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href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-20">2022-09-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-21">2022-09-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-09-22">2022-09-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38" data-for="Journal/2022/W38/2022-W38">2022-W38</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W39"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W39</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" 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data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-10">2022-10-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-11">2022-10-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-12">2022-10-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-13">2022-10-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-14">2022-10-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-10-16">2022-10-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41" data-for="Journal/2022/W41/2022-W41">2022-W41</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W42"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W42</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W42"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-17">2022-10-17</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-18">2022-10-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-19">2022-10-19</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-10-21">2022-10-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42" data-for="Journal/2022/W42/2022-W42">2022-W42</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg 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class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W45</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W45"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-10">2022-11-10</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-11">2022-11-11</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-12">2022-11-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13" data-for="Journal/2022/W45/2022-11-13">2022-11-13</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W46"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W46</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W46"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-18">2022-11-18</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20" data-for="Journal/2022/W46/2022-11-20">2022-11-20</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W47"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W47</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-12-06">2022-12-06</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49" data-for="Journal/2022/W49/2022-W49">2022-W49</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W50"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W50</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W50"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12" data-for="Journal/2022/W50/2022-12-12">2022-12-12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">2023</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023"><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W2"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W2</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W14"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-04-08">2023-04-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14" data-for="Journal/2023/W14/2023-W14">2023-W14</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W16"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W16</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W16"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-21">2023-04-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22">2023-W22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W23"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W23</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W23"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05">2023-06-05</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08">2023-06-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23">2023-W23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div 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href="../../../../Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/">进阶</a><p> > </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href>数据库操作</a></div></nav><h1 class="article-title ">数据库操作</h1><p class="content-meta ">Apr 26, 2024, 17 min read</p><ul class="tags "><li><a href="../../../../tags/python/进阶" class="internal tag-link">#python/进阶</a></li><li><a href="../../../../tags/技术/程序语言" class="internal tag-link">#技术/程序语言</a></li></ul></div></div><article class="popover-hint"><h2 id="python-db-api-20-规范概述">Python DB-API 2.0 规范概述<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#python-db-api-20-规范概述" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>**Python DB-API 2.0 规范是一个重要的标准，它为 Python 程序与数据库间的交互提供了一致的接口。**这个规范的目标是简化数据库编程，同时保持足够的灵活性来支持不同的数据库系统。</p>
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<p>DB-API 2.0 规范定义在 Python 标准库的 <a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0249/" class="external">PEP 249</a> 文档中。它规定了数据库驱动（或数据库模块）应遵循的接口标准，以便程序员可以使用一致的编程风格来访问不同的数据库系统。</p>
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<h3 id="核心组件">核心组件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#核心组件" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<table><thead><tr><th>组件</th><th>描述</th><th>关键方法或属性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>连接对象（Connection）</strong></td><td>代表数据库的连接。</td><td>- <code>connect()</code>: 连接数据库。<br/>- <code>commit()</code>: 提交当前事务。<br/>- <code>rollback()</code>: 回滚当前事务。<br/>- <code>close()</code>: 关闭连接。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>游标对象（Cursor）</strong></td><td>用于执行查询和获取结果。</td><td>- <code>execute(sql, [parameters])</code>: 执行 SQL 语句。<br/>- <code>executemany(sql, seq_of_parameters)</code>: 执行相同的 SQL 语句多次。<br/>- <code>fetchone()</code>: 获取结果集的下一行。<br/>- <code>fetchmany(size)</code>: 获取结果集的下几行。<br/>- <code>fetchall()</code>: 获取结果集中的所有行。<br/>- <code>close()</code>: 关闭游标对象。</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h3 id="标准方法">标准方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#标准方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<table><thead><tr><th>方法类型</th><th>方法名</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>连接方法</strong></td><td><code>connect()</code></td><td>连接到数据库。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>commit()</code></td><td>提交当前的事务。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>rollback()</code></td><td>回滚当前的事务。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>close()</code></td><td>关闭数据库连接。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>游标方法</strong></td><td><code>execute(sql, [parameters])</code></td><td>执行一个 SQL 语句。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>executemany(sql, seq_of_parameters)</code></td><td>执行相同的 SQL 语句多次。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>fetchone()</code></td><td>从结果集中获取下一行。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>fetchmany(size)</code></td><td>从结果集中获取多行。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>fetchall()</code></td><td>获取结果集中的所有行。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>close()</code></td><td>关闭游标对象。</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h3 id="标准异常">标准异常<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#标准异常" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<table><thead><tr><th>异常类别</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>Warning</code></td><td>警告类的基类，用于非致命性问题的提示。</td></tr><tr><td><code>Error</code></td><td>与数据库相关错误的基类。如果未指定具体的异常，则抛出这个错误。</td></tr><tr><td><code>InterfaceError</code></td><td>与数据库接口（而非数据库本身）相关的错误。