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href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20">2022-09-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21">2022-09-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22">2022-09-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38">2022-W38</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W39"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W39</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" 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data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-10">2022-10-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11">2022-10-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12">2022-10-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13">2022-10-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14">2022-10-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16">2022-10-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41">2022-W41</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W42"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W42</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W42"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17">2022-10-17</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18">2022-10-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19">2022-10-19</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21">2022-10-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42">2022-W42</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg 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class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W45</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W45"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10">2022-11-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11">2022-11-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12">2022-11-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13">2022-11-13</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W46"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W46</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W46"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18">2022-11-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20">2022-11-20</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W47"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W47</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06">2022-12-06</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49">2022-W49</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W50"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W50</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W50"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12">2022-12-12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">2023</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023"><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W2"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W2</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W14"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08">2023-04-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14">2023-W14</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W16"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W16</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W16"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21">2023-04-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22">2023-W22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W23"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W23</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W23"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05">2023-06-05</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08">2023-06-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23">2023-W23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div 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href="../../../../Tech/operating-system/Linux/5.网络管理/">5.网络管理</a><p> > </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href>Linux 网络配置</a></div></nav><h1 class="article-title ">Linux 网络配置</h1><p class="content-meta ">Apr 10, 2023, 47 min read</p><ul class="tags "><li><a href="../../../../tags/linux/进阶" class="internal tag-link">#linux/进阶</a></li><li><a href="../../../../tags/技术/操作系统" class="internal tag-link">#技术/操作系统</a></li></ul></div></div><article class="popover-hint"><h2 id="网络配置">网络配置<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络配置" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<table><thead><tr><th>发行版</th><th>网络配置文件路径</th><th>常用网络管理工具</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ubuntu</td><td>/etc/netplan/</td><td>NetworkManager, systemd-networkd</td></tr><tr><td>Debian</td><td>/etc/network/interfaces</td><td>NetworkManager, systemd-networkd, ifupdown</td></tr><tr><td>CentOS/RHEL</td><td>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*</td><td>NetworkManager, systemd-networkd, ifcfg</td></tr><tr><td>Fedora</td><td>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*</td><td>NetworkManager, systemd-networkd, ifcfg</td></tr><tr><td>Arch Linux</td><td>/etc/netctl/</td><td>netctl</td></tr><tr><td>openSUSE</td><td>/etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-*</td><td>NetworkManager, ifup</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<ul>
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<li>动态主机配置协议（DHCP）：DHCP 用于自动分配 IP 地址、子网掩码、默认网关等网络参数。</li>
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<li>静态地址（Static IP）：静态 IP 是预先分配给设备的固定 IP 地址。</li>
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<li>地址（IP）：网络设备的唯一标识符。</li>
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<li>子网掩码（NetMask）：用于划分 IP 地址的网络和主机部分。</li>
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<li>网关（GetWay）：连接不同网络的设备，通常是路由器。</li>
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<li>域名系统（DNS ）：将域名解析为 IP 地址的服务。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="ip">Ip<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#ip" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>ip 命令是 Linux 系统中用于管理网络设备、地址、路由等网络设置的一个强大工具。它是 iproute2 软件包的一部分，由 Alexey N. Kuznetsov 开发，首次发布于 1999 年。ip 命令的设计目的是替代原有的 ifconfig、route 等传统网络配置工具，提供更灵活、功能强大的解决方案。</p>
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<p>ip 命令通过 Netlink 套接字与 Linux 内核通信，实现对网络设备、地址、路由等资源的管理。Netlink 是一种用于在内核和用户空间之间传递信息的通信机制。通过 Netlink，ip 命令能够执行各种复杂的网络配置任务。</p>
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<h4 id="命令">命令<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#命令" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ip addr show</td><td>显示网络接口的地址信息</td></tr><tr><td>ip addr add</td><td>为网络接口添加 IP 地址</td></tr><tr><td>ip addr del</td><td>删除网络接口的 IP 地址</td></tr><tr><td>ip link show</td><td>显示网络接口状态</td></tr><tr><td>ip link set</td><td>修改网络接口属性</td></tr><tr><td>ip route show</td><td>显示路由表</td></tr><tr><td>ip route add</td><td>添加路由</td></tr><tr><td>ip route del</td><td>删除路由</td></tr><tr><td>ip neigh show</td><td>显示邻居表（ARP 缓存）</td></tr><tr><td>ip neigh add</td><td>添加邻居条目</td></tr><tr><td>ip neigh del</td><td>删除邻居条目</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h4 id="选项">选项<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#选项" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>show</td><td>显示指定类型的网络对象（如地址、链接、路由等）</td></tr><tr><td>add</td><td>添加指定类型的网络对象</td></tr><tr><td>del</td><td>删除指定类型的网络对象</td></tr><tr><td>set</td><td>修改指定类型的网络对象的属性</td></tr><tr><td>list</td><td>列出指定类型的网络对象</td></tr><tr><td>flush</td><td>清除指定类型的网络对象</td></tr><tr><td>monitor</td><td>监控网络事件</td></tr><tr><td>-4</td><td>仅处理 IPv4 地址和路由</td></tr><tr><td>-6</td><td>仅处理 IPv6 地址和路由</td></tr><tr><td>-s</td><td>输出简化版信息</td></tr><tr><td>-brief</td><td>以简洁的格式输出信息</td></tr><tr><td>-json</td><td>以 JSON 格式输出信息</td></tr><tr><td>-details</td><td>输出详细信息</td></tr><tr><td>-family</td><td>指定地址族（如 inet、inet6、link 等）</td></tr><tr><td>-dynamic</td><td>设置动态属性（如动态路由等）</td></tr><tr><td>-permanent</td><td>设置永久属性（如永久地址等）</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h4 id="实例">实例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#实例" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<h5 id="1-查看当前网络接口信息">1. 查看当前网络接口信息<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#1-查看当前网络接口信息" class="internal"> §</a></h5>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">debian@debian:~$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">route</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">show</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">192.168.101.0/24</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dev</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">proto</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">kernel</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">scope</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">link</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">src</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.177</span></span>
|
