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href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20">2022-09-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21">2022-09-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22">2022-09-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38">2022-W38</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W39"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W39</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" 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data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-10">2022-10-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11">2022-10-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12">2022-10-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13">2022-10-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14">2022-10-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16">2022-10-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41">2022-W41</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W42"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W42</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W42"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17">2022-10-17</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18">2022-10-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19">2022-10-19</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21">2022-10-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42">2022-W42</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg 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class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W45</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W45"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10">2022-11-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11">2022-11-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12">2022-11-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13">2022-11-13</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W46"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W46</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W46"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18">2022-11-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20">2022-11-20</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W47"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W47</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06">2022-12-06</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49">2022-W49</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W50"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W50</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W50"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12">2022-12-12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">2023</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023"><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W2"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W2</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W14"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08">2023-04-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14">2023-W14</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W16"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W16</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W16"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21">2023-04-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22">2023-W22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W23"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W23</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W23"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05">2023-06-05</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08">2023-06-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23">2023-W23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W24"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W24</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W24"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-12" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-12">2023-06-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-13" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-13">2023-06-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-15">2023-06-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-W24" 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href>面向对象</a></div></nav><h1 class="article-title ">面向对象</h1><p class="content-meta ">Aug 10, 2023, 23 min read</p><ul class="tags "><li><a href="../../../../tags/python/进阶" class="internal tag-link">#python/进阶</a></li><li><a href="../../../../tags/技术/程序语言" class="internal tag-link">#技术/程序语言</a></li></ul></div></div><article class="popover-hint"><h2 id="生命周期">生命周期<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#生命周期" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
|
||
A[类定义阶段: class MyClass] --> B[类对象创建]
|
||
B --> C1[类属性访问: MyClass.class_attr]
|
||
B --> C[实例化阶段: __new__ method]
|
||
C --> D[初始化阶段: __init__ method]
|
||
D --> E1[属性的设置与获取: __setattr__, __getattr__]
|
||
D --> E2[对象的表示: __str__, __repr__]
|
||
D --> E3[方法调用]
|
||
D --> E4[上下文管理: __enter__, __exit__]
|
||
D --> E5[对象比较: __eq__, __lt__]
|
||
D --> E6[对象的计算: __add__, __mul__]
|
||
E1 --> F
|
||
E2 --> F
|
||
E3 --> F
|
||
E4 --> F
|
||
E5 --> F
|
||
E6 --> F
|
||
F[对象销毁: del obj or GC] --> G[__del__ method]
|
||
G --> H[垃圾回收: Cleanup by Python GC]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>类定义阶段</strong>：在这个阶段定义类的方法和属性。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>类对象创建</strong>：当 Python 读取到类定义时，它会创建一个类对象。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>类属性访问</strong>：在实例化之前，可以访问类的静态和类属性。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>实例化阶段</strong>：使用类名创建对象时，首先调用 <code>__new__</code> 方法来分配内存。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>初始化阶段</strong>：紧随其后，<code>__init__</code> 方法会被调用，对新对象进行初始化。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>属性的设置与获取</strong>：在对象的生命周期中，你可以使用 <code>__getattr__</code>, <code>__setattr__</code>, <code>__getattribute__</code> 等特殊方法来控制属性的访问。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>对象的表示</strong>：当尝试显示对象时（例如，通过 print），<code>__str__</code> 和 <code>__repr__</code> 方法可以被调用。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>方法调用</strong>：可以调用对象的方法。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>上下文管理</strong>：使用 <code>with</code> 语句时，对象的 <code>__enter__</code> 和 <code>__exit__</code> 方法会被调用。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>对象比较</strong>：使用比较操作符时（如==或>），<code>__eq__</code>, <code>__lt__</code>, <code>__le__</code> 等特殊方法会被调用。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>对象的计算</strong>：如加法或乘法等运算符，会调用 <code>__add__</code>, <code>__mul__</code> 等特殊方法。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>对象销毁</strong>：当对象的引用计数减少到零或者被明确销毁（使用 <code>del</code> 语句）时，<code>__del__</code> 方法会被调用。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>垃圾回收</strong>：Python 的垃圾回收器会识别循环引用，并在适当的时候销毁相关对象。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h2 id="特殊方法">特殊方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#特殊方法" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Python 中的类包含了许多特殊方法，它们经常被称为<strong>魔术方法（magic methods）<strong>或者</strong>双下方法（dunder methods）</strong>，因为它们的名字都是以双下划线开始和结束的。这些特殊方法为 Python 的对象提供了许多内置的功能，如算术运算、迭代和字符串表示。</p>
|
||
