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href="../../../../Technology/">Technology</a><p> ❯ </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Technology/OperatingSystem/">OperatingSystem</a><p> ❯ </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Technology/OperatingSystem/Linux/">Linux</a><p> ❯ </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href="../../../../Technology/OperatingSystem/Linux/3.基础操作/">3.基础操作</a><p> ❯ </p></div><div class="breadcrumb-element"><a href>Linux 用户和权限</a></div></nav><h1 class="article-title">Linux 用户和权限</h1><p show-comma="true" class="content-meta"><span>2023年3月30日</span><span>42分钟阅读</span></p><ul class="tags"><li><a href="../../../../tags/Linux/基础" class="internal tag-link">Linux/基础</a></li><li><a href="../../../../tags/技术/操作系统" class="internal tag-link">技术/操作系统</a></li></ul></div></div><article class="popover-hint"><h2 id="概述">概述<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#概述" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<p>Linux 多用户系统的历史可以追溯到 1960 年代的 Unix 系统，Unix 是一种多用户、多任务的操作系统，被广泛应用于大型计算机和服务器上。随着 Linux 的发展，它也成为了一种强大的多用户操作系统，并被广泛应用于服务器、个人电脑和移动设备等领域。</p>
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<h3 id="设计原则">设计原则<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#设计原则" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>Linux 多用户系统的设计基于以下原则：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>唯一用户标识符（UID）</strong>：每个用户都有一个唯一的标识符，用于标识其身份。</li>
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<li><strong>用户组标识符（GID）</strong>：每个用户可以分配到一个或多个用户组，用户组也有一个唯一的标识符。</li>
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<li><strong>所有者和用户组</strong>：每个文件和目录都有一个所有者和一个所属用户组，用于控制访问权限。</li>
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||
<li><strong>主目录（Home Directory）</strong>：每个用户都有一个主目录，用于存储其个人文件和设置。</li>
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||
<li><strong>系统管理员权限</strong>：系统管理员可以创建、删除和管理用户和用户组，以及控制用户的权限和访问权限。</li>
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||
</ul>
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<h3 id="实现机制">实现机制<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#实现机制" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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||
<p>Linux 多用户系统的实现基于以下机制：</p>
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||
<ul>
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||
<li><strong>配置文件</strong>：用户和用户组的信息存储在特定的配置文件中，如 <code>/etc/passwd</code>、<code>/etc/shadow</code>、<code>/etc/group</code> 和 <code>/etc/gshadow</code>。</li>
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||
<li><strong>身份验证</strong>：用户登录时需要进行身份验证，通常使用用户名和密码进行认证。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>管理工具</strong>：系统管理员可以使用命令行工具或图形界面来创建、删除和管理用户和用户组，以及配置用户的权限和访问权限。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>安全机制</strong>：Linux 系统提供了许多安全机制，如访问控制列表（ACL）、文件系统权限和 SELinux，用于保护系统和用户的数据安全。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="权限管理">权限管理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#权限管理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Linux 系统中，文件和目录的权限由三个组件组成：所有者权限、所属组权限和其他用户权限。每个组件可以设置为读取（r）、写入（w）和执行（x）权限，这些权限可以用数字表示（r=4, w=2, x=1）。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="用户和权限的配置文件">用户和权限的配置文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#用户和权限的配置文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>以下是存储用户和权限信息的主要配置文件：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>/etc/passwd</strong>：存储用户账户信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>/etc/shadow</strong>：存储用户密码信息，包含加密的密码和其他安全信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>/etc/group</strong>：存储用户组信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>/etc/gshadow</strong>：存储用户组密码信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>/etc/login.defs</strong>：定义系统登录的默认配置。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>/etc/adduser.conf</strong>：定义添加用户时的默认配置。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="安全性建议">安全性建议<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#安全性建议" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>在使用 root 用户时，应注意系统的安全性，<strong>尽量使用 <code>sudo</code> 或 <code>su</code> 命令以普通用户身份执行命令，以减少误操作对系统的影响。</strong></p>
|
||
<h2 id="用户">用户<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#用户" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="创建">创建<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#创建" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="useradd">Useradd<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#useradd" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>useradd</code> 命令是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，用于创建新用户帐户。通过 <code>useradd</code> 命令，可以指定新用户的用户名、用户 ID（UID）、主目录、默认 shell 和密码等信息。</p>
|
||
<p>在大多数 Linux 系统中，只有管理员用户（如 root 用户）可以创建新用户。通常情况下，管理员用户需要使用 <code>sudo</code> 命令或以 root 用户身份登录系统，才能使用 <code>useradd</code> 命令创建新用户。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建一个新用户</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> useradd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> john</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-c, --comment COMMENT</code></td><td>指定用户的注释字段。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -c "John Smith" john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-d, --home-dir HOME_DIR</code></td><td>指定用户的家目录。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -d /home/john john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE</code></td><td>指定用户的账户过期日期。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -e 2023-06-30 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-f, --inactive INACTIVE</code></td><td>设置密码过期后的不活动期限为 INACTIVE，以禁用账户。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -f 30 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-g, --gid GROUP</code></td><td>指定用户的主用户组。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -g staff john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-G, --groups GROUPS</code></td><td>指定用户所属的其他用户组。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -G staff,developer john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-m, --create-home</code></td><td>创建用户的家目录。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -m john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-p, --password PASSWORD</code></td><td>指定用户的加密密码。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -p password_hash john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-s, --shell SHELL</code></td><td>指定用户的默认 shell。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -s /bin/bash john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-u, --uid UID</code></td><td>指定用户的 UID。</td><td><code>sudo useradd -u 1001 john</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="adduser">Adduser<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#adduser" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><strong><code>adduser</code> 命令是 Linux 系统中的一个高层次的用户添加工具，它提供了比 <code>useradd</code> 更加用户友好的界面和交互过程。</strong><code>adduser</code> 通常作为一个 Perl 脚本，封装了 <code>useradd</code> 命令，并在用户创建过程中进行一些附加的配置工作，如创建主目录、复制模板文件、设置密码等。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>配置文件</strong>：<code>adduser</code> 命令的默认配置文件为 <code>/etc/adduser.conf</code>，可以在此文件中修改默认设置，如主目录、用户组等。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>密码设置</strong>：<code>adduser</code> 默认会在用户创建过程中提示输入密码。如果使用 <code>--disabled-password</code> 选项，则不会设置密码，需要在用户创建后使用 <code>passwd</code> 命令单独设置。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>与 <code>useradd</code> 的兼容性</strong>：虽然 <code>adduser</code> 提供了更友好的用户创建界面，但它并不是所有发行版都默认包含的命令。某些轻量级发行版可能只提供 <code>useradd</code>。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建一个新用户</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> adduser</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> john</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>--home HOME_DIR</code></td><td>指定用户的家目录。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --home /home/john john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>--shell SHELL</code></td><td>指定用户的默认 shell。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --shell /bin/bash john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>--uid UID</code></td><td>指定用户的 UID。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --uid 1001 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>--gid GID</code></td><td>指定用户的 GID。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --gid 100 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>--disabled-password</code></td><td>创建用户但不设置密码。