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">debian@debian:~$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">link</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">show</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">1:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">lo:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">P</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mtu</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">65536</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qdisc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">noqueue</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">state</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">UNKNOWN</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">DEFAULT</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">group</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">default</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qlen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">link/loopback</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:00:00:00:00:00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">brd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:00:00:00:00:00</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">2:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">P</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mtu</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1500</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qdisc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pfifo_fast</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">state</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">UP</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">DEFAULT</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">group</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">default</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qlen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">link/ether</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:0c:29:99:2f:75</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">brd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">altname</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enp2s0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">debian@debian:~$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">addr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">show</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">1:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">lo:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">P</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mtu</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">65536</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qdisc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">noqueue</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">state</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">UNKNOWN</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">group</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">default</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qlen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">link/loopback</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:00:00:00:00:00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">brd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:00:00:00:00:00</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">inet</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">127.0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.0.1/8</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">scope</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">host</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">lo</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">valid_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">preferred_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">inet6</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">::1/128</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">scope</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">host</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">valid_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">preferred_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">2:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">P</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mtu</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1500</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qdisc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pfifo_fast</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">state</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">UP</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">group</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">default</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qlen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">link/ether</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:0c:29:99:2f:75</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">brd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">altname</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enp2s0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">inet</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.177/24</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">scope</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">global</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">valid_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">preferred_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h5 id="2-关闭指定网络接口">2. 关闭指定网络接口<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#2-关闭指定网络接口" class="internal"> §</a></h5>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">root@debian:~$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">link</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">set</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dev</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">down</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p><em>如果使用 ssh 注意会断开链接。</em></p>
|
||
<h5 id="3-配置静态-ip-地址">3. 配置静态 IP 地址<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#3-配置静态-ip-地址" class="internal"> §</a></h5>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">root@debian:~$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">addr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">add</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.222/24</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dev</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">root@debian:~$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">addr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">show</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">1:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">lo:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">P</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mtu</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">65536</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qdisc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">noqueue</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">state</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">UNKNOWN</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">group</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">default</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qlen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">link/loopback</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:00:00:00:00:00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">brd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:00:00:00:00:00</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">inet</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">127.0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.0.1/8</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">scope</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">host</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">lo</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">valid_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">preferred_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">inet6</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">::1/128</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">scope</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">host</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">valid_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">preferred_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">2:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_U</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">P</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mtu</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1500</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qdisc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pfifo_fast</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">state