</td></tr><tr><td><code>DatabaseError</code></td><td>数据库操作过程中发生的错误的基类。</td></tr><tr><td><code>DataError</code></td><td>数据异常，比如数值溢出、数据类型不匹配等。</td></tr><tr><td><code>OperationalError</code></td><td>数据库操作中的内部错误，如连接问题、内存分配问题等。</td></tr><tr><td><code>IntegrityError</code></td><td>数据完整性相关的错误，如外键违反等。</td></tr><tr><td><code>InternalError</code></td><td>数据库内部错误，如游标无效、事务同步失效等。</td></tr><tr><td><code>ProgrammingError</code></td><td>程序错误，如表找不到、SQL 语句语法错误等。</td></tr><tr><td><code>NotSupportedError</code></td><td>当尝试使用数据库不支持的功能或 API 时抛出的错误。</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h2 id="python-数据库操作">Python 数据库操作<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#python-数据库操作" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>首先，需要安装对应数据库的 Python 库，例如，如果是使用 MySQL，可以安装 <code>mysql-connector-python</code>。然后，可以使用如下代码连接到数据库并执行简单的 SQL 语句：</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">try</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 连接到 SQLite 数据库</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 如果文件不存在，会自动创建</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.db'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个游标对象，用于执行 SQL 命令</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个新表</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># IF NOT EXISTS 用于避免在表已存在时产生错误</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'''</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS stocks</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> (date text, trans text, symbol text, qty real, price real)</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> '''</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 插入一条记录</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"INSERT INTO stocks VALUES ('2023-11-17','BUY','AAPL',100,35.14)"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 提交当前事务</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">commit</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 查询数据</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol = 'AAPL'"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(cursor.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">fetchall</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">())</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 捕获任何可能发生的异常</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Error </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"数据库错误: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">Exception</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"非数据库错误: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">finally</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 关闭游标</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 关闭数据库连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="连接connection">连接（Connection）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#连接connection" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>连接对象代表了 Python 应用程序和数据库之间的连接。通过这个连接，程序能够执行 SQL 命令、处理事务。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="创建连接">创建连接<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#创建连接" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>连接是通过调用特定数据库模块的 <code>connect()</code> 函数创建的。</li>
|
||
<li>这个函数通常需要数据库特定的参数，如主机名、数据库名、用户名和密码。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建连接到 SQLite 数据库文件 'example.db'</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">conn </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.db'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="关键特性和方法">关键特性和方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#关键特性和方法" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>事务处理</strong>：
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>commit()</code>: 提交当前事务。在执行如 INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE 等操作后，需要调用此方法以确保更改被保存。</li>
|
||
<li><code>rollback()</code>: 回滚当前事务。在遇到错误或需要撤销更改时使用。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><strong>连接管理</strong>：
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>close()</code>: 关闭连接。关闭后，连接对象和其下所有的游标将不可用。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><strong>错误处理</strong>：
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>连接操作可能会抛出 DB-API 定义的异常，如 <code>InterfaceError</code> 或 <code>DatabaseError</code>。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">try</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 执行数据库操作</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">commit</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 提交事务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">Exception</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">rollback</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 回滚事务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">raise</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">finally</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 关闭连接</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>Python 进行数据库操作务必管理好数据库连接的生命周期。使用完毕后应及时关闭，避免资源泄露。建议使用 Python 的上下文管理器（<code>with</code> 语句）可以自动管理连接的开启和关闭。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="游标cursor">游标（Cursor）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#游标cursor" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>游标是通过连接对象创建的，用于执行 SQL 命令和处理查询结果。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="创建游标">创建游标<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#创建游标" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>通过连接对象的 <code>cursor()</code> 方法创建。</li>
|
||
<li>可以创建多个游标，用于执行不同的数据库操作。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">cursor </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建游标</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="关键特性和方法-1">关键特性和方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#关键特性和方法-1" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>执行 SQL 命令</strong>：
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>execute(sql, [parameters])</code>: 执行单个 SQL 命令。</li>
|
||
<li><code>executemany(sql, seq_of_parameters)</code>: 执行相同 SQL 命令多次，但使用不同的参数。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><strong>结果处理</strong>：
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>fetchone()</code>: 返回结果集的下一行。</li>
|
||
<li><code>fetchmany(size)</code>: 返回结果集的下几行。</li>
|
||
<li><code>fetchall()</code>: 返回结果集中的所有行。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><strong>元数据获取</strong>：
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>游标对象提供了诸如 <code>description</code> 属性，可以用来获取查询结果的列信息。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><strong>游标管理</strong>：
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>close()</code>: 关闭游标。关闭后，游标将不可用。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 执行 SQL 查询</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'SELECT * FROM some_table'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取查询结果</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">rows </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">fetchall</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取所有行</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> rows</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 关闭游标</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>为避免资源占用，执行完毕后应及时关闭游标。使用参数化查询而不是字符串拼接，以防止 SQL 注入攻击。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="执行-sql-语句execute">执行 SQL 语句（execute）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#执行-sql-语句execute" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Python 中，使用游标对象执行 SQL 语句并处理结果。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>使用游标对象的 <code>execute()</code> 方法执行 SQL 语句。</li>
|
||
<li>对于查询操作（如 SELECT），结果可以通过游标提供的方法获取。</li>
|
||