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --disabled-password john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>--disabled-login</code></td><td>创建用户但禁止登录。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --disabled-login john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>--gecos GECOS</code></td><td>提供用户的 GECOS 信息。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --gecos "John Smith,,," john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>--no-create-home</code></td><td>不创建用户的家目录。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --no-create-home john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>--ingroup GROUP</code></td><td>将用户添加到指定的主用户组。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --ingroup staff john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>--extra-groups GROUPS</code></td><td>将用户添加到附加用户组。</td><td><code>sudo adduser --extra-groups staff,developer john</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<p><strong><code>adduser</code> 与 <code>useradd</code> 的区别:</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>交互式</strong>：<code>adduser</code> 提供了交互式的用户创建过程，向导会提示输入用户名、密码、GECOS 信息（如全名、电话等）。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>默认设置</strong>：<code>adduser</code> 使用系统默认配置文件（如 <code>/etc/adduser.conf</code>）来设定新用户的默认值，例如主目录位置、用户组等。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>附加任务</strong>：<code>adduser</code> 会自动完成一些附加任务，如创建用户主目录、复制 <code>/etc/skel</code> 目录中的模板文件到新用户主目录等。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="管理">管理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#管理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="chfn">Chfn<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#chfn" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>chfn</code> （change finger information）命令用于更改用户的 GECOS 信息。GECOS 字段包含用户的全名、办公地址、办公电话和家庭电话等信息。通常，这些信息存储在 <code>/etc/passwd</code> 文件中</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 更改当前用户信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">debian@SevenWate-PC:$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chfn</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">Password:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">Changing</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> the</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> user</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> information</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> debian</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">Enter</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> the</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> new</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> value,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> or</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> press</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ENTER</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> the</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Full</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Name:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Room</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Number</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> []:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Work</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Phone</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> []:</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Home</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Phone</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> []:</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-f, --full-name NAME</code></td><td>更改用户的全名。</td><td><code>chfn -f "John Smith"</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-r, --room ROOM</code></td><td>更改用户的办公地址。</td><td><code>chfn -r "Room 123"</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-w, --work-phone PHONE</code></td><td>更改用户的办公电话。</td><td><code>chfn -w "555-1234"</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-h, --home-phone PHONE</code></td><td>更改用户的家庭电话。</td><td><code>chfn -h "555-5678"</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-o, --other OTHER</code></td><td>更改用户的其他信息。</td><td><code>chfn -o "Other Info"</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-u, --username USER</code></td><td>指定要更改 GECOS 信息的用户名（仅 root 用户可以使用该选项）。</td><td><code>sudo chfn -f "John Smith" john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-q, --quiet</code></td><td>安静模式，不输出任何信息。</td><td><code>chfn -q</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-v, --verbose</code></td><td>显示详细信息。</td><td><code>chfn -v</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="chsh">Chsh<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#chsh" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>chsh</code> （change shell）命令用于更改用户的默认登录 shell。通过 <code>chsh</code> 命令，用户可以选择不同的 shell 来作为他们的登录环境。在 Linux 系统中，常见的 shell 有 <code>bash</code>、<code>zsh</code>、<code>ksh</code>、<code>csh</code> 等。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 查看当前系统 shell</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">cat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /etc/shells</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 更改当前用户的默认 shell</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">chsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /bin/bash</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 更改其他用户的默认 shell</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">chsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /bin/bash</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> john</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-s, --shell SHELL</code></td><td>指定新的登录 shell。</td><td><code>chsh -s /bin/zsh</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-l, --list-shells</code></td><td>列出系统中可用的 shell。</td><td><code>chsh -l</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-u, --username USER</code></td><td>指定要更改 shell 的用户。仅 root 用户可以使用该选项。</td><td><code>sudo chsh -s /bin/zsh john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-h, --help</code></td><td>显示帮助信息。</td><td><code>chsh -h</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>Shell</th><th>描述</th><th>主要特性</th><th>适用场景</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>sh</code></td><td>Bourne Shell，最早的 UNIX Shell。</td><td>基本命令解释器，轻量，标准 UNIX Shell</td><td>传统 UNIX 系统，基础脚本编写</td></tr><tr><td><code>bash</code></td><td>Bourne Again Shell，最常用的 Shell，向后兼容 <code>sh</code>。</td><td>强大的脚本功能，命令行编辑，历史记录，命令补全</td><td>日常使用，脚本编写，系统管理员使用</td></tr><tr><td><code>csh</code></td><td>C Shell，语法类似 C 语言。</td><td>C 语言风格语法，别名，历史记录</td><td>喜欢 C 语言语法的用户，脚本编写</td></tr><tr><td><code>tcsh</code></td><td><code>csh</code> 的改进版本，增加了一些用户友好功能。</td><td>增强的命令行编辑，命令补全，语法高亮</td><td>改进的 C Shell 用户，交互式使用</td></tr><tr><td><code>ksh</code></td><td>Korn Shell，结合了 <code>sh</code> 和 <code>csh</code> 的优点。</td><td>丰富的编程特性，数组处理，命令行编辑</td><td>高级脚本编写，系统管理员使用</td></tr><tr><td><code>zsh</code></td><td>Z Shell，功能强大且灵活，支持许多高级特性。</td><td>强大的命令补全，插件系统，主题支持，多行命令编辑</td><td>高级用户，脚本编写，开发人员</td></tr><tr><td><code>fish</code></td><td>Friendly Interactive Shell，用户友好的 Shell。</td><td>人性化提示，智能命令补全，颜色高亮，简易配置</td><td>新手用户，日常使用，用户友好环境</td></tr><tr><td><code>dash</code></td><td>Debian Almquist Shell，轻量级的 <code>sh</code> 实现。</td><td>轻量快速，标准兼容，资源占用低</td><td>系统启动脚本，嵌入式系统，资源受限环境</td></tr><tr><td><code>ash</code></td><td>Almquist Shell，另一个轻量级的 <code>sh</code> 实现。</td><td>轻量快速，标准兼容，资源占用低</td><td>嵌入式系统，资源受限环境，轻量级需求</td></tr><tr><td><code>rbash</code></td><td>Restricted Bash，限制版的 <code>bash</code>。</td><td>限制用户执行某些命令，增强安全性</td><td>受限用户环境，安全要求高的场景</td></tr><tr><td><code>scponly</code></td><td>限制用户只能使用 <code>scp</code> 命令。</td><td>限制用户只进行 SCP 操作，增强安全性</td><td>安全文件传输环境，受限用户访问</td></tr><tr><td><code>nologin</code></td><td>禁止用户登录 Shell，但允许 FTP 等非交互式服务。</td><td>禁止交互登录，显示消息，安全性控制</td><td>禁止交互登录的用户，提供非交互服务</td></tr><tr><td><code>git-shell</code></td><td>专为 Git 用户设计的 Shell，限制用户只能执行 Git 命令。</td><td>限制用户只能使用 Git 命令，增强代码管理安全性</td><td>Git 服务器环境，限制用户操作，代码管理服务器</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="chage">Chage<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#chage" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>chage</code> （change age）命令用于更改用户密码的有效期和过期信息。系统管理员可以通过 <code>chage</code> 命令来设置用户密码的到期时间、警告时间和账户失效时间等，从而增强系统的安全性。