</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">UP</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">group</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">default</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">qlen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1000</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">link/ether</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:0c:29:99:2f:75</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">brd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">altname</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enp2s0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">inet</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.177/24</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">scope</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">global</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">valid_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">preferred_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">inet</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.222/24</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">scope</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">global</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">secondary</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">valid_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">preferred_lft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">forever</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h5 id="4-配置网关地址">4. 配置网关地址<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#4-配置网关地址" class="internal"> §</a></h5>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">root@debian:~$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">route</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">add</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">default</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">via</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.1</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h5 id="5-配置-dns-服务器地址">5. 配置 DNS 服务器地址<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#5-配置-dns-服务器地址" class="internal"> §</a></h5>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">root@debian:~$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">echo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"nameserver 114.114.114.114"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/etc/resolv.conf</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h5 id="6-启用网络接口">6. 启用网络接口<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#6-启用网络接口" class="internal"> §</a></h5>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">root@debian:~$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">link</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">set</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dev</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens32</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">up</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="networkmanager">NetworkManager<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#networkmanager" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>NetworkManager 是由 Red Hat 公司开发的一款用于管理 Linux 操作系统上网络连接的软件。自 2004 年首次发布以来，它迅速成为 Linux 操作系统中最流行的网络管理工具之一。在 NetworkManager 诞生之前，Linux 中的网络管理通常需要通过手动配置网络文件完成，这一过程不仅繁琐且易出错，但随着 NetworkManager 的出现，这一切都变得简单和直观。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="架构和工作原理">架构和工作原理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#架构和工作原理" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>NetworkManager 展现了其在管理网络连接和网络接口方面的核心能力，提供了一整套综合工具，大大简化了网络设置的复杂性。用户得以轻松添加、修改、启用或禁用各类网络连接，包括有线和无线网络，乃至虚拟私人网络（VPN）。其核心由负责监控和管理网络的后台守护进程、提供直观操作的图形界面以及功能强大的命令行界面组成，还包括管理设备驱动和处理连接请求的高效后端服务。在用户进行网络设置调整时，NetworkManager 自动更新相关配置文件，确保网络设置的一致性和准确性得到坚实保障。借助灵活的插件体系和高效的 D-Bus 通信机制，NetworkManager 能够轻松处理多种类型的网络连接，将配置和管理过程自动化，从而提供了一个无缝、直观且高度可靠的网络管理解决方案。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="nmcli">Nmcli<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#nmcli" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>nmcli</code> 是 NetworkManager 的命令行界面，提供了全面的功能来管理网络。用户可以通过它快速创建、修改和监控网络连接。无论是列出网络设备状态，管理网络连接，设置静态 IP，还是管理 VPN 和其他特殊连接，<code>nmcli</code> 都能提供强大支持。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="nmtui">Nmtui<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#nmtui" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>对于那些偏好图形界面或在终端中工作的用户，<code>nmtui</code> 提供了一个简单直观的解决方案。这个交互式的文本界面应用使得配置 NetworkManager 控制的网络设置变得轻松。它的直观操作和无需鼠标的特性，使得 <code>nmtui</code> 成为 SSH 会话和终端窗口中理想的网络管理工具。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="命令-1">命令<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#命令-1" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
||
<table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>nmcli dev show</td><td>显示所有网络设备的信息</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn show</td><td>显示所有网络连接的信息</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn up</td><td>启用指定的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn down</td><td>禁用指定的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn add</td><td>添加一个新的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn modify</td><td>修改一个已有的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli conn delete</td><td>删除一个已有的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli connection edit</td><td>编辑一个已有的网络连接</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli device wifi</td><td>显示所有 Wi-Fi 网络及其相关信息</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli device wifi rescan</td><td>重新扫描 Wi-Fi 网络列表</td></tr><tr><td>nmcli device wifi connect</td><td>连接指定的 Wi-Fi 网络</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<h4 id="选项-1">选项<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#选项-1" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
<table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-f，—format</td><td>指定输出格式（例如 csv、json、tabular 等）</td></tr><tr><td>-t，—terse</td><td>指定分隔符</td></tr><tr><td>-m，—mode</td><td>指定最大输出宽度（用于长文本的换行）</td></tr><tr><td>-p，—set-property</td><td>指定要修改的属性</td></tr><tr><td>-a，—add</td><td>添加新的属性</td></tr><tr><td>-r，—remove</td><td>删除一个属性</td></tr><tr><td>-e，—enable</td><td>激活一个属性</td></tr><tr><td>-d，—disable</td><td>禁用一个属性</td></tr><tr><td>-v，—verbose</td><td>输出详细信息</td></tr><tr><td>-i，—ignore-case</td><td>忽略大小写</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<h4 id="实例-1">实例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#实例-1" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<h5 id="1-查看当前网络接口信息-1">1. 查看当前网络接口信息<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#1-查看当前网络接口信息-1" class="internal"> §</a></h5>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">[root@rhel </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">~</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]# nmcli device show</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.DEVICE:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens160</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.TYPE:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ethernet</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.HWADDR:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:0C:29:14:E9:70</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.MTU:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1500</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.STATE:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">100</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">（已连接）</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.CONNECTION:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens160</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.CON-PATH:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">开</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP4.ADDRESS[1]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.109/24</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP4.GATEWAY:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.2</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP4.ROUTE[1]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">0.0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.0.0/0,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">nh</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.2,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">100</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP4.ROUTE[2]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.0/24,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">nh</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">0.0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.0.0,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">100</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP4.DNS[1]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.2</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP4.DOMAIN[1]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">localdomain</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP6.ADDRESS[1]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">fe80::20c:29ff:fe14:e970/64</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP6.GATEWAY:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP6.ROUTE[1]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">fe80::/64,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">nh</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">::,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1024</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.DEVICE:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">lo</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.TYPE:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">loopback</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.HWADDR:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">00</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">:00:00:00:00:00</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.MTU:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">65536</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.STATE:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">（未托管）</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.CONNECTION:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">GENERAL.CON-PATH:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP4.ADDRESS[1]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">127.0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.0.1/8</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP4.GATEWAY:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP6.ADDRESS[1]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">::1/128</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP6.GATEWAY:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">IP6.ROUTE[1]:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">::1/128,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">nh</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">::,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">256</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h5 id="2-配置静态-ip-地址">2. 配置静态 IP 地址<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#2-配置静态-ip-地址" class="internal"> §</a></h5>
|
||
<p>注意，如果当前已经有一个 DHCP 分配的 IP 地址，则需要首先释放该地址。可以使用以下命令释放 DHCP 分配的 IP 地址：</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nmcli</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">connection</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">modify</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">connection-nam</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ipv4.method</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">auto</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">[root@rhel </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">~</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]# nmcli connection modify ens160 ipv4.method auto</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>使用以下命令为指定网络接口配置静态 IP 地址：</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nmcli</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">connection</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">modify</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">connection-nam</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ipv4.addresses</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip-addres</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">subnet-mas</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">k</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ipv4.gateway</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">gateway-addres</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ipv4.dns</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dns-addres</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ipv4.method</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">manual</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nmcli</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">connection</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">modify</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens160</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ipv4.addresses</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.123/24</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ipv4.gateway</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.168</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.101.1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ipv4.dns</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">114.114</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.114.114</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ipv4.method</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">manual</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code><connection-name></code> 是要配置的网络连接的名称；</li>
|
||
<li><code><ip-address></code> 是要设置的 IP 地址；</li>
|
||
<li><code><subnet-mask></code> 是子网掩码；</li>
|
||
<li><code><gateway-address></code> 是网关地址；</li>
|
||
<li><code><dns-address></code> 是 DNS 服务器地址。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h5 id="3-激活新的网络配置">3. 激活新的网络配置<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#3-激活新的网络配置" class="internal"> §</a></h5>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nmcli</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">connection</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">up</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">connection-nam</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nmcli</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">connection</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">up</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ens160</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="网络管理">网络管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络管理" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="iptables">Iptables<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#iptables" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>iptables 是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行防火墙工具，它允许系统管理员配置内核防火墙（netfilter）规则。它主要用于数据包过滤、网络地址转换（NAT）和数据包改变，这是因为它在内核空间运行并能为内核提供强大的防火墙和网络处理功能。</p>
|
||
<p>iptables 由 Rusty Russell 在 1998 年创建，并最初作为 ipchains 的替代品发布。它是 netfilter 项目的一部分，该项目的目标是提供一套丰富且可靠的防火墙和路由工具。</p>
|
||
<p>在 iptables 的规则体系中，存在一个重要的概念叫做 ” 四表五链 “。这些 ” 表 ” 和 ” 链 ” 提供了 iptables 进行包过滤和处理的基础架构。</p>
|
||
<p>**” 四表 ” 是指 iptables 的四个预定义的表：filter、nat、mangle 和 raw。**每个表有特定的用途和与之关联的预定义链。</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>**filter 表：**这是 iptables 默认的表，用于过滤数据包。这个表关联的链有 INPUT、FORWARD 和 OUTPUT。</li>
|
||
<li>**nat 表：**用于网络地址转换（NAT）。这个表关联的链有 PREROUTING、OUTPUT 和 POSTROUTING。</li>
|
||
<li>**mangle 表：**用于特殊的包修改。这个表关联的链有 PREROUTING、INPUT、FORWARD、OUTPUT 和 POSTROUTING。</li>
|
||
<li>**raw 表：**用于配置 exemptions from connection tracking。这个表关联的链有 PREROUTING 和 OUTPUT。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p><strong>” 五链 ” 是指 iptables 的五个预定义的链：INPUT、OUTPUT、FORWARD、PREROUTING 和 POSTROUTING。</strong></p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>**INPUT 链：**处理进入本机的数据包。</li>
|
||
<li>**OUTPUT 链：**处理本机产生的数据包。</li>
|
||
<li>**FORWARD 链：**处理经过本机转发的数据包。</li>
|
||
<li>**PREROUTING 链：**处理所有进入系统的数据包，包括将要转发的数据包，是在路由决定之前处理。</li>
|
||
<li>**POSTROUTING 链：**处理所有离开系统的数据包，是在路由决定之后处理。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>这些表和链提供了 iptables 的强大功能和灵活性，使得系统管理员可以定义精细的包过滤和处理规则，从而实现强大的网络防火墙和路由功能。</p>
|
||
<p>iptables 的主要应用场景常用包括：</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>**网络防火墙：**iptables 可以定义包过滤规则，拦截或转发进入、离开或穿越防火墙的数据包。</li>
|
||
<li>**网络地址转换（NAT）：**iptables 支持源 NAT（SNAT）和目标 NAT（DNAT），使得源 IP 或目标 IP 地址可以被转换或隐藏，从而实现网络中的私有地址与公开地址之间的映射。</li>
|
||
<li>**包改变和重定向：**iptables 可以修改数据包的 IP 头，例如更改源或目标 IP 地址，或重定向数据包到另一个端口或主机。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>iptables 的发展方向主要集中在以下几个方面：</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>**提高易用性和灵活性：**为了使其更加易于使用和配置，iptables 将继续改进其用户界面和规则配置。</li>
|
||
<li>**提升性能：**随着网络带宽的提升，iptables 将需要提高其处理性能，以满足更大的网络流量。</li>
|
||
<li>**增加新功能：**iptables 将继续添加新的包处理和防火墙功能，以满足日益增长的网络安全需求。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>虽然 iptables 具有强大的功能，但也存在一些缺点。例如，iptables 的<strong>配置较为复杂</strong>，需要花费较多的时间学习和理解。此外，iptables 的<strong>性能与网络流量和规则数量成正比</strong>，大量的规则和网络流量可能会导致性能下降。然而，通过对其功能的深入理解和恰当的配置，管理员可以充分利用 iptables 来建立强大且灵活的网络防火墙。</p>
|
||