<li>对于非查询操作（如 INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE），结果通常是影响的行数。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 执行一个查询</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'SELECT * FROM some_table'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 或者执行一个更新</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'UPDATE some_table SET column = value WHERE condition'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="处理结果">处理结果<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#处理结果" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>使用 <code>fetchone()</code>、<code>fetchmany(size)</code> 或 <code>fetchall()</code> 方法获取查询结果。</li>
|
||
<li><code>fetchone()</code> 返回单行，<code>fetchmany(size)</code> 返回指定数量的行，<code>fetchall()</code> 返回所有行。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 执行查询</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'SELECT * FROM some_table'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取单行</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">fetchone</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取多行</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">rows </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">fetchmany</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> rows</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取所有行</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">all_rows </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">fetchall</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> all_rows</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="错误处理">错误处理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#错误处理" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Python 数据库编程中，错误处理是必不可少的部分。常见的数据库错误包括连接错误、SQL 语法错误、数据类型不匹配等。合理的错误处理可以提高程序的健壮性和用户体验。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>使用 <code>try-except</code> 块捕获并处理数据库异常。</li>
|
||
<li>利用 Python 的 DB-API 定义的异常类（如 <code>DatabaseError</code>，<code>IntegrityError</code> 等）来识别和响应特定的错误情况。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">try</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'SELECT * FROM non_existent_table'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">DatabaseError </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Database error occurred:"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, e)</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="调试数据库应用">调试数据库应用<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#调试数据库应用" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>使用日志记录重要的操作和异常信息。</li>
|
||
<li>在开发阶段，打印或记录 SQL 语句和其参数，以便检查和调整。</li>
|
||
<li>使用交互式 Python 环境（如 IPython 或 Jupyter Notebook）进行逐步执行和测试。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="参数化查询">参数化查询<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#参数化查询" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>参数化查询是一种编写 SQL 查询的方法，可以提高安全性和灵活性。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="编写安全的-sql-查询以避免-sql-注入">编写安全的 SQL 查询以避免 SQL 注入<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#编写安全的-sql-查询以避免-sql-注入" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>通过使用占位符而非直接拼接字符串来构建 SQL 语句，可以有效防止 SQL 注入攻击。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 错误的做法：直接字符串拼接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">unsafe_sql </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> user_input </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"'"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 正确的做法：使用参数化查询</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, (user_input,))</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h4 id="使用参数而非字符串拼接">使用参数而非字符串拼接<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用参数而非字符串拼接" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>在构建 SQL 语句时，应优先考虑使用参数化查询。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">user_id </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, (user_id,))</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="事务管理">事务管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#事务管理" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h3 id="基本概念acid-特性">基本概念（ACID 特性）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基本概念acid-特性" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>事务是数据库操作的基本单位，它应满足 ACID 特性，即原子性（Atomicity）、一致性（Consistency）、隔离性（Isolation）、持久性（Durability）。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>原子性</strong>：确保所有操作要么全部完成，要么全部不执行。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>一致性</strong>：事务完成时，数据必须处于一致状态。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>隔离性</strong>：多个事务同时进行时，一个事务的操作不应影响其他事务。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>持久性</strong>：一旦事务提交，其结果就永久保存在数据库中。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4 id="在-python-中进行事务控制">在 Python 中进行事务控制<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#在-python-中进行事务控制" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>在 Python 中，事务控制通常由连接对象（Connection）来管理。使用 <code>commit()</code> 和 <code>rollback()</code> 方法来控制事务的提交和回滚。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">conn </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.db'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">try</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 开始一个事务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (...)'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 更多数据库操作...</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 提交事务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">commit</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">Exception</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 出现错误，回滚事务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">rollback</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">raise</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">finally</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 关闭连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="数据库连接池">数据库连接池<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据库连接池" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="理解数据库连接池的概念">理解数据库连接池的概念<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#理解数据库连接池的概念" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>数据库连接池是一种创建和管理数据库连接的技术，用于减少建立和关闭连接的开销。在高并发情况下，连接池可以显著提高性能。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="使用连接池提高性能">使用连接池提高性能<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用连接池提高性能" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
||
<p>在 Python 中，可以使用第三方库（如 <code>sqlalchemy.pool</code>）来实现数据库连接池。连接池管理着一组连接，当需要时分配给请求者，使用完毕后返回池中。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlalchemy</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">pool </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> QueuePool</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlalchemy </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> create_engine</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个带连接池的引擎</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">engine </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">create_engine</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'postgresql://username:password@localhost/dbname'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, poolclass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">QueuePool)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> engine</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> connection</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> result </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> connection</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"SELECT * FROM table_name"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> result</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="orm-工具">ORM 工具<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#orm-工具" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<p>在 Python 中，对象关系映射（Object-Relational Mapping, ORM）是一种流行的技术，它允许开发者以对象的形式操作数据库，而无需编写 SQL 语句。ORM（Object-Relational Mapping）是一种<strong>将数据库表转换为程序中对象的技术</strong>，使开发者能够以面向对象的方式处理数据库。</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table><thead><tr><th>ORM 库</th><th>简介</th><th>特点</th><th>适用场景</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Django ORM</td><td>Django 框架的一部分</td><td>无需编写 SQL，支持多数据库，丰富的查询构造器</td><td>Django 框架的 web 应用</td></tr><tr><td>SQLAlchemy</td><td>流行的独立 ORM 工具</td><td>灵活模型定义，强大查询，支持多数据库</td><td>适用于各种规模应用，特别是复杂数据库应用</td></tr><tr><td>Peewee</td><td>小巧但功能完整的 ORM 库</td><td>简单易用，学习曲线低</td><td>小型项目或简单 ORM 需求</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoise ORM</td><td>异步 ORM 库</td><td>支持异步操作，适合异步编程环境</td><td>需要高并发处理的现代 web 应用</td></tr><tr><td>Pony ORM</td><td>提供直观查询语言的 ORM 库</td><td>独特的查询语法，易于理解</td><td>寻求直观查询方式的开发者</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<h3 id="基本的-orm-操作">基本的 ORM 操作<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基本的-orm-操作" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