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 查看用户密码信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chage</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -l</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> john</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-d, --lastday LAST_DAY</code></td><td>设置用户密码最后一次更改的日期。日期格式为 YYYY-MM-DD。</td><td><code>sudo chage -d 2024-08-05 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-E, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE</code></td><td>设置账户过期日期。日期格式为 YYYY-MM-DD。</td><td><code>sudo chage -E 2024-12-31 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-I, --inactive INACTIVE</code></td><td>设置密码过期后多少天账户变为不活跃状态。</td><td><code>sudo chage -I 30 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-m, --mindays MIN_DAYS</code></td><td>设置密码的最短使用期限（两次修改密码之间最少要间隔的天数）。</td><td><code>sudo chage -m 7 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-M, --maxdays MAX_DAYS</code></td><td>设置密码的最长使用期限（密码过期前的最大天数）。</td><td><code>sudo chage -M 90 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-W, --warndays WARN_DAYS</code></td><td>设置密码过期前警告用户的天数。</td><td><code>sudo chage -W 7 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-l, --list</code></td><td>显示用户密码和账户的过期信息。</td><td><code>sudo chage -l john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-h, --help</code></td><td>显示帮助信息。</td><td><code>chage -h</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<p><em>日期格式应为 YYYY-MM-DD，如果不指定具体日期，可以使用 <code>-1</code> 表示永不过期。</em></p>
|
||
<h4 id="passwd">Passwd<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#passwd" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>passwd</code> （password）命令是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，用于更改用户的密码或口令。默认情况下，每个 Linux 用户都有一个口令或密码来保护其账户的安全性。<code>passwd</code> 命令可用于更改密码或口令。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 更改当前用户的</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">passwd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 更改其他用户的密码</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">passwd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> john</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-d, --delete</code></td><td>删除用户的密码，使账户不需要密码即可登录。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -d john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-e, --expire</code></td><td>使用户密码立即过期，强制用户在下次登录时更改密码。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -e john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-i, --inactive INACTIVE</code></td><td>设置密码过期后账户被禁用前的天数。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -i 30 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-k, --keep-tokens</code></td><td>仅更新有效期信息而不更改密码。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -k john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-l, --lock</code></td><td>锁定用户密码，禁用账户。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -l john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-S, --status</code></td><td>显示账户的密码状态信息。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -S john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-u, --unlock</code></td><td>解锁用户密码，启用账户。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -u john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-x, --maxdays MAX_DAYS</code></td><td>设置密码的最大使用期限（天）。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -x 90 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-n, --mindays MIN_DAYS</code></td><td>设置密码的最小使用期限（天）。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -n 7 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-w, --warndays WARN_DAYS</code></td><td>设置密码过期前的警告天数。</td><td><code>sudo passwd -w 7 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-q, --quiet</code></td><td>安静模式，不输出任何信息。</td><td><code>passwd -q</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="usermod">Usermod<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#usermod" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>usermod</code>（user modify）命令是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，用于修改用户的属性或配置。<code>usermod</code> 命令允许您更改现有用户的用户名、UID、主目录、默认 shell 等信息，还可以将用户添加到其他用户组中。</p>
|
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-c, --comment COMMENT</code></td><td>修改用户的注释字段。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -c "John Smith" john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-d, --home HOME_DIR</code></td><td>修改用户的主目录，并将目录内容移至新位置（使用 <code>-m</code> 选项）。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -d /home/newjohn -m john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE</code></td><td>设置用户帐户的过期日期。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -e 2024-12-31 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-f, --inactive INACTIVE</code></td><td>设置密码过期后多少天账户变为不活跃状态。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -f 30 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-g, --gid GROUP</code></td><td>修改用户的主用户组。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -g staff john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-G, --groups GROUPS</code></td><td>修改用户所属的附加组。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -G staff,developer john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-a, --append</code></td><td>将用户添加到附加组（与 <code>-G</code> 选项一起使用）。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -a -G sudo john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-l, --login NEW_LOGIN</code></td><td>修改用户的登录名。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -l newjohn john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-L, --lock</code></td><td>锁定用户密码，禁用账户。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -L john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-U, --unlock</code></td><td>解锁用户密码，启用账户。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -U john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-s, --shell SHELL</code></td><td>修改用户的登录 shell。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -s /bin/zsh john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-u, --uid UID</code></td><td>修改用户的用户 ID（UID）。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -u 1001 john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-p, --password PASSWORD</code></td><td>修改用户的加密密码。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -p password_hash john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-m, --move-home</code></td><td>将用户的主目录内容移动到新位置（与 <code>-d</code> 选项一起使用）。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -d /home/newjohn -m john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-o, --non-unique</code></td><td>允许分配重复的 UID（与 <code>-u</code> 选项一起使用）。</td><td><code>sudo usermod -o -u 1001 john</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h3 id="删除">删除<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#删除" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="userdel">Userdel<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#userdel" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>userdel</code>（User Delete）命令是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，用于删除现有用户帐户。默认情况下，<code>userdel</code> 命令仅删除用户的帐户，而不删除用户的主目录和邮件箱。如果需要删除用户的主目录和邮件箱，可以使用 <code>-r</code> 选项。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>删除用户前的检查</strong>：在删除用户之前，应检查用户是否拥有任何正在运行的进程，并终止这些进程。可以使用 <code>ps -u username</code> 命令查看用户的进程。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>备份重要数据</strong>：在删除用户及其主目录之前，建议备份用户的重要数据，以防止数据丢失。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>SELinux 用户映射</strong>：如果系统启用了 SELinux，并且为用户分配了 SELinux 用户映射，可以使用 <code>-Z</code> 选项删除该映射。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>删除用户后</strong>：删除用户后，应检查并清理与该用户相关的任何残留文件或配置，以确保系统的一致性和安全性。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除一个用户</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> userdel</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> john</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-f, --force</code></td><td>强制删除用户账户，即使用户当前正在登录。</td><td><code>sudo userdel -f john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-r, --remove</code></td><td>删除用户的主目录及其邮件池。</td><td><code>sudo userdel -r john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-Z, --selinux-user</code></td><td>删除用户的 SELinux 用户映射。</td><td><code>sudo userdel -Z john</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h2 id="用户组">用户组<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#用户组" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="创建-1">创建<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#创建-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="groupadd">Groupadd<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#groupadd" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>groupadd</code> 命令是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，用于创建新的用户组。