<p>随着时间的推移，<strong>iptables 已经不再是 Linux 系统中唯一的防火墙解决方案</strong>。在最近的 Linux 发行版中，nftables 开始替代 iptables 成为默认的防火墙工具。nftables 提供了与 iptables 类似的功能，但具有更优的性能和更简洁的语法。尽管如此，iptables 仍然广泛用于很多系统中，并且由于其强大和灵活的特性，仍然是许多系统管理员的首选工具。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="常用的命令">常用的命令<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#常用的命令" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 列出所有防火墙规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-L</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 添加一条新的规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-A</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">INPUT</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-p</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">tcp</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--dport</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">22</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-j</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ACCEPT</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 删除一条规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-D</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">INPUT</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 清空所有规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-F</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 设置默认策略</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-P</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">INPUT</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">DROP</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建新的链</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-N</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">LOGGING</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 删除一个空链</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-X</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">LOGGING</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 在链中插入一条规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-I</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">INPUT</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-p</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">tcp</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--dport</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">22</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-j</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ACCEPT</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 替换链中的一条规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-R</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">INPUT</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-p</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">tcp</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--dport</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">80</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-j</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ACCEPT</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 列出所有规则的详细信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-S</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 列出规则，不解析服务名称</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-n</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-L</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 保存 iptables 规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables-save</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/etc/iptables/rules.v4</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 恢复 iptables 规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">iptables-restore</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/etc/iptables/rules.v4</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="nftables">Nftables<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#nftables" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>nftables 是一种 Linux 内核的包过滤框架，<strong>它是 iptables，ip6tables，arptables，ebtables 等工具的替代品</strong>，旨在提供单一、统一的解决方案，以简化包过滤和防火墙的配置。nftables 提供了一个新的、更高级的语法，用于更简洁、更直观地定义和管理规则。</p>
|
||
<p>nftables 于 2014 年作为 Linux 内核 3.13 的一部分首次发布。它由同样也是 iptables 创建者的 Netfilter 项目团队开发，主要目的是解决 iptables 在易用性和性能上的一些问题。新的框架是为了改善和扩展现有的过滤系统，提供更强大的网络数据包处理能力。</p>
|
||
<p>nftables 提供了一种新的、基于 Netlink 的接口，用于配置网络过滤规则。它还提供了一种新的语法，用于定义过滤规则。这种<strong>语法更加简洁、直观，比 iptables 的语法更易于学习和使用。</strong></p>
|
||
<p>与 iptables 相比，nftables 还有一些其他的优点。例如，它能<strong>更高效地处理大量的规则，支持更多的数据类型和操作符，提供更强大的过滤和分类功能，支持动态更新规则，等等。</strong></p>
|
||
<p>nftables 目前的发展方向主要集中在以下几个方面：</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>**提升性能：**nftables 将继续优化其性能，以满足日益增长的网络过滤需求，并尽量减少性能开销。</li>
|
||
<li>**增强易用性：**通过改进语法和工具，nftables 将进一步简化规则的配置和管理，使其更易于使用和理解。</li>
|
||
<li>**扩展功能和支持：**nftables 将继续扩展其功能，支持更多的数据类型和操作符，增强过滤和分类功能，等等。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h4 id="特性">特性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#特性" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>**更简洁、更直观的语法：**nftables 的语法比 iptables 的语法更简洁、更直观，更易于学习和使用。</li>
|
||
<li>**更高的性能：**nftables 能更高效地处理大量的规则，对性能的影响较小。</li>
|
||
<li>**更强大的功能：**nftables 支持更多的数据类型和操作符，提供更强大的过滤和分类功能，支持动态更新规则。</li>
|
||
<li>**替代多种工具：**nftables 可以替代 iptables，ip6tables，arptables，ebtables 等工具，提供一个统一的解决方案。</li>
|
||
<li>**使用新技术：**作为一种新的包过滤框架，nftables 使用了许多新的技术和接口，这可能需要一些学习和适应。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>尽管 nftables 在许多方面都优于 iptables，但它也存在一些问题。例如，它的<strong>语法和接口与 iptables 不兼容</strong>，这可能导致一些旧的脚本和工具无法正常工作。此外，由于 nftables 是相对较新的技术，可能还存在一些 bug 或不稳定的问题。</p>
|
||
<p>总的来说，nftables 是一种强大而灵活的网络过滤框架，它提供了许多 iptables 所不具备的特性和优点。它的目标是简化网络过滤和防火墙的配置，提供更高的性能，支持更多的功能，使得网络管理员能够更有效地管理他们的网络。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="常用的命令-1">常用的命令<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#常用的命令-1" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 显示当前已定义的所有表</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">list</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">tables</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 添加一个新表，表名为 "mytable"，表类型为 "ip"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">add</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">table</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mytable</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 列出在表 "mytable" 下的 "mychain" 中定义的所有链</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">list</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">chain</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mytable</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mychain</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 在表 "mytable" 下添加一个新链 "mychain"，并设置链的类型为 "filter"，hook 为 "input"，优先级为 0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">add</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">chain</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mytable</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mychain</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">type</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">filter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">hook</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">input</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">priority</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \; </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">}</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 在 "mychain" 中添加一个新规则，如果源 IP 地址是 192.0.2.1，则丢弃该包</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">add</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rule</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mytable</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mychain</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">saddr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">192.0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.2.1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">drop</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 列出所有已定义的规则集</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">list</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ruleset</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 删除在 "mychain" 中的 handle 是 1 的规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">delete</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rule</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mytable</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mychain</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">handle</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 清空指定链 "mychain" 中的所有规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">flush</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">chain</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mytable</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mychain</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 删除指定链 "mytable" 中的 "mychain"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">delete</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">chain</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mytable</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mychain</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 删除指定表 "mytable"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">nft</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">delete</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">table</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">mytable</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="ufw">UFW<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#ufw" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>UFW（Uncomplicated Firewall）是一种简洁的防火墙配置工具，专门为 Linux 设计。该工具的主要目标是简化 iptables 防火墙配置的复杂性，并提供一个用户友好的界面，以便于用户进行操作和管理。UFW 是由 Ubuntu 开发的，但它也能在其他的 Linux 发行版上使用。</p>
|
||
