm-和-qemu-的关系" data-for="kvm-和-qemu-的关系">KVM 和 QEMU 的关系</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#虚拟机监控器hypervisor与宿主操作系统的关系" data-for="虚拟机监控器hypervisor与宿主操作系统的关系">虚拟机监控器（Hypervisor）与宿主操作系统的关系</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#kvm-的功能特性" data-for="kvm-的功能特性">KVM 的功能特性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#支持的操作系统" data-for="支持的操作系统">支持的操作系统</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#高性能和高可用性" data-for="高性能和高可用性">高性能和高可用性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#内存管理和硬件支持" data-for="内存管理和硬件支持">内存管理和硬件支持</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络和存储的虚拟化支持" data-for="网络和存储的虚拟化支持">网络和存储的虚拟化支持</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#快照和备份" data-for="快照和备份">快照和备份</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#kvm-的优缺点" data-for="kvm-的优缺点">KVM 的优缺点</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#kvm-的优势" data-for="kvm-的优势">KVM 的优势</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#kvm-的限制和不足" data-for="kvm-的限制和不足">KVM 的限制和不足</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#kvm-的应用场景" data-for="kvm-的应用场景">KVM 的应用场景</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#服务器虚拟化" data-for="服务器虚拟化">服务器虚拟化</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#桌面虚拟化" data-for="桌面虚拟化">桌面虚拟化</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#云计算环境中的应用" data-for="云计算环境中的应用">云计算环境中的应用</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#开发和测试环境" data-for="开发和测试环境">开发和测试环境</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#kvm-的未来发展" data-for="kvm-的未来发展">KVM 的未来发展</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#kvm-社区的现状和发展方向" data-for="kvm-社区的现状和发展方向">KVM 社区的现状和发展方向</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#新技术和趋势" data-for="新技术和趋势">新技术和趋势</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" 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href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20">2022-09-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21">2022-09-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22">2022-09-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38">2022-W38</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W39"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W39</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" 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data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-10">2022-10-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11">2022-10-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12">2022-10-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13">2022-10-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14">2022-10-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16">2022-10-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41">2022-W41</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W42"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W42</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W42"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17">2022-10-17</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18">2022-10-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19">2022-10-19</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21">2022-10-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42">2022-W42</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg 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class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W45</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W45"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10">2022-11-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11">2022-11-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12">2022-11-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13">2022-11-13</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W46"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W46</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W46"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18">2022-11-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20">2022-11-20</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W47"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W47</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06">2022-12-06</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49">2022-W49</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W50"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W50</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W50"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12">2022-12-12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">2023</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023"><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W2"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W2</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W14"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08">2023-04-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14">2023-W14</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W16"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W16</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W16"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21">2023-04-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22">2023-W22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W23"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W23</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W23"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05">2023-06-05</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08">2023-06-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23">2023-W23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div 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