<p>魔术方法是 Python 类的特殊方法，它们定义了许多 Python 中基本的操作。例如，当你为一个对象定义了 <code>__add__</code> 方法时，这个对象就可以使用 <code>+</code> 运算符。这些方法的名称都是以两个下划线开始和结束，这也是为什么它们被称为双下方法的原因。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="基础方法">基础方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基础方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="__init__"><code>__init__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__init__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__init__</code> 方法是类的构造函数，当我们创建类的实例时，<code>__init__</code> 方法会被自动调用。我们可以在 <code>__init__</code> 方法中初始化实例的属性。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">value </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> value </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 初始化实例属性</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(mc.value)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：10</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__del__"><code>__del__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__del__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__del__</code> 方法是类的析构函数，当一个实例被销毁时（例如被垃圾回收器回收时），<code>__del__</code> 方法会被自动调用。注意，我们<strong>通常不需要在 <code>__del__</code> 方法中做清理工作，Python 的垃圾回收器会自动清理对象的资源。</strong></p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__del__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Instance is being destroyed."</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">del</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 销毁实例</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__str__"><code>__str__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__str__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__str__</code> 方法返回一个表示该对象的字符串，这个字符串通常用于给用户看。当我们调用 <code>str()</code> 或 <code>print()</code> 时，会使用 <code>__str__</code> 的返回值。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__str__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"This is a MyClass instance."</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(mc)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：This is a MyClass instance.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p><em>注意，<code>__repr__</code> 和 <code>__str__</code> 的区别在于，<strong><code>__repr__</code> 更侧重于开发，而 <code>__str__</code> 更侧重于用户。</strong></em></p>
|
||
<h4 id="__repr__"><code>__repr__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__repr__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__repr__</code> 方法返回一个表示该对象的官方字符串，这个字符串通常可以被 <code>eval()</code> 执行来重新得到这个对象。如果我们没有定义 <code>__str__</code> 方法，那么在调用 <code>str()</code> 或 <code>print()</code> 时也会使用 <code>__repr__</code> 的返回值。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__repr__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"MyClass()"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(mc)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：MyClass()</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__format__"><code>__format__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__format__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__format__</code> 方法定义了当我们调用 <code>format()</code> 或使用格式化字符串（f-string）时的行为。<code>format_spec</code> 是一个格式说明符，它是在格式化字符串中 <code>:</code> 后面的部分。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__format__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">format_spec</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> format_spec </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'fancy'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'This is a fancy MyClass instance.'</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'This is a MyClass instance.'</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">mc:fancy</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：This is a fancy MyClass instance.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="数学运算">数学运算<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数学运算" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>比较运算的魔术方法允许类的实例之间进行比较。例如，<code>__eq__</code> 定义了对象的等于操作。这些方法的使用可以使您的类实例支持标准的比较操作符，如 <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>%</code>, 和 <code>@</code>。类似地，可以为其他数学运算符定义其他魔术方法。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Book</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">title</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">author</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">title </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> title</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">author </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> author</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__eq__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">other</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">isinstance</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(other, Book):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">title </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> other</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">title </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">and</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">author </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> other</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">author</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">False</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 比较两本书是否具有相同的标题和作者</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">book1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Book</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'1984'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'George Orwell'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">book2 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Book</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'1984'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'George Orwell'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">book3 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Book</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Brave New World'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Aldous Huxley'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(book1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> book2)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：True</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(book1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> book3)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：False</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Vector</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">x</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">y</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">x </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> x</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">y </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> y</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__add__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">other</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">isinstance</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(other, Vector):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Vector</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(self.x </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> other.x, self.y </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> other.y)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">NotImplemented</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用 + 操作符组合两个向量</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">v1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Vector</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">v2 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Vector</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">v3 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> v1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> v2</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(v3.x, v3.y)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：3 5</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<table><thead><tr><th>运算符</th><th>对应的魔术方法</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>==</code></td><td><code>__eq__</code></td><td>等于</td></tr><tr><td><code>!=</code></td><td><code>__ne__</code></td><td>不等于</td></tr><tr><td><code><</code></td><td><code>__lt__</code></td><td>小于</td></tr><tr><td><code><=</code></td><td><code>__le__</code></td><td>小于或等于</td></tr><tr><td><code>></code></td><td><code>__gt__</code></td><td>大于</td></tr><tr><td><code>>=</code></td><td><code>__ge__</code></td><td>大于或等于</td></tr><tr><td><code>+</code></td><td><code>__add__</code></td><td>加法</td></tr><tr><td><code>-</code></td><td><code>__sub__</code></td><td>减法</td></tr><tr><td><code>*</code></td><td><code>__mul__</code></td><td>乘法</td></tr><tr><td><code>/</code></td><td><code>__truediv__</code></td><td>真除</td></tr><tr><td><code>//</code></td><td><code>__floordiv__</code></td><td>整除</td></tr><tr><td><code>%</code></td><td><code>__mod__</code></td><td>取模</td></tr><tr><td><code>**</code></td><td><code>__pow__</code></td><td>乘方</td></tr><tr><td><code>@</code></td><td><code>__matmul__</code></td><td>Python 3.5+ 矩阵乘法</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<h3 id="容器方法">容器方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#容器方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="__len__"><code>__len__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__len__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__len__</code> 方法定义了 <code>len()</code> 的返回值。