<p>UFW 的功能主要是通过控制网络流量来提供安全防护。用户可以设置防火墙规则，来允许或拒绝某个 IP 地址、端口或服务的入站或出站流量。同时，UFW 也支持 IPv6，这样可以满足现代网络环境的需求。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="特性-1">特性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#特性-1" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>用户友好</strong>：UFW 提供了一个简单易用的命令行界面，使用户能够方便地创建和管理防火墙规则，无需深入理解复杂的 iptables 语法。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>默认策略</strong>：UFW 默认所有入站连接都被拒绝，所有出站连接都被允许。用户可以根据需要更改这些默认策略。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>应用配置</strong>：UFW 支持预配置应用规则。用户可以通过简单的命令，轻松添加或删除常见应用的防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>日志</strong>：UFW 支持日志记录功能，用户可以轻松追踪网络活动和可能的安全问题。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>IPv6 支持</strong>：UFW 完全支持 IPv6，确保在现代网络环境中提供全面的防火墙保护。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>UFW 的未来发展主要聚焦于以下几个方面：</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>用户界面优化</strong>：UFW 将持续优化其用户界面，使其更易于使用和理解。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>功能扩展</strong>：UFW 将继续扩展其功能，以满足不断增长的网络安全需求。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>兼容性和稳定性</strong>：UFW 将持续改善其在不同 Linux 发行版上的兼容性和稳定性。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>总的来说，UFW 是一款高度用户友好、简单易用且功能强大的防火墙工具，适用于需要简化防火墙配置的 Linux 用户。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="常用命令">常用命令<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#常用命令" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 启用 UFW</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enable</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 禁用 UFW</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">disable</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 显示 UFW 状态和规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">status</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 允许特定端口或服务的流量</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">allow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">22</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 拒绝特定端口或服务的流量</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">deny</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">22</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 删除特定规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">delete</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">allow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">22</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 设置默认的入站或出站策略</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">default</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">deny</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">incoming</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 显示预配置的应用规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">app</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">list</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 显示特定应用的规则信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">app</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">info</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Apache'</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 设置日志记录级别</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">medium</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 重新加载 UFW 规则，无需重启防火墙服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">reload</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 重置 UFW 配置为默认状态</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sudo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ufw</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">reset</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="firewalld">Firewalld<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#firewalld" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>firewalld 是一个用于管理 Linux 发行版的防火墙的动态守护程序。主要用于 IPv4、IPv6 防火墙规则以及以太网桥的管理，firewalld 基于 nftables 或 iptables 实现网络包过滤。</p>
|
||
<p>相较于传统的防火墙管理方式，firewalld 采用动态管理，能够让你在无需重启防火墙的情况下实时更新策略和规则。firewalld 提供了一种区分网络/防火墙区域并定义其行为的方法，这使你能够为信任的网络接口、设备和服务定义区域，实现更加灵活的防火墙管理。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="特性-2">特性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#特性-2" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>对 IPv4 和 IPv6 防火墙规则的全面支持。</li>
|
||
<li>对以太网桥防火墙规则的全面支持。</li>
|
||
<li>通过引入服务和区域概念，使防火墙管理变得更加简单。</li>
|
||
<li>支持动态修改防火墙规则，无需重启。</li>
|
||
<li>提供 D-Bus 和 CLI 界面，方便进行操作。</li>
|
||
<li>具备在容器环境下工作的能力。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4 id="优点">优点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#优点" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>动态管理：你可以动态地更改设置，无需重启整个防火墙，这在需要临时或频繁更改规则时非常有用。</li>
|
||
<li>高度定制：你可以创建多个配置文件，并根据实际需要启用或禁用它们，满足各种复杂的应用场景。</li>
|
||
<li>强大的规则管理：firewalld 支持非常复杂的规则，例如可以基于源 IP 地址或目标 IP 地址，或者基于网络服务（如 HTTP 或 SSH）来设置防火墙规则。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h4 id="缺点">缺点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#缺点" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>学习曲线：由于 firewalld 的配置和管理方式与 iptables 和 nftables 有所不同，初次接触需要投入一定的时间来学习和熟悉。</li>
|
||
<li>大规模规则处理性能：虽然在大多数场景下，firewalld 的性能都足够好，但在处理大量的规则时，其性能可能稍逊于 nftables 或 iptables。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>总的来说，firewalld 是一个强大且灵活的防火墙管理工具，适合于对防火墙规则有动态管理需求和复杂配置需求的场景。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="常用命令-1">常用命令<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#常用命令-1" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 启动 firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">systemctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">start</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 停止 firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">systemctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">stop</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 在启动时启用 firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">systemctl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enable</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">firewalld</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 查看 firewalld 状态</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">firewall-cmd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--state</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 列出所有默认防火墙规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">firewall-cmd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--list-all</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 添加服务到防火墙</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">firewall-cmd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--permanent</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--add-service=http</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 删除服务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">firewall-cmd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--permanent</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--remove-service=http</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 开放端口</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">firewall-cmd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--permanent</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--add-port=8080/tcp</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 移除端口</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">firewall-cmd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--permanent</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--remove-port=8080/tcp</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 重新载入防火墙规则</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">firewall-cmd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--reload</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="iptablesnftablesufwfirewalld-对比">iptables、nftables、UFW、firewalld 对比<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#iptablesnftablesufwfirewalld-对比" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Linux 环境下，<code>iptables</code>，<code>nftables</code>，<code>ufw</code> 和 <code>firewalld</code> 都是常用的防火墙工具，每种工具都有其独特的优点和使用场景：</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
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||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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||
|
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>iptables</th><th>nftables</th><th>ufw</th><th>firewalld</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>发布日期</td><td>1998</td><td>2014</td><td>2008</td><td>2011</td></tr><tr><td>操作复杂度</td><td>高</td><td>中</td><td>低</td><td>中</td></tr><tr><td>基于</td><td>netfilter</td><td>netfilter</td><td>iptables</td><td>iptables/nftables</td></tr><tr><td>内建于内核</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>否</td><td>否</td></tr><tr><td>GUI</td><td>否</td><td>否</td><td>否</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>基于区域的过滤</td><td>否</td><td>否</td><td>否</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>直接规则</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>否</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>规则集合</td><td>否</td><td>是</td><td>否</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>协议</td><td>IPv4/IPv6</td><td>IPv4/IPv6</td><td>IPv4/IPv6</td><td>IPv4/IPv6</td></tr><tr><td>适用于</td><td>服务器、桌面</td><td>服务器、桌面</td><td>桌面、新手</td><td>服务器、桌面</td></tr><tr><td>跨平台</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>是</td><td>是</td></tr><tr><td>语法复杂度</td><td>高</td><td>低</td><td>低</td><td>中</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>iptables</code> 是最早的防火墙工具之一，尽管其语法复杂，但提供了极高的灵活性和全面的控制，适合需要精细控制防火墙规则的用户或者服务器环境。</li>
