英语:语法基础
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- 字母
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- 音标
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tags:
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- 标签
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- 英语/口语
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author: 仲平
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date: 2023-12-10
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---
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Basics/english/语法基础.md
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---
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title: 语法基础
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description: 英语语法基础
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keywords:
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- 英语语法基础
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tags:
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- 英语/语法
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author: 仲平
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date: 2024-01-12
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---
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## 词性(Parts Of Speech)
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| 词性 (Parts of Speech) | 简拼 (Abbreviation) | 定义 (Definition) | 功能 (Function) | 例子 (Example) |
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| ---------------------- | ------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------- |
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| 名词 (Nouns) | n. | 表示人、地点、事物或概念。 | 作为主语或宾语。 | book, China, happiness |
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| 动词 (Verbs) | v. | 描述动作、状态或发生的事件。 | 构成句子的谓语,表示行为或状态。 | run, think, is, have |
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| 形容词 (Adjectives) | adj. | 用来描述或修饰名词。 | 位于名词前,提供额外信息,如大小、颜色、形状等。 | beautiful, tall, red |
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| 副词 (Adverbs) | adv. | 用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。 | 提供如何、何时、何地、何种程度等信息。 | quickly, very, well |
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| 代词 (Pronouns) | pron. | 用来替代名词,避免重复。 | 替代具体的名词。 | she, they, it, ours |
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| 介词 (Prepositions) | prep. | 表示事物之间的关系,常与名词或代词组合。 | 形成介词短语,表示时间、地点、方向、原因等。 | in, on, at, from |
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| 连词 (Conjunctions) | conj. | 用来连接单词、短语或句子。 | 连接句子成分,表示逻辑关系。 | and, but, because, if |
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| 感叹词 (Interjections) | int. | 用来表达强烈的情感或反应。 | 独立于句子结构,表达情感。 | wow, ouch, hey |
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### 名词(Nouns, n.)
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- 定义:表示人、地点、事物或概念。
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- 例子:在句子“**Tom** loves **coffee**.”(**汤姆**喜欢**咖啡**。)中,“Tom”和“coffee”都是名词,分别指一个人和一种饮料。
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### 动词(Verbs, v.)
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- 定义:描述动作、状态或发生的事件。
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- 例子:“She **runs** every morning.”(她每天早上都去**跑步**。)这里,“runs”是动词,描述了她的动作。
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### 形容词(Adjectives, adj.)
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- 定义:用来描述或修饰名词。
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- 例子:“The **beautiful** scenery.”(**美丽的**风景。)“beautiful”是形容词,修饰名词“scenery”。
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### 副词(Adverbs, adv.)
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- 定义:用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。
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- 例子:“He speaks **very** clearly.”(他说话**非常**清楚。)这里,“very”是副词,用来加强“clearly”这个副词。
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### 代词(Pronouns, pron.)
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- 定义:用来替代名词,避免重复。
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- 例子:“**She** is a writer.”(**她**是一名作家。)“She”代替了某个具体的女性名词。
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### 介词(Prepositions, prep.)
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- 定义:表示事物之间的关系,常与名词或代词组合。
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- 例子:“The book **on** the table.”(桌子上的书。)“on”是介词,表示书和桌子之间的空间关系。
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### 连词(Conjunctions, conj.)
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- 定义:用来连接单词、短语或句子。
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- 例子:“I like tea **and** coffee.”(我喜欢茶**和**咖啡。)“and”是连词,用来连接“tea”和“coffee”这两个词。
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### 感叹词(Interjections, int.)
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- 定义:用来表达强烈的情感或反应。
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- 例子:“**Wow**! This is amazing!”(**哇**!这太神奇了!)“Wow”是感叹词,表达了惊讶的情感。
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## 句子成分(Elements Of a Sentence)
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| 成分 (Element) | 定义 (Definition) | 功能 (Function) | 例子 (Example) |
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| ------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| 主语 (Subject) | 句子谈论的主体,通常是名词或代词。 | 表明句子是关于谁或什么的。 | “**The cat** sleeps.”(**猫**在睡觉。) |
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| 谓语 (Predicate) | 描述主语的动作或状态,通常包含动词。 | 说明主语做了什么或如何。 | “The cat **sleeps**.”(猫**在睡觉**。) |
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| 宾语 (Object) | 动作的接受者,通常跟在动词后面。 | 接受动作或与动作有关。 | “She likes **music**.”(她喜欢**音乐**。) |
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| 定语 (Attribute) | 修饰或描述名词的词或短语。 | 描述或限定名词。 | “The **red** apple.”(**红色的**苹果。) |
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| 状语 (Adverbial) | 提供关于动作发生的时间、地点、方式或原因的信息。 | 修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。 | “He sings **loudly**.”(他**大声地**唱歌。) |
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| 补语 (Complement) | 提供关于主语或宾语的额外信息。 | 完成、解释或补充主语或宾语。 | “He is **a teacher**.”(他是**一名教师**。) |
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| 同位语 (Appositive) | 通常紧跟在名词后面,对名词进行解释或补充。 | 详细说明或强调前面的名词。 | “My brother **Tom** is a teacher.”(我的兄弟**汤姆**是一名教师。) |
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| 表语 (Predicative) | 位于系动词(如 be, become, seem 等)之后,用于对主语进行说明或补充。 | 对主语进行补充说明,说明主语的性质或状态。 | “The sky becomes **dark**.”(天空变得**暗淡**。) |
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## 句子结构(Sentence Structure)
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[句子 Sentence] --> B[主语 Subject]
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A --> C[谓语 Predicate]
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C --> D[动词 Verb]
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C --> E[宾语 Object]
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C --> F[补语 Complement]
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B --> G[定语 Attribute]