它应该返回一个整数，表示对象包含的元素的个数。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__len__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">len</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(self.data)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">len</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(mc))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：3</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__getitem__"><code>__getitem__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__getitem__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__getitem__</code> 方法定义了使用索引访问元素的行为。<code>key</code> 是索引。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__getitem__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"You are trying to access key </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">."</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(mc[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">])</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：You are trying to access key 10.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__setitem__"><code>__setitem__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__setitem__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__setitem__</code> 方法定义了使用索引设置元素的行为。<code>key</code> 是索引，<code>value</code> 是我们试图设置的值。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__setitem__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Set key </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> to </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">."</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"value"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：Set key 10 to value.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__delitem__"><code>__delitem__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__delitem__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__delitem__</code> 方法定义了使用索引删除元素的行为。<code>key</code> 是索引。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__delitem__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Deleted key </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">."</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">del</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> mc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：Deleted key 10.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__iter____next__"><code>__iter__</code>、<code>__next__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__iter____next__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>迭代器协议的魔术方法允许对象支持迭代，这意味着您可以在对象上使用 <code>for</code> 循环。为了使一个对象可迭代，您需要定义 <code>__iter__</code> 和 <code>__next__</code> 两个魔术方法。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><code>__iter__</code> 返回对象本身，它应该返回一个实现了 <code>__next__</code> 的迭代器对象。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><code>__next__</code> 方法返回序列中的下一个值。如果所有项都返回了，那么它应该引发一个 <code>StopIteration</code> 异常来通知迭代的完成。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Counter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">start</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">end</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">current </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> start</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">end </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> end</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__iter__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__next__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">current </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">end</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> value </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">current</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">current </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> value</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">else</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">raise</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">StopIteration</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用Counter迭代器</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">counter </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Counter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">4</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> number </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> counter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(number)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 2</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 3</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>在上述 <code>Counter</code> 类中，我们定义了一个简单的迭代器，它从 <code>start</code> 开始，每次迭代增加 1，直到 <code>end</code> 为止。<code>for</code> 循环通过调用 <code>__iter__</code> 来获取迭代器对象，并在每次迭代中调用 <code>__next__</code>，直到捕获 <code>StopIteration</code> 异常为止。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="属性访问">属性访问<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#属性访问" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="__dir__"><code>__dir__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__dir__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__dir__</code> 方法返回类中定义的属性、方法等的列表。它对内置的 <code>dir()</code> 函数的行为进行重载。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__dir__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"custom_attr1"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"custom_attr2"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">dir</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(mc))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：['custom_attr1', 'custom_attr2']</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__getattr__"><code>__getattr__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__getattr__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>当尝试访问一个不存在的属性时，<code>__getattr__</code> 方法会被调用。<code>name</code> 是试图访问的属性名称。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__getattr__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> does not exist."</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(mc.unknown_attr)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：unknown_attr does not exist.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p><em>值得注意的是，<strong><code>__getattr__</code> 只有在所请求的属性不存在时才会被调用。</strong></em></p>
|
||
<h4 id="__setattr__"><code>__setattr__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__setattr__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>每当尝试设置一个属性值时，<code>__setattr__</code> 都会被调用，不论该属性是否存在。<code>name</code> 是试图设置的属性的名称，而 <code>value</code> 是试图赋给该属性的值。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__setattr__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__dict__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">[name] </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> value </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 防止无限递归, 需要在__dict__中设置属性</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Set </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> to </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">."</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">attr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：Set attr to 10.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__delattr__"><code>__delattr__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__delattr__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>当试图删除一个属性时，<code>__delattr__</code> 方法会被调用。<code>name</code> 是试图删除的属性的名称。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> attr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__delattr__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">del</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__dict__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">[name] </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 防止无限递归, 需要在__dict__中删除属性</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Deleted </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">."</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">del</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> mc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">attr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：Deleted attr.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__getattribute__"><code>__getattribute__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__getattribute__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>每次尝试访问一个属性时，<code>__getattribute__</code> 方法都会被调用，无论该属性是否存在。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__getattribute__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"You are trying to access </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">."</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(mc.attr)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：You are trying to access attr.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>重要的是，<strong>如果 <code>__getattribute__</code> 被定义，那么 <code>__getattr__</code> 不会被调用，因为 <code>__getattribute__</code> 的优先级更高。</strong>*</p>