||
<p>使用 ORM 工具时，开发者定义模型（即类），这些模型映射到数据库的表。在 Python 中，常见的 ORM 工具包括 SQLAlchemy 和 Django ORM。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlalchemy </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> create_engine</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> Column</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> Integer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> String</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlalchemy</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ext</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">declarative </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> declarative_base</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlalchemy</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">orm </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sessionmaker</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Base </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">declarative_base</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">engine </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">create_engine</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'sqlite:///example.db'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Session </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sessionmaker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(bind</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">engine)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">User</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Base</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> __tablename__ </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'users'</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">id</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Column</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(Integer, primary_key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">True</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> name </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Column</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(String)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建表</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Base</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">metadata</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">create_all</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(engine)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用会话进行数据库操作</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">session </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">new_user </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">User</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Alice'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">add</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(new_user)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">commit</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="项目实战">项目实战<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#项目实战" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
||
<p>为了将所学知识应用于实际，可以从开发一个简单的数据库应用开始。例如，创建一个图书管理系统，包括图书的添加、查询、更新和删除功能。</p>
|
||
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> Error</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">create_connection</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">db_file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);">""" 创建一个数据库连接到 SQLite 数据库 """</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">None</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">try</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sqlite3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(db_file)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> Error </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(e)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">create_table</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">create_table_sql</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);">""" 创建表 """</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">try</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> c </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> c</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(create_table_sql)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> Error </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(e)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">main</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> database </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">r</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"pythonsqlite</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">db"</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sql_create_projects_table </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">""" CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS projects (</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> id integer PRIMARY KEY,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> name text NOT NULL,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> begin_date text,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> end_date text</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> ); """</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sql_create_tasks_table </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tasks (</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> id integer PRIMARY KEY,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> name text NOT NULL,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> priority integer,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> status_id integer NOT NULL,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> project_id integer NOT NULL,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> begin_date text NOT NULL,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> end_date text NOT NULL,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> FOREIGN KEY (project_id) REFERENCES projects (id)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> );"""</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个数据库连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">create_connection</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(database)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建表</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">is</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">not</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">None</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">create_table</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(conn, sql_create_projects_table)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">create_table</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(conn, sql_create_tasks_table)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">else</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"无法创建数据库连接。"