管理员用户（如 root 用户）可以使用 <code>groupadd</code> 命令创建新组。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建一个新组</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> groupadd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newgroup</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-f, --force</code></td><td>强制操作，如果组已存在则不报错。如果组不存在则创建新组。</td><td><code>sudo groupadd -f developers</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-g, --gid GID</code></td><td>指定新组的组 ID。</td><td><code>sudo groupadd -g 1001 developers</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-K, --key KEY=VALUE</code></td><td>覆盖 <code>/etc/login.defs</code> 文件中的设置。</td><td><code>sudo groupadd -K GID_MIN=1000 developers</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-o, --non-unique</code></td><td>允许创建具有重复 GID 的组。</td><td><code>sudo groupadd -o -g 1001 developers</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-r, --system</code></td><td>创建一个系统组。</td><td><code>sudo groupadd -r sysgroup</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h3 id="管理-1">管理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#管理-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="groups">Groups<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#groups" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>groups</code> 命令是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，用于显示当前用户所属的用户组。如果没有指定用户名，则 <code>groups</code> 命令将显示当前用户所属的用户组。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 显示当前用户所属的用户组</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">groups</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 显示指定用户所属的用户组</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">groups</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> john</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h4 id="gpasswd">Gpasswd<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#gpasswd" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>gpasswd</code> （group password）命令是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，用于管理用户组的密码和成员列表。管理员用户（如 root 用户）可以使用 <code>gpasswd</code> 命令来添加或删除用户组的成员，或者设置或删除用户组的密码。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 设置组密码</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> gpasswd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newgroup</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-a, --add user</code></td><td>将用户添加到组中。</td><td><code>sudo gpasswd -a john developers</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-d, --delete user</code></td><td>从组中删除用户。</td><td><code>sudo gpasswd -d john developers</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-r, --remove</code></td><td>删除组密码。</td><td><code>sudo gpasswd -r developers</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-R, --restrict</code></td><td>禁用组密码，只有组管理员可以使用 <code>newgrp</code> 命令。</td><td><code>sudo gpasswd -R developers</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-A, --administrators user,...</code></td><td>设置组管理员。</td><td><code>sudo gpasswd -A admin1,admin2 developers</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-M, --members user,...</code></td><td>设置组成员，覆盖现有成员。</td><td><code>sudo gpasswd -M john,doe developers</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="groupmod">Groupmod<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#groupmod" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>groupmod</code> （group modify）命令是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，用于修改已有用户组的属性，例如组 ID、组名称和组密码等。管理员用户（如 root 用户）可以使用 <code>groupmod</code> 命令来更改用户组的属性。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 修改组名</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> groupmod</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -n</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newname</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> oldname</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-g, --gid GID</code></td><td>将组的 GID 设置为指定的值。</td><td><code>sudo groupmod -g 1001 newgroup</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-n, --new-name NEW_GROUP</code></td><td>将组的名称更改为指定的名称。</td><td><code>sudo groupmod -n newgroup2 newgroup</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-o, --non-unique</code></td><td>允许使用非唯一 GID 创建组。</td><td><code>sudo groupmod -o newgroup</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-p, --password PASSWORD</code></td><td>将组密码设置为指定的密码。</td><td><code>sudo groupmod -p mypassword newgroup</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h3 id="删除-1">删除<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#删除-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<h4 id="groupdel">Groupdel<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#groupdel" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>groupdel</code> （group delete）是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，用于删除一个用户组。删除用户组时，系统会自动将该组的所有成员从该组中删除，并将文件和目录中的组 ID 更改为其他组。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除一个用户组</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> groupdel</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newgroup</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-f, --force</code></td><td>强制删除用户组，即使该组仍有成员。</td><td><code>sudo groupdel -f newgroup</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-h, --help</code></td><td>显示命令帮助信息。</td><td><code>groupdel -h</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-R, --root CHROOT_DIR</code></td><td>在指定的 chroot 环境中运行命令。</td><td><code>sudo groupdel --root /mnt/newroot newgroup</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-v, --verbose</code></td><td>显示命令详细输出。</td><td><code>sudo groupdel -v newgroup</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h2 id="root-超级用户">Root 超级用户<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#root-超级用户" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
||
<p>在 Linux 系统中，root 是超级用户，具有完全的系统管理权限。root 用户可以执行任何命令，并访问系统中的所有文件和资源。在默认情况下，root 用户的密码是空的，因此在安全性方面需要额外注意。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="su">Su<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#su" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>su</code>（switch user）命令是 Linux 系统中的一个命令行工具，它允许您在不注销当前用户的情况下切换到其他用户帐户。默认情况下，<code>su</code> 命令切换到超级用户帐户（root）。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>使用 <code>sudo</code> 代替 <code>su</code></strong>：在许多现代系统中，推荐使用 <code>sudo</code> 命令来代替 <code>su</code>，以提供更细粒度的权限控制和审计功能。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>登录环境</strong>：使用 <code>-l</code> 或 <code>-</code> 选项时，<code>su</code> 命令会模拟用户完整的登录过程，包括加载用户的 shell 配置文件（如 <code>.bash_profile</code>、<code>.profile</code> 等）。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>环境变量</strong>：默认情况下，<code>su</code> 命令会重置环境变量，以匹配目标用户的环境。使用 <code>-m</code> 或 <code>-p</code> 选项可以保留当前的环境变量。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>权限要求</strong>：切换到其他用户身份通常需要输入目标用户的密码。切换到 root 用户身份需要输入 root 用户的密码。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>安全性</strong>：尽量使用 <code>su</code> 命令时指定 <code>-</code> 选项，以确保切换到目标用户的完整环境，减少潜在的权限问题。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 默认切换 root</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">su</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 切换到 debian</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">su</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> debian</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
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|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-</code></td><td>切换到目标用户的登录环境，相当于 <code>-l</code> 选项。</td><td><code>su -</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-l, --login</code></td><td>切换到目标用户的登录环境。</td><td><code>su -l john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-c, --command COMMAND</code></td><td>执行指定的命令，然后退出。</td><td><code>su -c 'ls /root'</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-s, --shell SHELL</code></td><td>使用指定的 shell 而不是目标用户的默认 shell。</td><td><code>su -s /bin/bash john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-m, --preserve-environment</code></td><td>保留当前环境变量而不是重置它们。</td><td><code>su -m john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-p</code></td><td>保留当前环境变量（等同于 <code>-m</code> 选项）。</td><td><code>su -p john</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-h, --help</code></td><td>显示帮助信息。</td><td><code>su -h</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-v, --version</code></td><td>显示版本信息。</td><td><code>su -v</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h3 id="sudo">Sudo<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#sudo" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p>在 Unix 和类 Unix 系统中，<code>sudo</code> 是一个强大的工具，允许普通用户以超级用户（root）的权限来执行特定的命令或访问受限资源。<code>sudo</code> 命令的行为由一个配置文件定义，这个文件通常称为 <code>sudoers</code> 文件。</p>