|
||
<h3 id="上下文管理">上下文管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#上下文管理" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="__enter____exit__"><code>__enter__</code>、<code>__exit__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__enter____exit__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>当使用 <code>with</code> 语句进入上下文管理时，<code>__enter__</code> 方法会被调用。它应该返回上下文管理器对象本身或其他与上下文相关的对象。</p>
|
||
<p>当 <code>with</code> 语句块结束时，<code>__exit__</code> 方法会被调用。它接收三个参数：<code>exc_type</code>、<code>exc_val</code> 和 <code>exc_tb</code>，分别代表异常类型、异常值和异常回溯。如果 <code>with</code> 语句块中没有发生异常，这三个参数的值都为 <code>None</code>。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">ContextManager</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__enter__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Entering the context"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__exit__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">exc_type</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">exc_val</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">exc_tb</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> exc_type </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">is</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">None</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Exiting the context without any exception."</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">else</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Exiting the context with exception: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">exc_val</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">say_hello</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Hello from inside the context!"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">ContextManager</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cm</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cm</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">say_hello</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Entering the context</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Hello from inside the context!</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Exiting the context without any exception.</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>如果在 <code>with</code> 语句块中引发了异常，<code>__exit__</code> 方法可以选择处理这个异常（例如记录日志）并返回 <code>True</code> 来阻止异常向外传播，或者返回 <code>False</code>（或 <code>None</code>）让异常继续向外传播。</p>
|
||
<p>上下文管理器是一种非常强大的工具，特别是当涉及到需要设置和清理资源的任务时，例如文件 I/O、网络连接或数据库连接。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="描述符">描述符<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#描述符" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>描述符是实现了描述符协议的对象。描述符协议由 <code>__get__</code>、<code>__set__</code> 和 <code>__delete__</code> 方法组成。描述符用于创建那些需要特殊行为的对象属性，例如类型检查或只读属性。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="__get__"><code>__get__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__get__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__get__</code> 方法定义了在获取属性时应执行的行为。当试图获取属性值时，这个方法会被调用。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Descriptor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__get__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">instance</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">owner</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Getting value from </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">instance.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__class__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__name__}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> attr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Descriptor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">attr</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Getting value from MyClass</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__set__"><code>__set__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__set__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__set__</code> 方法定义了在设置属性值时应执行的行为。当试图给属性赋值时，这个方法会被调用。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Descriptor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__set__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">instance</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Setting value </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> to </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">instance.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__class__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__name__}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> attr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Descriptor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">attr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Setting value 10 to MyClass</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__delete__"><code>__delete__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__delete__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__delete__</code> 方法定义了当删除属性时应执行的行为。当试图删除属性时，这个方法会被调用。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Descriptor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__delete__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">instance</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Deleting value from </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">instance.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__class__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__name__}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> attr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Descriptor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">del</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> mc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">attr</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Deleting value from MyClass</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="使对象可调用">使对象可调用<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使对象可调用" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>**在 Python 中，函数是一类对象，可以调用它们。**但是，您知道您也可以使自己的对象表现得像函数一样吗？通过定义 <code>__call__</code> 魔术方法，您可以使类的实例表现得像函数，从而允许对它们进行调用。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="__call__"><code>__call__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__call__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>当实例作为函数被“调用”时，<code>__call__</code> 方法就会被执行。这提供了一种优雅的方式来使用对象，同时保持其对象性质。通过这种方式，您的对象不仅可以表示数据，还可以表现得像函数，这增加了编码的灵活性和创造性。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Greeter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">greeting</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Hello"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">greeting </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> greeting</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__call__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">greeting</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">!"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个Greeter实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">hello_greeter </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Greeter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Hello"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">hello_greeter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"John"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：Hello, John!</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">bonjour_greeter </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Greeter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Bonjour"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">bonjour_greeter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Pierre"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：Bonjour, Pierre!