|
||
<li><code>nftables</code> 是 <code>iptables</code> 的现代化替代品，提供了更简洁的语法和规则集合功能，使得配置更为简单。它保持了 <code>iptables</code> 的灵活性，同时大大简化了防火墙的配置。</li>
|
||
<li><code>ufw</code>（Uncomplicated Firewall）是一个对初学者友好的防火墙前端，主要用于简化 <code>iptables</code> 规则的管理。尽管它的功能没有其他工具丰富，但对于只需要基本防火墙功能的用户来说，<code>ufw</code> 是一个不错的选择。</li>
|
||
<li><code>firewalld</code> 是一个强大的防火墙工具，它可以在不中断网络连接的情况下动态修改防火墙规则。此外，<code>firewalld</code> 的基于区域的过滤，图形用户界面，以及规则集合等功能使得管理规则更加简便。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>**总的来说，您应该根据您的特定需求和技能水平选择最适合的防火墙工具。**对于初学者和只需要基本防火墙功能的用户来说，<code>ufw</code> 可能是最好的选择。对于需要进行精细控制和高级配置的用户，<code>iptables</code> 和 <code>nftables</code> 可能更合适。如果您需要一种同时提供强大功能和易用性的防火墙工具，那么 <code>firewalld</code> 可能是最好的选择。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="网络优化">网络优化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络优化" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="网络带宽管理">网络带宽管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络带宽管理" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络带宽管理是一种在 Linux 系统上优化网络性能和响应时间的方法。它允许管理员控制和分配网络带宽，从而为不同的应用程序和服务提供最佳性能。</p>
|
||
<p>常用工具：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>tc (Traffic Control)：Linux 内核的一部分，用于实现复杂的带宽管理和流量控制策略。</li>
|
||
<li>HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket)：一个基于 tc 的流量整形工具，允许管理员创建多层次的带宽限制和优先级分配策略。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络质量管理qos">网络质量管理（QoS）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络质量管理qos" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络质量管理（Quality of Service，QoS）是一种用于分配网络带宽的技术，确保网络资源的公平使用和最佳利用。通过 QoS，管理员可以根据应用程序的需求和优先级分配网络带宽，从而优化网络性能。</p>
|
||
<p>常用工具：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>tc (Traffic Control)：用于实现复杂的 QoS 策略和流量控制。</li>
|
||
<li>Wondershaper：一个基于 tc 的简单 QoS 工具，允许管理员轻松设置带宽限制和优先级策略。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="负载均衡">负载均衡<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#负载均衡" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>负载均衡是在多个服务器之间分配负载的技术，以提高应用程序的性能和可靠性。在 Linux 系统上，可以使用软件负载均衡器和硬件负载均衡器来实现负载均衡。</p>
|
||
<p>常用工具：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>HAProxy：一个高性能、高可用性的软件负载均衡器，支持 TCP 和 HTTP 协议。</li>
|
||
<li>Nginx：一个功能强大的 Web 服务器，也可以作为负载均衡器和反向代理服务器。</li>
|
||
<li>LVS (Linux Virtual Server)：一个基于 Linux 内核的负载均衡解决方案，支持多种负载均衡算法。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="数据压缩">数据压缩<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据压缩" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>数据压缩技术可以减少网络传输的数据量，从而提高网络带宽利用率和传输效率。Linux 系统提供了多种压缩工具和库，支持不同的压缩算法。</p>
|
||
<p>常用工具：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>gzip：一种广泛使用的文件压缩工具，基于 DEFLATE 压缩算法。</li>
|
||
<li>bzip2：一个基于 Burrows-Wheeler 算法的文件压缩工具，提供较高的压缩率。</li>
|
||
<li>lz4：一种快速的无损压缩算法，适用于实时场景和大数据处理。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="缓存服务">缓存服务<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#缓存服务" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>缓存服务用于在网络上存储和提供数据，以提高访问速度和响应时间。Linux 系统上有多种缓存服务可用，包括 Web 缓存、DNS 缓存和内容分发网络（CDN）。</p>
|
||
<p>常用工具：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Squid：一个成熟的 Web 缓存代理服务器，可以用来缓存网站内容和优化网络访问速度。</li>
|
||
<li>Unbound：一个轻量级的 DNS 缓存服务器，用于加速 DNS 解析请求和提高域名解析性能。</li>
|
||
<li>Varnish：一个高性能的 HTTP 加速器和缓存服务器，广泛用于 Web 应用程序的性能优化。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="tcpip-优化">TCP/IP 优化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#tcpip-优化" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>TCP/IP 优化包括调整 TCP 拥塞控制算法、修改最大传输单元（MTU）、调整 Nagle 算法等，以提高网络性能和传输速度。Linux 系统提供了多种工具和设置来优化 TCP/IP 性能。</p>
|
||
<p>常用方法：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>修改内核参数：通过调整/proc/sys/net/ipv4/目录下的内核参数，如 tcp_wmem、tcp_rmem 和 tcp_congestion_control，以优化 TCP 性能。</li>
|
||
<li>调整 MTU：修改网卡的 MTU 设置，以适应网络环境和提高传输效率。</li>
|
||
<li>禁用 Nagle 算法：通过设置 TCP_NODELAY 选项，关闭 Nagle 算法以减小传输延迟。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="cdn内容分发网络">CDN（内容分发网络）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#cdn内容分发网络" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>内容分发网络（CDN）是一种用于分发静态内容的技术，通过在全球范围内部署多个数据中心，将内容缓存到离用户最近的节点，从而提高访问速度和减轻源服务器负担。CDN 广泛应用于 Web 应用程序和大型网站，以提供优质的用户体验。</p>
|
||
<p>常用 CDN 服务商：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Akamai：全球最大的 CDN 服务商，提供广泛的网络加速和安全解决方案。</li>
|
||
<li>Cloudflare：一家提供 CDN 和网络安全服务的公司，帮助网站加速和保护其内容。</li>
|
||
<li>Amazon CloudFront：亚马逊提供的全球内容分发服务，与其他 AWS 服务紧密集成。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="网络安全">网络安全<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络安全" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="网络故障排查与诊断">网络故障排查与诊断<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络故障排查与诊断" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Linux 系统提供了一系列工具来帮助用户进行网络故障排查与诊断，包括 ping、traceroute、mtr、nslookup、dig 和 whois 等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>ping：用于检测网络连接和延迟，通过发送 ICMP 数据包来检测目标主机是否可达。</li>
|
||
<li>traceroute：用于显示数据包从源主机到目标主机经过的路由路径。</li>
|
||
<li>mtr：结合了 ping 和 traceroute 功能的网络诊断工具，提供实时路由分析。</li>
|
||
<li>nslookup：用于查询 DNS 服务器以获取域名解析信息。</li>
|
||
<li>dig：功能强大的 DNS 查询工具，可以获取详细的 DNS 记录信息。</li>
|
||
<li>whois：用于查询域名注册信息和 IP 地址分配信息。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="安全隔离">安全隔离<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#安全隔离" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>安全隔离是网络安全的重要概念，可以防止潜在的网络攻击和数据泄露。主要实现技术包括 VLAN、DMZ 和容器网络隔离。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)：通过在网络交换机上配置 VLAN，可以将物理网络划分为多个逻辑子网，实现网络资源的安全隔离。</li>
|
||
<li>DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)：一种网络安全策略，通过在内部网络和外部网络之间建立一个隔离区域，保护内部网络资源免受外部攻击。</li>
|
||
<li>容器网络隔离：通过使用容器技术（如 Docker、Kubernetes）和虚拟网络（如 Calico、Flannel）来实现应用程序的安全隔离。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="ssh-安全配置">SSH 安全配置<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#ssh-安全配置" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>SSH 是远程登录和管理 Linux 系统的常用协议。正确配置 SSH 可以提高系统的安全性。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>密钥认证：使用公钥/私钥对进行身份验证，替代密码认证，提高安全性。</li>
|
||
<li>端口改变：将 SSH 服务端口从默认的 22 更改为其他端口，降低被扫描和攻击的风险。</li>
|
||
<li>禁止 root 登录：禁止直接通过 SSH 以 root 身份登录，减少被攻击者利用的可能性。</li>
|
||
<li>防止暴力破解：通过限制登录尝试次数、使用防火墙规则或安装防暴力破解软件（如 Fail2Ban）来防止暴力破解攻击。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>和攻击的风险。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>禁止 root 登录：禁止直接通过 SSH 以 root 身份登录，减少被攻击者利用的可能性。</li>
|
||
<li>防止暴力破解：通过限制登录尝试次数、使用防火墙规则或安装防暴力破解软件（如 Fail2Ban）来防止暴力破解攻击。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="虚拟化网络">虚拟化网络<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#虚拟化网络" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>虚拟化网络是在物理网络基础上创建虚拟网络资源的技术，包括虚拟网卡、虚拟交换机、网桥和 SDN（软件定义网络）等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>虚拟网卡：在虚拟机和容器中模拟的网络接口，与物理网卡类似，可用于建立虚拟网络连接。</li>
|
||
<li>虚拟交换机：在虚拟环境中实现网络连接和数据包转发的虚拟设备。</li>
|
||
<li>网桥：用于连接虚拟网络和物理网络，实现虚拟机与外部网络通信。</li>
|
||
<li>SDN：一种将网络控制平面与数据平面分离的技术，允许通过软件实现网络资源的动态配置和管理。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络监测和分析">网络监测和分析<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络监测和分析" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络监测和分析工具可以帮助管理员实时监控网络状况、发现异常行为和安全威胁。常用工具包括 tcpdump、wireshark、netstat、nmap、sniffing、IDS 和 NMS 等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>tcpdump：用于捕获和分析网络数据包的命令行工具。</li>
|
||
<li>wireshark：一个图形界面的网络协议分析器。</li>
|
||
<li>netstat：用于显示网络连接状态和监听端口的命令行工具。</li>
|
||
<li>nmap：一款强大的网络扫描和安全审计工具。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络入侵检测系统ids">网络入侵检测系统（IDS）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络入侵检测系统ids" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络入侵检测系统（Intrusion Detection System，IDS）可以检测网络中的恶意行为和攻击活动。常见的 IDS 工具包括 Snort、Suricata、OSSEC 和 Bro/Zeek。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Snort：一款开源的网络入侵检测和防御系统，基于规则匹配和异常检测来识别恶意流量。</li>
|
||
<li>Suricata：一个高性能的开源 IDS/IPS/NSM（网络安全监控）引擎，支持实时流量分析和威胁防御。</li>
|
||
<li>OSSEC：一个开源的主机入侵检测系统，用于监控文件系统、日志文件和网络活动。</li>
|
||
<li>Bro/Zeek：一款强大的网络安全监控平台，支持实时流量分析、协议解析和异常检测。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络安全监控系统nms">网络安全监控系统（NMS）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络安全监控系统nms" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络安全监控系统（Network Monitoring System，NMS）用于实时监控网络设备和服务的运行状况，发现性能问题和安全威胁。常见的 NMS 工具包括 Nagios、Zabbix、Cacti、Prometheus 和 Grafana。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Nagios：一款功能强大的开源网络监控系统，支持多种插件和扩展，用于监控网络设备、服务和应用程序。</li>
|
||
<li>Zabbix：一种企业级的开源监控解决方案，提供分布式监控、报警和报表功能。</li>
|
||
<li>Cacti：一个基于 RRDtool 的网络图形监控工具，用于绘制网络设备性能图表。</li>
|
||
<li>Prometheus：一个开源的监控和告警系统，广泛用于监控微服务和容器化应用程序。</li>
|
||
<li>Grafana：一个流行的开源监控数据可视化工具，支持多种数据源，如 Prometheus、InfluxDB 和 Elasticsearch 等。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络安全审计系统">网络安全审计系统<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络安全审计系统" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络安全审计系统用于评估网络设备和应用程序的安全性，发现潜在的漏洞和配置问题。常见的安全审计工具包括 OSSEC、Tripwire、AIDE、OpenSCAP 和 Lynis。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>OSSEC：一个开源的主机入侵检测系统，也可以用于安全审计和配置检查。</li>