|
||
<p><code>sudoers</code> 文件位于 <code>/etc/sudoers</code> 或 <code>/etc/sudoers.d</code> 目录中，只有超级用户（root）有权限进行编辑。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>谨慎编辑 <code>sudoers</code> 文件</strong>：对 <code>sudoers</code> 文件的修改应当谨慎进行，并且建议使用 <code>visudo</code> 命令来编辑，以确保语法正确并避免意外的访问限制。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>安全性</strong>：在使用 <code>sudo</code> 命令时，应确保只有可信任的用户和命令被授权，以防止潜在的安全漏洞。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>审计和记录</strong>：<code>sudo</code> 命令的使用会被记录在 <code>/var/log/auth.log</code> 文件中，管理员可以通过该日志进行审计和监控。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Sudoers 文件示例</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 允许 `sudo` 组的成员以任何用户身份（ALL:ALL）执行任何命令（ALL）。</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">%sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ALL=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">ALL:ALL</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ALL</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 允许 `admin` 组的成员以任何用户身份（ALL:ALL）执行任何命令（ALL）。</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">%admin</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ALL=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">ALL:ALL</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ALL</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 允许 `root` 用户以任何用户身份（ALL:ALL）执行任何命令（ALL）。</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ALL=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">ALL:ALL</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ALL</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 允许 `sudo` 组的成员以任何用户身份（ALL:ALL）执行任何命令（ALL），并且无需输入密码（NOPASSWD）。</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">%sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ALL=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">ALL:ALL</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">NOPASSWD:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ALL</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h4 id="语法格式">语法格式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#语法格式" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">user/group</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> hosts=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">users:groups</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">commands</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>项目</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>user/group</code></td><td>指定用户或用户组，可以使用用户名或组名。</td></tr><tr><td><code>hosts</code></td><td>指定可以使用 <code>sudo</code> 命令的主机列表，可以是主机名、IP 地址或特殊的通配符。</td></tr><tr><td><code>users:groups</code></td><td>指定要执行命令的用户和组，以冒号分隔。</td></tr><tr><td><code>commands</code></td><td>指定允许执行的命令。</td></tr><tr><td><code>ALL</code></td><td>表示匹配所有主机、用户或命令。</td></tr><tr><td><code>NOPASSWD</code></td><td>表示无需输入密码。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h4 id="使用-sudo-命令创建-sudo-用户">使用 <code>sudo</code> 命令创建 <code>sudo</code> 用户<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用-sudo-命令创建-sudo-用户" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 1. 创建用户</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> adduser</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> username</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 2. 将用户添加到 sudo 组</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> usermod</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -aG</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> username</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 3. 检查用户是否已成功添加到 sudo 组</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">groups</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> username</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 4. 确认用户可以使用 sudo 命令</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -l</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -U</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> username</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
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||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-u, --user USER</code></td><td>指定要切换到的用户。</td><td><code>sudo -u user1 ls -l</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-g, --group GROUP</code></td><td>指定要切换到的组。</td><td><code>sudo -g group1 ls -l</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-k, --reset-timestamp</code></td><td>重置 <code>sudo</code> 命令的时间戳。</td><td><code>sudo -k</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-v, --validate</code></td><td>验证 <code>sudo</code> 命令的权限，但不执行任何命令。</td><td><code>sudo -v</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-l, --list [COMMAND]</code></td><td>显示 <code>sudo</code> 命令当前用户的授权信息，或显示指定命令的授权信息。</td><td><code>sudo -l</code> 或 <code>sudo -l /usr/bin/apt-get</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-h, --help</code></td><td>显示 <code>sudo</code> 命令的帮助信息。</td><td><code>sudo -h</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-V, --version</code></td><td>显示 <code>sudo</code> 命令的版本信息。</td><td><code>sudo -V</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h3 id="newusers">Newusers<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#newusers" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>newusers</code> 是一个 Linux 系统命令，用于批量创建新的用户账号。该命令可以从指定的文件中读取一组用户信息，并自动创建这些用户账号，设置相应的密码、主目录和 shell。</p>
|
||
<h4 id="语法格式-1">语法格式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#语法格式-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<p><code>newusers</code> 命令从指定的文件中读取用户信息，每行包括以下字段，字段间用冒号分隔：</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="text" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="text" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span>用户名:密码:用户ID:主组ID:注释字段:主目录:默认shell</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>用户名：新用户的登录名。</li>
|
||
<li>密码：用户的密码，通常以加密格式存储。</li>
|
||
<li>用户 ID（UID）：新用户的用户标识符。</li>
|
||
<li>主组 ID（GID）：新用户的主组标识符。</li>
|
||
<li>注释字段：用户的全名或其他描述信息。</li>
|
||
<li>主目录：用户的主目录路径。</li>
|
||
<li>默认 shell：用户登录时的默认 shell。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4 id="使用-newusers-批量创建">使用 Newusers 批量创建<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用-newusers-批量创建" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">--------------------</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> user.txt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --------------------</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">user1:x:1001:1001:User</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> One:/home/user1:/bin/bash</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">user2:x:1002:1002:User</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Two:/home/user2:/bin/bash</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">user3:x:1003:1003:User</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Three:/home/user3:/bin/bash</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">--------------------------------------------------</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 读取 user.txt 批量创建用户</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">newusers</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> user.txt</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-u, --uid</code></td><td>指定起始用户 ID</td><td><code>newusers -u 1000 users.txt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-g, --gid</code></td><td>指定起始组 ID</td><td><code>newusers -g 1000 users.txt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-c, --comment</code></td><td>指定用户的注释信息</td><td><code>newusers -c "User One" users.txt</code>, <code>newusers --comment "User One" users.txt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-s, --shell</code></td><td>指定新用户的默认 shell</td><td><code>newusers -s /bin/bash users.txt</code>, <code>newusers --shell /bin/bash users.txt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-H, --no-create-home</code></td><td>禁止创建用户主目录</td><td><code>newusers -H users.txt</code>, <code>newusers --no-create-home users.txt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-N, --no-user-group</code></td><td>禁止创建与用户名同名的主组</td><td><code>newusers -N users.txt</code>, <code>newusers --no-user-group users.txt</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h3 id="chpasswd">Chpasswd<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#chpasswd" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>chpasswd</code> 命令用于批量修改用户的密码，可以一次性修改多个用户的密码，而不需要逐个输入密码。