</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="值比较">值比较<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#值比较" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="__hash__"><code>__hash__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__hash__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__hash__</code> 方法返回对象的哈希值。哈希值通常用于字典的键值和其他需要快速查找的数据结构中。如果一个对象是可变的，通常最好不要实现此方法。如果对象定义了 <code>__eq__</code> 方法并且是不可变的，则通常也应定义此方法。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">value </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> value</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__eq__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">other</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">isinstance</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(other, MyClass):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">value </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> other</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">value</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">NotImplemented</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__hash__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">hash</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(self.value)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">obj1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">obj2 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">my_dict </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">obj1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"a"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(my_dict[obj2])</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：a</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__bool__"><code>__bool__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__bool__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__bool__</code> 方法用于实现 <code>bool()</code> 内置函数的调用。当我们调用 <code>bool()</code> 函数或使用对象在条件语句（例如 <code>if obj:</code>）中作为条件时，会调用此方法。如果 <code>__bool__</code> 没有被定义，<code>__len__</code> 会被调用（如果已定义）。如果两者都未定义，所有实例都默认为 <code>True</code>。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">value </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> value</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__bool__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">bool</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(self.value)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">obj1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">obj2 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">bool</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(obj1))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：False</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">bool</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(obj2))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：True</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="类型转换">类型转换<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#类型转换" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="__int__"><code>__int__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__int__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__int__</code> 方法允许将一个对象转换为整数。当使用 <code>int()</code> 内置函数时，如果对象实现了此方法，会被调用。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__int__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">42</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">obj </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">int</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(obj))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：42</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__float__"><code>__float__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__float__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__float__</code> 方法允许将一个对象转换为浮点数。当使用 <code>float()</code> 内置函数时，如果对象实现了此方法，会被调用。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__float__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">42.0</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">obj </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">float</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(obj))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：42.0</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__complex__"><code>__complex__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__complex__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__complex__</code> 方法允许将一个对象转换为复数。当使用 <code>complex()</code> 内置函数时，如果对象实现了此方法，会被调用。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__complex__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">4</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">j</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">obj </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">complex</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(obj))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：(3+4j)</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__bytes__"><code>__bytes__</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__bytes__" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>__bytes__</code> 方法定义了当我们调用 <code>bytes()</code> 时的行为。它应该返回一个字节串。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__bytes__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">b</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'MyClass instance'</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mc </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">MyClass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建实例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">bytes</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(mc))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出：b'MyClass instance'</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="类和静态方法">类和静态方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#类和静态方法" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<p>在 Python 中，类是一个创建对象的蓝图。对象则是基于类定义的实例。默认情况下，在类内部定义的方法是实例方法。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="实例方法">实例方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#实例方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>实例方法的第一个参数是 <code>self</code>，代表类的实例对象。它可以访问和修改与实例相关的属性和方法。实例方法<strong>只能由其实例对象调用</strong>。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">instance_method</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"This is an instance method"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(e.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">instance_method</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">())</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 ('This is an instance method', <__main__.Example object at 0x7f49af98f610>)</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="类方法">类方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#类方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>类方法使用 <code>@classmethod</code> 装饰器定义。其第一个参数是 <code>cls</code>，代表类本身。类方法既可以由类直接调用，也可以被其实例调用。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> class_var </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Class Variable"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">@</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">classmethod</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">class_method</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">cls</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"This is a class method accessing:"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cls</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">class_var</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(Example.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">class_method</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">())</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 ('This is a class method accessing:', 'Class Variable')</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="静态方法">静态方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#静态方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>静态方法使用 <code>@staticmethod</code> 装饰器定义。它不需要传递 <code>self</code> 或 <code>cls</code> 参数。<strong>静态方法不能访问或修改类或实例的属性和方法。它仅仅与它所在的类相关</strong>，但不需要访问类的特性。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">@</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">staticmethod</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">static_method</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"This is a static method"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(Example.