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C --> H[状语 Adverbial]
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B --- I((名词或代词 Noun or Pronoun))
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E --- J((名词或代词 Noun or Pronoun))
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G --- K((形容词或短语 Adjective or Phrase))
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H --- L((副词或短语 Adverb or Phrase))
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```
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### 基本句型(Basic Sentence Structures)
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#### 简单句(Simple Sentences)
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简单句包含一个主语和一个谓语,表达一个完整的思想。
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> `"The dog barks."`(狗在叫。)
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[简单句 Simple Sentence] --> B[主语 Subject]
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A --> C[谓语 Predicate]
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B --> D[名词 Noun]
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C --> E[动词 Verb]
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D --> F["The dog"(狗)]
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E --> G["barks"(叫)]
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```
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#### 并列句(Compound Sentences)
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并列句由两个或更多的简单句通过并列连词(如 and, but)连接。
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> `"The dog barks, and the cat meows."`(狗在叫,而猫在喵喵叫。)
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[并列句 Compound Sentence] --> B[简单句 Simple Sentence 1]
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A -->|并列连词 Conjunction| C[简单句 Simple Sentence 2]
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B --> D["The dog barks"(狗在叫)]
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C --> E["The cat meows"(猫在喵喵叫)]
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```
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#### 复合句(Complex Sentences)
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复合句包含一个主句和至少一个从句。
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> `"When the dog barks, the cat hides."`(当狗叫时,猫就躲起来。)
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[复合句 Complex Sentence] --> B[主句 Main Clause]
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A --> C[从句 Subordinate Clause]
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B --> D["The cat hides"(猫躲起来)]
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C --> E["When the dog barks"(当狗叫时)]
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```
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#### 复合并列句(Compound-Complex Sentences)
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复合并列句包含至少两个主句和至少一个从句。
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> `"The dog barks, the cat hides, and the mouse runs away."`(狗在叫,猫躲起来,老鼠逃跑了。)
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[复合并列句 Compound-Complex Sentence] --> B[主句 Main Clause 1]
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A --> C[主句 Main Clause 2]
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A --> D[从句 Subordinate Clause]
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B --> E["The dog barks"(狗在叫)]
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C --> F["the cat hides"(猫躲起来)]
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D --> G["the mouse runs away"(老鼠逃跑了)]
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```
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### 从句类型(Types Of Clauses)
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| 句型类型 | 定义 | 能否独立存在 | 类型 |
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| ------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------- | ------------ | ------------------------------------ |
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| **主句(Main Clause)** | 能够独立存在,表达完整的意思。 | 是 | - |
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| **从句(Subordinate Clause)** | 不能独立存在,依赖主句来表达完整的意思。 | 否 | 名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句 |
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#### 名词性从句(Noun Clauses)
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名词性从句(Noun Clauses)在句子中充当名词的角色。
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> `"What you said is interesting."`(你所说的很有趣。)
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[名词性从句 Noun Clause] --> B[主句 Main Clause]
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B --> C["is interesting"(很有趣)]
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A --> D["What you said"(你所说的)]
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```
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#### 形容词性从句(Adjective Clauses)
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形容词性从句(Adjective Clauses)在句子中充当形容词的角色,通常跟随并修饰名词。
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> `"The book that I read was fascinating."`(我读的那本书很吸引人。)
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[形容词性从句 Adjective Clause] --> B[被修饰的名词 Modified Noun]
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B --> C["The book"(那本书)]
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A --> D["that I read"(我读的)]
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```
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#### 副词性从句(Adverbial Clauses)
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副词性从句(Adverbial Clauses)在句子中充当副词的角色,说明时间、地点、原因等。
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> `"I will call you when I arrive."`(我到达时会给你打电话。)
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```mermaid
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graph TD
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A[副词性从句 Adverbial Clause] --> B[主句 Main Clause]
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B --> C["I will call you"(我会给你打电话)]
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A --> D["when I arrive"(当我到达时)]
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```
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### 特殊语句
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#### 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences)
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感叹句用来表达强烈的感情或情绪,如惊讶、兴奋、快乐等。
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> `"What a beautiful day!"`(多么美丽的一天啊!)
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#### 祈使句(Imperative Sentences)
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祈使句用来发出命令、请求或建议。
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> `"Please close the door."`(请关门。)
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#### 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences)
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疑问句用来提问或询问信息。
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> `"Are you coming to the party?"`(你会来参加派对吗?)