它可以从标准输入、文件或命令行参数中读取用户密码信息，并将其应用于指定的用户账户。</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>文件安全</strong>：文件中包含敏感信息（用户密码），应妥善保管并确保其权限设置正确，以防止未经授权的访问。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>加密格式</strong>：如果密码已加密，确保使用 <code>-e</code> 选项。否则，密码将被视为明文并重新加密。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>权限要求</strong>：<code>chpasswd</code> 命令需要管理员权限，通常通过 <code>sudo</code> 命令运行。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>密码复杂性</strong>：在更新密码时，建议使用复杂密码，包括大小写字母、数字和特殊字符，以提高账户的安全性。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4 id="语法格式-2">语法格式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#语法格式-2" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="text" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="text" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span>user1:password1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span>user2:password2</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h4 id="使用-chpasswd-批量更改">使用 Chpasswd 批量更改<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用-chpasswd-批量更改" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">--------------------</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> users.txt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --------------------</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">user1:password1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">user2:password2</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">--------------------------------------------------</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 将 user1 的密码修改为 password1</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">echo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'user1:password1'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> chpasswd</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 批量更新，使用 md5 加密方式</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chpasswd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -m</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> <</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> users.txt</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-e, --encrypted</code></td><td>指定密码已加密</td><td><code>chpasswd -e < users.txt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-h, --help</code></td><td>显示帮助信息并退出</td><td><code>chpasswd --help</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-m, --md5</code></td><td>指定密码以 MD5 格式加密</td><td><code>chpasswd -m < users.txt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-c, --crypt-method</code></td><td>指定密码加密方法</td><td><code>chpasswd --crypt-method SHA512 < users.txt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-R, --root</code></td><td>以 root 权限运行命令</td><td><code>sudo chpasswd --root</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-u, --update</code></td><td>仅更新现有用户的密码</td><td><code>chpasswd -u < users.txt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-I, --inactive</code></td><td>指定密码失效时间，单位为天</td><td><code>chpasswd --inactive 7 < users.txt</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h3 id="pwckgrpck">pwck、grpck<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pwckgrpck" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>pwck</code>（Password Check）和 <code>grpck</code>（Group Check）命令是 Linux 系统中用于检查 <code>/etc/passwd</code>、<code>/etc/shadow</code> 和 <code>/etc/group</code> 等文件的格式和完整性的工具。这些命令可以帮助系统管理员查找和修复这些文件中的错误，以确保系统的安全性和稳定性。</p>
|
||
<p>在执行 <code>pwck</code> 或 <code>grpck</code> 之前，建议备份 <code>/etc/passwd</code>、<code>/etc/shadow</code>、<code>/etc/group</code> 和 <code>/etc/gshadow</code> 文件，以防止误操作导致数据丢失。</p>
|
||
<p><strong>用户配置文件：</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>用户配置文件</strong>：<code>/etc/passwd</code> 文件是 Linux 系统中存储用户信息的文件之一，包含每个用户的用户名、用户 ID、主目录、登录 shell 等信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>用户密码配置文件</strong>：<code>/etc/shadow</code> 文件是 Linux 系统中存储用户密码信息的文件之一，包含每个用户的密码哈希值、最后一次更改密码的日期等信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>用户组配置文件</strong>：<code>/etc/group</code> 文件是 Linux 系统中存储用户组信息的文件之一，包含每个用户组的名称、组 ID 和组成员列表等信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>用户组密码配置文件</strong>：<code>/etc/gshadow</code> 文件是 Linux 系统中存储用户组密码信息的文件之一，包含每个用户组的密码哈希值、管理员列表和成员列表等信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>默认配置文件</strong>：<code>/etc/login.defs</code> 文件是 Linux 系统中存储默认登录选项的文件之一，包含默认的密码长度、最大尝试登录次数等信息。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>配置文件</strong>：<code>/etc/adduser.conf</code> 文件是 Linux 系统中存储新用户默认配置选项的文件之一，包含新用户的默认主目录、默认 shell 等信息。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>-r, --root DIR</code></td><td>指定要检查的根目录</td><td><code>pwck/grpck -r /mnt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-s, --silent</code></td><td>安静模式，只输出错误信息</td><td><code>pwck/grpck -s /etc/passwd /etc/shadow</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-q, --quiet</code></td><td>安静模式，不输出信息</td><td><code>pwck/grpck -q /etc/passwd /etc/group</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>-n, --nocheck</code></td><td>不检查用户主目录和组文件</td><td><code>pwck/grpck -n /etc/passwd /etc/shadow</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<h3 id="pwconvpwunconvgrpconvgrpunconv">pwconv、pwunconv、grpconv、grpunconv<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pwconvpwunconvgrpconvgrpunconv" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>pwconv</code>（Password Conversion）、<code>pwunconv</code>（Password unConversion）、<code>grpconv</code>（Group Conversion）和 <code>grpunconv</code>（Group unConversion） 命令是 Linux 系统中的工具，用于转换密码文件和组文件的格式。它们帮助系统管理员将 <code>/etc/passwd</code>、<code>/etc/shadow</code> 和 <code>/etc/group</code> 等文件的格式进行转换或恢复，从而提高系统的安全性和管理效率。</p>
|
||
<p><strong>作用和用途：</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong><code>pwconv</code> 命令</strong>：将 <code>/etc/passwd</code> 和 <code>/etc/shadow</code> 文件的格式从标准格式（包括用户名、密码和 UID 等信息）转换为 shadow 格式（将密码单独存储在 <code>/etc/shadow</code> 文件中）。</li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>pwunconv</code> 命令</strong>：将 <code>/etc/passwd</code> 和 <code>/etc/shadow</code> 文件的格式从 shadow 格式转换为标准格式。</li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>grpconv</code> 命令</strong>：将 <code>/etc/group</code> 文件的格式从标准格式（包括组名、组密码和 GID 等信息）转换为 gshadow 格式（将组密码单独存储在 <code>/etc/gshadow</code> 文件中）。</li>
|
||
<li><strong><code>grpunconv</code> 命令</strong>：将 <code>/etc/group</code> 文件的格式从 gshadow 格式转换为标准格式。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>这些工具的用途包括但不限于：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>提高系统安全性</strong>：使用 shadow 格式将用户密码单独存储在 <code>/etc/shadow</code> 文件中，可以防止未经授权的用户访问密码信息，提高系统安全性。</li>
|
||
<li><strong>管理用户和组的身份验证</strong>：通过转换和恢复密码和组文件格式，可以更轻松地管理用户和组的身份验证信息，例如更改密码、添加或删除用户和组等操作。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="其他">其他<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#其他" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="w">W<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#w" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>w</code> 命令在 Unix 和 Unix 类操作系统中用于显示有关系统活动的信息。这个命令可以显示当前系统中登录的用户、他们所做的事情、从哪里登录、他们登录的时间以及系统负载等。