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 插入数据</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> project </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> (</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Cool App with SQLite & Python'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'2023-01-01'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'2023-12-31'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> project_id </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">insert_project</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(conn, project)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> task_1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> (</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Analyze the requirements of the app'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> project_id</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'2023-01-01'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'2023-01-02'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> task_2 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> (</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Confirm with user about the top priorities'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> project_id</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'2023-01-03'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'2023-01-05'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 插入任务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">insert_task</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(conn, task_1)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">insert_task</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(conn, task_2)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 查询数据</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"1. 查询项目:"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">select_all_projects</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(conn)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"2. 查询任务:"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">select_all_tasks</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(conn)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 更新数据</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">update_task</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(conn, (</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'2023-01-04'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 删除数据</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">delete_task</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(conn, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 关闭连接</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">insert_project</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">project</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);">"""</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> 创建一个新的项目</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param conn:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param project:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :return: project id</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> """</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sql </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">''' INSERT INTO projects(name,begin_date,end_date)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> VALUES(?,?,?) '''</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(sql, project)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">commit</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">lastrowid</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">insert_task</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">task</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);">"""</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> 创建一个新的任务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param conn:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param task:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :return:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> """</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sql </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">''' INSERT INTO tasks(name,priority,status_id,project_id,begin_date,end_date)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> VALUES(?,?,?,?,?,?) '''</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(sql, task)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">commit</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">lastrowid</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">select_all_projects</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);">"""</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> 查询所有项目</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param conn: the Connection object</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :return:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> """</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"SELECT * FROM projects"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> rows </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">fetchall</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> rows</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">select_all_tasks</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);">"""</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> 查询所有任务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param conn: the Connection object</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :return:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> """</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"SELECT * FROM tasks"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> rows </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">fetchall</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> rows</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">update_task</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">task</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);">"""</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> 更新任务</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param conn:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param task:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :return: project id</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> """</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sql </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">''' UPDATE tasks</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> SET priority = ? ,</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> end_date = ?</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> WHERE id = ?'''</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(sql, task)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">commit</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">delete_task</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">id</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);">"""</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> 删除一个任务通过任务 id</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param conn: Connection to the SQLite database</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :param id: id of the task</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> :return:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"> """</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sql </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'DELETE FROM tasks WHERE id=?'