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#### 倒装句(Inverted Sentences)
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倒装句中,主语和谓语的正常顺序被颠倒或改变。
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> `"Rarely have I seen such bravery."`(我很少见到这样的勇敢。)
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#### 省略句(Elliptical Sentences)
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省略句中省略了某些成分,但意思仍然清晰。
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> `"I can play piano, and she can too."`(我会弹钢琴,她也会。)
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#### 条件句(Conditional Sentences)
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条件句表达假设的情况及其可能的结果。
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> `"If it rains, we will stay home."`(如果下雨,我们就待在家里。)
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### 语序(Word Order)
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- 定义:标准的英语语序是主语 - 谓语 - 宾语(SVO)。
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- 例子:`"She (S) loves (V) music (O)."`(她喜欢音乐。)
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## 时态和语态(Tenses And Voice)
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| 时态 | 结构 | 用途 | 例子 |
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| ------------------ | -------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
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| **现在简单时** | do/does + 基本形式 | 表达习惯性动作、普遍真理 | She writes every day. |
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| **现在进行时** | am/is/are + 现在分词 | 表达正在进行的动作 | She is writing a letter now. |
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| **现在完成时** | have/has + 过去分词 | 表达过去发生的动作对现在的影响 | She has written a letter. |
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| **现在完成进行时** | have/has + been + 现在分词 | 表达从过去开始持续到现在的动作 | She has been writing a letter. |
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| **过去简单时** | did + 基本形式 | 表达过去某一具体时间的动作或状态 | She wrote a letter yesterday. |
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| **过去进行时** | was/were + 现在分词 | 表达过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 | She was writing a letter when I called. |
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| **过去完成时** | had + 过去分词 | 表达在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作 | She had written the letter by then. |
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| **过去完成进行时** | had + been + 现在分词 | 表达在过去某一时间点之前开始并持续的动作 | She had been writing a letter for an hour. |
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| **将来简单时** | will + 基本形式 | 表达将来的动作或状态 | She will write a letter tomorrow. |
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| **将来进行时** | will be + 现在分词 | 表达将来某一时刻正在进行的动作 | She will be writing a letter at 8 PM. |
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| **将来完成时** | will have + 过去分词 | 表达在将来某一时间点之前已经完成的动作 | She will have written the letter by noon. |
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| **将来完成进行时** | will have been + 现在分词 | 表达在将来某一时间点之前开始并持续的动作 | She will have been writing a letter for two hours. |
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### 语态
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| 语态 | 结构 | 用途 | 例子 |
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| ------------ | ------------------------------------ | ---------------- | --------------------------- |
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| **主动语态** | 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 | 表达主语执行动作 | She writes a letter. |
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| **被动语态** | 主语 + be动词 + 过去分词 + 由...进行 | 表达主语接受动作 | A letter is written by her. |
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## 直接与间接引语(Direct And Indirect Speech)
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直接引语和间接引语是英语中报告他人话语的两种方式,它们在使用时有明显的区别和转换规则。
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### 直接引语(Direct Speech)
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- **定义**:原样引用说话人的原话,通常放在引号内。
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- **用法**:用于报告说话人的具体言辞,保留原话的时态、人称和地点时间指示词。
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- **例子:**She said, "I am writing a letter."
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### 间接引语(Indirect Speech)
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- **定义**:转述说话人的话,不使用引号,并根据上下文调整时态、人称和指示词。
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- **用法**:用于报告说话内容的概述,需要根据主句的时态对从句的时态进行相应调整。
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- **转换规则:**
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- 时态后移(直接引语的现在时变为间接引语的过去时,过去时变为过去完成时等)。
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- 人称调整(根据上下文将第一人称转换为第三人称,第二人称根据情况转换)。
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- 指示词调整(如“today”变为“that day”,“now”变为“then”等)。
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- **例子:**
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- Direct: He said, "I will visit Paris tomorrow."
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- Indirect: He said that he would visit Paris the next day.
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## 条件句(Conditional Sentences)
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条件句用于表达一个条件以及该条件的结果。它们主要分为四种类型,每种类型用于表达不同程度的可能性。
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### 零条件句(Zero Conditional)
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- **用途**:表达普遍真理或自然规律。
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- **结构**:if + 现在简单时, 现在简单时。
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- **例子**:If water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
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### 第一条件句(First Conditional)
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- **用途**:表达将来可能发生的情况及其结果。
|
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- **结构**:if + 现在简单时, 将来简单时(will + 动词原形)。
|
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- **例子**:If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the trip.
|
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|
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### 第二条件句(Second Conditional)
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|
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- **用途**:表达不太可能发生的假设情况及其假设结果。
|
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- **结构**:if + 过去简单时, would + 动词原形。
|
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- **例子**:If I were a millionaire, I would buy a mansion.
|
||||
|
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### 第三条件句(Third Conditional)
|
||||
|
||||
- **用途**:表达过去未发生的假设情况及其假设结果。
|
||||
- **结构**:if + 过去完成时, would have + 过去分词。
|
||||
- **例子**:If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user