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> w</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> 14:16:51</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> up</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 22:16,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> users,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> load</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> average:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 0.00,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 0.00,</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0.00</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">USER</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> TTY</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 来自</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> LOGIN@</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> IDLE</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> JCPU</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> PCPU</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> WHAT</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tty1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 二16</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 22:15m</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 0.16s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 0.05s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -bash</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 13:55</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 0.00s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 0.51s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 0.13s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> sshd:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> sevenwate</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [priv]</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h3 id="id">Id<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#id" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>id</code> 命令用于显示用户和用户组的标识信息。它可以用于查看当前用户或指定用户的 UID（用户标识符）、GID（组标识符）和所属用户组的名称。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwate@LinuxTest:~$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> id</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">用户id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">=1000</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">sevenwate</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) 组id=1000(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwate</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) 组=1000(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwate</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),24(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">cdrom</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),25(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">floppy</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),27(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),29(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">audio</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),30(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">dip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),44(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">video</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),46(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">plugdev</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),108(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netdev</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),1001(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">grpdemo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h3 id="whoami">Whoami<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#whoami" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>whoami</code> 命令用于显示当前登录用户的用户名。它是一个非常简单的命令，通常用于 shell 脚本和命令行中，以便在需要当前用户的用户名时快速获取它。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwate@LinuxTest:~$</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> whoami</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwate</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h3 id="last">Last<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#last" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>last</code> 命令在 Linux 中用于显示系统的登录记录。这个命令列出了系统登录和启动的详细信息，如登录用户、登录的 IP 地址、登录时间以及登录持续的时间。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> last</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Wed</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 31</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 13:55</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> still</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> logged</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> in</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Wed</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 31</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 11:07</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 11:21</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (00:14)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Wed</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 31</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 11:07</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 13:00</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (01:53)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Wed</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 31</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 10:55</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 11:04</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (00:09)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Wed</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 31</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 10:49</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 10:51</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (00:02)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Tue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 17:03</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 17:35</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (00:32)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Tue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:03</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:53</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (00:50)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Tue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:02</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:02</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (00:00)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Tue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:02</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:02</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (00:00)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Tue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:02</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:02</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (00:00)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tty1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Tue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:01</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> still</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> logged</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> in</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">reboot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> system</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> boot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 5.10.0-23-amd64</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Tue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:00</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> still</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> running</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line> </span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">wtmp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> begins</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Tue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> May</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 16:00:47</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2023</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h3 id="lastlog">Lastlog<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#lastlog" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
||
<p><code>lastlog</code> 命令用于查看所有用户最后一次登录的时间和登录的终端。这个命令检查 <code>/var/log/lastlog</code> 文件以确定每个用户的最后一次登录信息。此命令的输出包含用户名、最后登录的端口和最后登录的时间。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> lastlog</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">用户名</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 端口</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 来自</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 最后登录时间</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> **</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">从未登录过</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">**</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">……</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sevenwate</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pts/0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 172.17.0.100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 三</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 5月</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 31</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 13:55:15</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> +0800</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2023</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">newuser</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> **</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">从未登录过</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">**</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