|
||
<li>Tripwire：一款用于文件完整性检查和安全审计的工具，可以检测文件的变更和潜在的安全问题。</li>
|
||
<li>AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment)：一个用于文件完整性检查和入侵检测的开源工具。</li>
|
||
<li>OpenSCAP (Open Security Content Automation Protocol)：一个开源的安全配置和漏洞管理框架，基于 SCAP 标准实现。</li>
|
||
<li>Lynis：一个开源的安全审计和硬化工具，用于检查 Linux 系统的配置和安全性。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络加密技术">网络加密技术<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络加密技术" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>网络加密技术用于保护数据在传输过程中的隐私和完整性。主要的网络加密技术包括 SSL/TLS、IPSec、SSH 等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>SSL/TLS：安全套接层（Secure Sockets Layer，SSL）和传输层安全（Transport Layer Security，TLS）是应用于网络传输层的加密技术，用于保护 Web 浏览、电子邮件和其他应用程序的数据安全。</li>
|
||
<li>IPSec：Internet 协议安全（IP Security，IPSec）是一个用于保护 IP 数据包传输安全的协议套件，提供加密、认证和完整性保护功能。IPSec 广泛应用于 VPN 技术中。</li>
|
||
<li>SSH：安全外壳（Secure Shell，SSH）是一种加密网络协议，用于在不安全的网络环境中实现安全的远程登录、文件传输和其他网络服务。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="安全认证和授权">安全认证和授权<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#安全认证和授权" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>安全认证和授权技术用于验证用户身份和控制用户访问权限。主要技术包括 RADIUS、TACACS+、LDAP、Kerberos 等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>RADIUS：远程认证拨号用户服务（Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service，RADIUS）是一个用于 AAA（认证、授权和计费）的网络协议，广泛应用于网络接入和 VPN 服务中。</li>
|
||
<li>TACACS+：终端访问控制器访问控制系统 +（Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System+，TACACS+）是一种用于网络设备管理的 AAA 协议，主要应用于路由器、交换机等网络设备的远程管理。</li>
|
||
<li>LDAP：轻型目录访问协议（Lightweight Directory Access Protocol，LDAP）是一种用于访问和维护分布式目录信息服务的协议，常用于企业网络的用户认证和组织结构管理。</li>
|
||
<li>Kerberos：一种基于票据的网络认证协议，用于实现单点登录（Single Sign-On，SSO）和安全的跨域认证。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="网络安全策略和最佳实践">网络安全策略和最佳实践<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络安全策略和最佳实践" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>为了提高网络安全，企业和组织需要制定和实施合适的网络安全策略，并遵循最佳实践。</p>
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<ul>
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<li>制定并执行网络安全政策：明确网络资源的访问控制、数据保护和应急响应等方面的要求。</li>
|
||
<li>定期进行安全审计和漏洞扫描：检查网络设备和应用程序的安全配置，发现并修复潜在的安全漏洞。</li>
|
||
<li>提高员工安全意识：通过培训和教育，提高员工对网络安全的认识，防止误操作和内部威胁。</li>
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#网络配置" data-for="网络配置">网络配置</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#ip" data-for="ip">Ip</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#networkmanager" data-for="networkmanager">NetworkManager</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#网络管理" data-for="网络管理">网络管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#iptables" data-for="iptables">Iptables</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#nftables" data-for="nftables">Nftables</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#ufw" data-for="ufw">UFW</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#firewalld" data-for="firewalld">Firewalld</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#iptablesnftablesufwfirewalld-对比" data-for="iptablesnftablesufwfirewalld-对比">iptables、nftables、UFW、firewalld 对比</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#网络优化" data-for="网络优化">网络优化</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络带宽管理" data-for="网络带宽管理">网络带宽管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络质量管理qos" data-for="网络质量管理qos">网络质量管理（QoS）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#负载均衡" data-for="负载均衡">负载均衡</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据压缩" data-for="数据压缩">数据压缩</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#缓存服务" data-for="缓存服务">缓存服务</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#tcpip-优化" data-for="tcpip-优化">TCP/IP 优化</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#cdn内容分发网络" data-for="cdn内容分发网络">CDN（内容分发网络）</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#网络安全" data-for="网络安全">网络安全</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络故障排查与诊断" data-for="网络故障排查与诊断">网络故障排查与诊断</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#安全隔离" data-for="安全隔离">安全隔离</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#ssh-安全配置" data-for="ssh-安全配置">SSH 安全配置</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#虚拟化网络" data-for="虚拟化网络">虚拟化网络</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络监测和分析" data-for="网络监测和分析">网络监测和分析</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络入侵检测系统ids" data-for="网络入侵检测系统ids">网络入侵检测系统（IDS）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络安全监控系统nms" data-for="网络安全监控系统nms">网络安全监控系统（NMS）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络安全审计系统" data-for="网络安全审计系统">网络安全审计系统</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络加密技术" data-for="网络加密技术">网络加密技术</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#安全认证和授权" data-for="安全认证和授权">安全认证和授权</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络安全策略和最佳实践" data-for="网络安全策略和最佳实践">网络安全策略和最佳实践</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" 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href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20">2022-09-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21">2022-09-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22">2022-09-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38">2022-W38</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W39"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W39</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" 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data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-10">2022-10-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11">2022-10-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12">2022-10-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13">2022-10-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14">2022-10-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16">2022-10-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41">2022-W41</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W42"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W42</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W42"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17">2022-10-17</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18">2022-10-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19">2022-10-19</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21">2022-10-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42">2022-W42</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg 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class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W45</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W45"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10">2022-11-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11">2022-11-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12">2022-11-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13">2022-11-13</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W46"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W46</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W46"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18">2022-11-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20">2022-11-20</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W47"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W47</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06">2022-12-06</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49">2022-W49</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W50"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W50</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W50"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12">2022-12-12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">2023</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023"><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W2"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W2</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W14"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08">2023-04-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14">2023-W14</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W16"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W16</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W16"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21">2023-04-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22">2023-W22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W23"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W23</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W23"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05">2023-06-05</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08">2023-06-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23">2023-W23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div 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