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">static_method</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">())</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 This is a static method</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="类方法-vs-静态方法">类方法 Vs 静态方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#类方法-vs-静态方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>用途</th><th>优点</th><th>缺点</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>类方法</strong></td><td>访问/修改类属性，方法继承于子类</td><td>可访问/修改类属性，适用于继承</td><td>不能访问实例特有的属性</td></tr><tr><td><strong>静态方法</strong></td><td>不需访问实例/类数据的操作，与类相关但不需访问类或实例</td><td>无需实例化，代码组织清晰</td><td>不能访问类和实例的属性或方法</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<p>在面向对象编程中，合理地使用实例方法、类方法和静态方法可以使代码更有组织性，更易于维护。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="属性">属性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#属性" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="property-装饰器"><code>@property</code> 装饰器<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#property-装饰器" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Python 中，<code>@property</code> 装饰器使我们能够将类中的方法用作属性，从而实现对属性的控制。它可以用于确保属性的读取和设置遵循某种特定的逻辑。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">_number </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> number</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">@</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">property</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">_number</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(e.number)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 5</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="使用-setter-和-getter-方法">使用 Setter 和 Getter 方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-setter-和-getter-方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Setter 和 Getter 在 Python 中用于控制属性的访问和赋值。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="property_namesetter"><code>@<property_name>.setter</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#property_namesetter" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>在定义了属性的 getter 方法后，我们可以使用 <code>@<property_name>.setter</code> 装饰器定义相应的 setter 方法，以控制该属性的赋值逻辑。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">_number </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> number</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">@</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">property</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">_number</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">@number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setter</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">value</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">_number </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> value</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">number </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(e.number)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 10</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="property_namedeleter"><code>@<property_name>.deleter</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#property_namedeleter" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>除了设置和获取属性，我们还可以定义如何删除属性。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">_number </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> number</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">@</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">property</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">_number</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">@number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">deleter</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">number</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Deleting number"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">del</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">_number</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">del</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">number</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="属性保护">属性保护<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#属性保护" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Python 中，我们通常<strong>使用下划线来表示属性应该是私有的或受保护的。</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>受保护的属性</strong>: 通常使用单下划线前缀 <code>_</code> 来定义，例如 <code>_name</code>。这只是一个约定，表示这个属性是为类内部使用的，但外部仍然可以访问。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>私有属性</strong>: 使用双下划线前缀 <code>__</code> 来定义，例如 <code>__name</code>。Python 会对其进行名称修饰，使得在类的外部更难直接访问。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">__private_attr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"I am private"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">_protected_attr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"I am protected"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">reveal</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(self.__private_attr)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(e._protected_attr)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># print(e.__private_attr) # 将会抛出错误异常</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">reveal</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 正常工作</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="__slots__-限制动态属性的添加"><code>__slots__</code> 限制动态属性的添加<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#__slots__-限制动态属性的添加" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>为了提高性能和内存效率，Python 允许在类定义中使用 <code>__slots__</code> 来限制可以添加到对象的属性。这通常在需要创建大量对象时很有用。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__slots__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Example</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"ChatGPT"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># e.salary = 10000 # 将会抛出错误异常</span></span></code></pre></div></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#生命周期" data-for="生命周期">生命周期</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#特殊方法" data-for="特殊方法">特殊方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基础方法" data-for="基础方法">基础方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数学运算" data-for="数学运算">数学运算</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#容器方法" data-for="容器方法">容器方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#属性访问" data-for="属性访问">属性访问</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#上下文管理" data-for="上下文管理">上下文管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#描述符" data-for="描述符">描述符</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使对象可调用" data-for="使对象可调用">使对象可调用</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#值比较" data-for="值比较">值比较</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#类型转换" data-for="类型转换">类型转换</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#类和静态方法" data-for="类和静态方法">类和静态方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#实例方法" data-for="实例方法">实例方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#类方法" data-for="类方法">类方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#静态方法" data-for="静态方法">静态方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#类方法-vs-静态方法" data-for="类方法-vs-静态方法">类方法 Vs 静态方法</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#属性" data-for="属性">属性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#property-装饰器" data-for="property-装饰器">@property 装饰器</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使用-setter-和-getter-方法" data-for="使用-setter-和-getter-方法">使用 Setter 和 Getter 方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#属性保护" data-for="属性保护">属性保护</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" 