<h2 id="创建用户示例">创建用户示例<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#创建用户示例" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
||
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
|
||
SwitchToRoot[切换到 root 用户]
|
||
SwitchToRoot --> CreateUser[创建新用户]
|
||
CreateUser --> SetPassword[设置新用户的密码]
|
||
SetPassword --> ChangeUserInfo{更新新用户信息?}
|
||
ChangeUserInfo -- Yes --> RunChfn[chfn]
|
||
ChangeUserInfo -- No --> AssignHomeDir{指定用户目录?}
|
||
RunChfn --> AssignHomeDir
|
||
AssignHomeDir -- Yes --> RunUseraddWithD[useradd -d]
|
||
AssignHomeDir -- No --> SetLoginShell{指定登录 shell?}
|
||
RunUseraddWithD --> SetLoginShell
|
||
SetLoginShell -- Yes --> RunUseraddWithS[useradd -s]
|
||
SetLoginShell -- No --> AddToExtraGroups{添加到额外的组?}
|
||
RunUseraddWithS --> AddToExtraGroups
|
||
AddToExtraGroups -- Yes --> RunUsermod[usermod -aG]
|
||
AddToExtraGroups -- No --> End(结束)
|
||
RunUsermod --> End
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>打开终端</strong>：快捷键 Ctrl+Alt+T 打开终端。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>切换到 root 用户</strong>：使用 <code>su -</code> 命令切换到 root 用户。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>使用 useradd 命令创建新用户</strong>：使用 <code>useradd</code> 命令和新用户的用户名来创建新用户。例如创建一个名为 <code>newuser</code> 的新用户：</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> useradd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>设置新用户的密码</strong>：使用 <code>passwd</code> 命令和新用户的用户名来设置密码。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> passwd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">新的</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 密码：</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">重新输入新的</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 密码：</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">passwd：已成功更新密码</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>更改新用户的信息</strong>（可选）：可以使用 <code>chfn</code> 命令更改新用户的全名、房间号、工作电话和家庭电话。</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chfn</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">正在改变</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 的用户信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">请输入新值，或直接敲回车键以使用默认值</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> 全名</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> []: newuser</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> 房间号码</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> []: 888</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> 工作电话</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> []: 18688888888</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> 家庭电话</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> []: 0371</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> 其它</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> []: </span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>给新用户分配家目录</strong>（可选）：默认情况下 <code>useradd</code> 命令会为新用户创建一个在 <code>/home</code> 下的家目录。<code>usermod</code> 可以使用 <code>-d</code> 选项为新用户指定一个不同的家目录。例如，指定 <code>newuser</code> 的家目录是 <code>/opt/newuser</code>：</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> usermod</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -d</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /opt/newuser</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -m</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>指定不同的登录 shell</strong>（可选）：<code>usermod</code> 可以使用 <code>-s</code> 选项指定一个不同的登录 shell。例如为 <code>newuser</code> 指定 <code>/bin/sbin/noligin</code> 作为登录 shell，你可以运行：</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 使用 usermod 命令</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> usermod</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /usr/bin/nologin</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 使用 chsh 命令</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /bin/bash</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>将新用户添加到一个或多个额外的组</strong>（可选）：可以使用 <code>usermod</code> 命令的 <code>-G</code> 选项将新用户添加到一个或多个额外的组。例如将 <code>newuser</code> 添加到 <code>sudo</code> 和 <code>users</code> 组，你可以运行：</p>
|
||
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> usermod</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -aG</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> sudo,users</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">用户id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">=1003</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">newuser</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) 组id=1003(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">newuser</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) 组=1003(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">newuser</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),27(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">),100(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">users</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 用户最终信息</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">root@LinuxTest:~#</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> cat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /etc/passwd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> grep</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> newuser</span></span>
|
||
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">newuser:x:1003:1003:newuser,888-1,18688888888,0371-88888888:/opt/newuser2:/usr/bin/nologin</span></span></code></pre></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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||
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||
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|
||
C8.958,41.595,7.549,41,6,41c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6s2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-1.035-0.263-2.009-0.726-2.86l12.829-12.829
|
||
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|
||
v-10.16c1.458-0.183,2.792-0.759,3.898-1.619l7.669,7.669C41.215,39.576,41,40.26,41,41c0,2.206,1.794,4,4,4s4-1.794,4-4
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||
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|
||
C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
|
||
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|
||
s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
|
||
s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#概述" data-for="概述">概述</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#设计原则" data-for="设计原则">设计原则</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#实现机制" data-for="实现机制">实现机制</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#权限管理" data-for="权限管理">权限管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#用户和权限的配置文件" data-for="用户和权限的配置文件">用户和权限的配置文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#安全性建议" data-for="安全性建议">安全性建议</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#用户" data-for="用户">用户</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#创建" data-for="创建">创建</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#管理" data-for="管理">管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#删除" data-for="删除">删除</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#用户组" data-for="用户组">用户组</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#创建-1" data-for="创建-1">创建</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#管理-1" data-for="管理-1">管理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#删除-1" data-for="删除-1">删除</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#root-超级用户" data-for="root-超级用户">Root 超级用户</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#su" data-for="su">Su</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#sudo" data-for="sudo">Sudo</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#newusers" 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