</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cursor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> cur</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">execute</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(sql, (</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">id</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,))</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> conn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">commit</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__name__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'__main__'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">main</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#python-db-api-20-规范概述" data-for="python-db-api-20-规范概述">Python DB-API 2.0 规范概述</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#核心组件" data-for="核心组件">核心组件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#标准方法" data-for="标准方法">标准方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#标准异常" data-for="标准异常">标准异常</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#python-数据库操作" data-for="python-数据库操作">Python 数据库操作</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#连接connection" data-for="连接connection">连接（Connection）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#游标cursor" data-for="游标cursor">游标（Cursor）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#执行-sql-语句execute" data-for="执行-sql-语句execute">执行 SQL 语句（execute）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#处理结果" data-for="处理结果">处理结果</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#错误处理" data-for="错误处理">错误处理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#参数化查询" data-for="参数化查询">参数化查询</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#事务管理" data-for="事务管理">事务管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基本概念acid-特性" data-for="基本概念acid-特性">基本概念（ACID 特性）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据库连接池" data-for="数据库连接池">数据库连接池</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#orm-工具" data-for="orm-工具">ORM 工具</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基本的-orm-操作" data-for="基本的-orm-操作">基本的 ORM 操作</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#项目实战" data-for="项目实战">项目实战</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" 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data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W47"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-21">2022-11-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-11-22">2022-11-22</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47" data-for="Journal/2022/W47/2022-W47">2022-W47</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W48"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W48</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W48"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-28">2022-11-28</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-11-29">2022-11-29</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-01">2022-12-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04" data-for="Journal/2022/W48/2022-12-04">2022-12-04</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2022/W49"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W49</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2022/W49"><li><li><a 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data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W2"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2" data-for="Journal/2023/W2/2023-W2">2023-W2</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W3"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W3</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W3"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-16">2023-01-16</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18" data-for="Journal/2023/W3/2023-01-18">2023-01-18</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W5"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W5</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W5"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5" data-for="Journal/2023/W5/2023-W5">2023-W5</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W6"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W6</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W6"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6" data-for="Journal/2023/W6/2023-W6">2023-W6</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W7"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W7</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W7"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-14">2023-02-14</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-15">2023-02-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16" data-for="Journal/2023/W7/2023-02-16">2023-02-16</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W8"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W8</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W8"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-20">2023-02-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22" data-for="Journal/2023/W8/2023-02-22">2023-02-22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W10"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W10</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W10"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10" data-for="Journal/2023/W10/2023-W10">2023-W10</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W12"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W12</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W12"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-20">2023-03-20</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-03-21">2023-03-21</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12" data-for="Journal/2023/W12/2023-W12">2023-W12</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W14"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W14</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer 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href="../../../../Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23" data-for="Journal/2023/W16/2023-04-23">2023-04-23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W22"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W22</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W22"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-05-31">2023-05-31</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-06-01">2023-06-01</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22" data-for="Journal/2023/W22/2023-W22">2023-W22</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W23"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W23</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W23"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-05">2023-06-05</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-06-08">2023-06-08</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23" data-for="Journal/2023/W23/2023-W23">2023-W23</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W24"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W24</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W24"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-12" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-12">2023-06-12</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-13" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-13">2023-06-13</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-15" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-06-15">2023-06-15</a></li></li><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W24/2023-W24" data-for="Journal/2023/W24/2023-W24">2023-W24</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg><div data-folderpath="/Journal/2023/W25"><button class="folder-button"><p class="folder-title">W25</p></button></div></div><div class="folder-outer "><ul style="padding-left:1.4rem;" class="content" data-folderul="/Journal/2023/W25"><li><li><a href="../../../../Journal/2023/W25/2023-W25" data-for="Journal/2023/W25/2023-W25">2023-W25</a></li></li></ul></div></div></li><li><div><div class="folder-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" viewBox="5 8 14 8" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="folder-icon"><polyline points="6 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