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data-for="Journal/2022/W37/2022-09-17">2022-09-17</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W37/2022-09-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W37/2022-09-18">2022-09-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W37/2022-W37" data-for="Journal/2022/W37/2022-W37">2022-W37</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W38"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W38</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W38"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-19" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-19">2022-09-19</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20">2022-09-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21">2022-09-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22">2022-09-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38">2022-W38</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W39"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W39</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W39"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W39/2022-09-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W39/2022-09-28">2022-09-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W39/2022-09-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W39/2022-09-29">2022-09-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W39/2022-W39" data-for="Journal/2022/W39/2022-W39">2022-W39</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W41"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W41</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W41"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-10" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-10">2022-10-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11">2022-10-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12">2022-10-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13">2022-10-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14">2022-10-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16">2022-10-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41">2022-W41</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W42"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W42</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W42"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17">2022-10-17</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18">2022-10-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19">2022-10-19</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21">2022-10-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42">2022-W42</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W43"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W43</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W43"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W43/2022-10-24" data-for="Journal/2022/W43/2022-10-24">2022-10-24</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W43/2022-10-26" data-for="Journal/2022/W43/2022-10-26">2022-10-26</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W43/2022-W43" data-for="Journal/2022/W43/2022-W43">2022-W43</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W44"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W44</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W44"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W44/2022-11-02" data-for="Journal/2022/W44/2022-11-02">2022-11-02</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W44/2022-W44" data-for="Journal/2022/W44/2022-W44">2022-W44</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W45"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W45</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W45"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10">2022-11-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11">2022-11-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12">2022-11-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13">2022-11-13</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W46"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W46</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W46"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18">2022-11-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20">2022-11-20</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W47"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W47</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06">2022-12-06</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49">2022-W49</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W50"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W50</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W50"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12">2022-12-12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">2023</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023"><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W2"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W2</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W14"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08">2023-04-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14">2023-W14</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W16"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W16</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W16"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21">2023-04-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" 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class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W37"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W37</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W37"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W37/2023-W37" data-for="Journal/2023/W37/2023-W37">2023-W37</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W40"><button 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class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W46"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W46</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W46"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W46/2023-11-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W46/2023-11-15">2023-11-15</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W48"><button 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href="../../../../Journal/2023/W49/2023-W49" data-for="Journal/2023/W49/2023-W49">2023-W49</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W50"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W50</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W50"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W50/2023-12-12" data-for="Journal/2023/W50/2023-12-12">2023-12-12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2024"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">2024</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2024"><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2024/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2024/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W8/2024-02-22" 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href="../../../../Journal/2024/W10/2024-W10" data-for="Journal/2024/W10/2024-W10">2024-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2024/W11"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W11</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2024/W11"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W11/2024-03-11" data-for="Journal/2024/W11/2024-03-11">2024-03-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W11/2024-03-12" data-for="Journal/2024/W11/2024-03-12">2024-03-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W11/2024-03-13" data-for="Journal/2024/W11/2024-03-13">2024-03-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W11/2024-W11" data-for="Journal/2024/W11/2024-W11">2024-W11</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2024/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2024/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W12/2024-03-20" data-for="Journal/2024/W12/2024-03-20">2024-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W12/2024-W12" data-for="Journal/2024/W12/2024-W12">2024-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2024/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2024/W14"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W14/2024-W14" data-for="Journal/2024/W14/2024-W14">2024-W14</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2024/W16"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W16</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2024/W16"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W16/2024-W16" data-for="Journal/2024/W16/2024-W16">2024-W16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2024/W17"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W17</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2024/W17"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2024/W17/2024-04-24" data-for="Journal/2024/W17/2024-04-24">2024-04-24</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div 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