377 lines
412 KiB
HTML
377 lines
412 KiB
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<html><head><title>关系型数据库</title><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="关系型数据库"/><meta property="og:description" content="关系型数据库概述."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="关系型数据库概述."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><script async src="https://umami.7wate.com/script.js" data-website-id="c061efdc-95dd-4d21-9d04-a1ffda0a85b9"></script><script>
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<p>关系模型是一种理论模型,它用于描述和组织数据库中的数据。这种模型通过使用一系列表格来表示不同实体之间的关系,以及实体的属性。关系模型在数据库管理系统中广泛应用,它提供了一种结构化的方式来存储、管理和查询数据。</p>
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<h3 id="表的结构">表的结构<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#表的结构" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p><strong>关系模型的核心组成部分是表(或称为关系)</strong>,每个表都由一系列的行和列组成。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>行</strong>(也称为记录或元组):每一行代表数据库中的一个实体。</li>
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<li><strong>列</strong>(也称为属性):每一列代表实体的一个属性。</li>
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<li><strong>键</strong>:一个或多个列被标识为主键,用于唯一地标识每一行。
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<ul>
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<li>主键保证每个实体在表中的唯一性。</li>
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<li>外键则用于与其他表的主键相连接,建立表与表之间的关系。</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="数据查询语言">数据查询语言<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据查询语言" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>关系模型通常使用**结构化查询语言(SQL)**来执行查询和操作数据。SQL 是一种强大的语言,允许用户检索、插入、更新和删除数据。</p>
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<h3 id="实例示例">实例示例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#实例示例" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>以下是一个示例的学生表格,用于说明关系模型的结构:</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>学号(主键)</th><th>姓名</th><th>年龄</th><th>专业</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1001</td><td>张三</td><td>20</td><td>计算机科学</td></tr><tr><td>1002</td><td>李四</td><td>22</td><td>数学</td></tr><tr><td>1003</td><td>王五</td><td>21</td><td>物理</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p>在这个表中:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>每一行代表一个学生实体,具有唯一的学号。</li>
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<li>每一列代表学生的属性,如姓名、年龄和专业。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>通过这种结构,数据库管理系统可以轻松地存储和检索数据。例如,通过学号,你可以快速地找到特定学生的信息。</p>
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<h2 id="er-模型">ER 模型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#er-模型" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>**ER 模型(实体 - 关系模型)用于描述现实世界的关系。**这个模型以图形的形式表示数据的结构,有助于理解和构建复杂的数据结构。让我们通过一个实例来详细了解 ER 模型的各个组成部分。</p>
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<pre><code class="mermaid">erDiagram
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STUDENT ||--o{ ENROLLMENT : "enrolls"
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STUDENT ||--o{ TAKES : "takes"
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COURSE ||--o{ ENROLLMENT : "is enrolled in"
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COURSE ||--o{ TAKES : "is taken by"
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TEACHER ||--o{ TEACHES : "teaches"
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ENROLLMENT ||--o{ TAKES : "is taken in"
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TEACHER ||--o{ COURSE : "teaches"
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</code></pre>
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<h3 id="实体">实体<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#实体" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>实体表示<strong>可以独立存在的事物。</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>学生</strong>:每个学生都有姓名、年龄等属性。</li>
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<li><strong>课程</strong>:每门课程都有课程名、学分等属性。</li>
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<li><strong>教师</strong>:每个教师都有姓名、专业等属性。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="关系">关系<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#关系" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>关系模型中的关系有三种主要类型,它们描述了实体之间的不同类型的连接和联系。这些关系类型包括:</p>
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<h4 id="一对一关系one-to-one-relationship">一对一关系(One-to-One Relationship)<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#一对一关系one-to-one-relationship" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p>例如,考虑人和身份证之间的关系。每个人可能只有一个身份证号码,而一个身份证号码也只能与一个人相关联。</p>
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<h4 id="一对多关系one-to-many-relationship">一对多关系(One-to-Many Relationship)<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#一对多关系one-to-many-relationship" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p>例如,一个学校的教师和课程之间的关系就是一对多关系。每个教师可以教授多门课程,但每门课程只能由一个教师教授。</p>
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<h4 id="多对多关系many-to-many-relationship">多对多关系(Many-to-Many Relationship)<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#多对多关系many-to-many-relationship" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p>例如,学生和课程之间的关系就是多对多关系。一个学生可以选择多门课程,同时每门课程也可以被多个学生选择。</p>
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<h3 id="属性">属性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#属性" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>**属性描述实体或关系的特性,为数据提供更多的信息。**属性在数据库中对实体或关系的各个方面进行描述和标识,以便更好地管理和查询数据。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>学生</strong>:姓名、年龄等。</li>
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<li><strong>课程</strong>:课程名、学分等。</li>
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<li><strong>教师</strong>:姓名、专业等。</li>
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<li><strong>选课</strong>:选课日期等。</li>
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<li><strong>教授</strong>:授课地点等。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="数据库规范化">数据库规范化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据库规范化" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>数据库规范化是一种组织数据的技术,目的是减少冗余并避免不必要的复杂性。通过将数据分解成更小、更相关的部分,可以<strong>确保数据库的一致性、完整性和性能优化</strong>。规范化通常遵循一系列范式,每个范式都有特定的规则,有助于确保数据库设计的质量和效率。</p>
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<h3 id="第一范式1nf">第一范式(1NF)<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#第一范式1nf" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>**第一范式确保每个列保持原子性,即列中的每个值都是不可分割的单一值。**这有助于消除重复的数据并减少数据冗余。要达到第一范式,确保每个表中的每个列都只包含原子值,而不是包含多个值的列表或数组。</p>
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<p>例如,如果我们有一个存储学生和他们选修课程的表格:</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>学生 ID</th><th>姓名</th><th>选修课程</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1001</td><td>张三</td><td>数学, 物理</td></tr><tr><td>1002</td><td>李四</td><td>英语, 数学</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p>这就违反了第一范式,因为选修课程列包含了多个值。要修正这种情况,可以将每个选修课程拆分成单独的行:</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>学生 ID</th><th>姓名</th><th>选修课程</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1001</td><td>张三</td><td>数学</td></tr><tr><td>1001</td><td>张三</td><td>物理</td></tr><tr><td>1002</td><td>李四</td><td>英语</td></tr><tr><td>1002</td><td>李四</td><td>数学</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h3 id="第二范式2nf">第二范式(2NF)<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#第二范式2nf" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>**第二范式在满足第一范式的基础上,进一步移除部分依赖。**这意味着非主键列必须完全依赖于整个主键,而不仅仅是主键的一部分。为了达到第二范式,可以将表拆分成多个关联表,确保每个非主键属性只与一个候选键相关。</p>
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<p>例如,考虑一个存储订单和订单项的表格:</p>
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<p><strong>订单表:</strong></p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>订单 ID (PK)</th><th>顾客 ID</th><th>订单日期</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>001</td><td>1001</td><td>2023-08-01</td></tr><tr><td>002</td><td>1002</td><td>2023-08-02</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p><strong>订单项表:</strong></p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>订单 ID (PK, FK)</th><th>产品 ID (PK)</th><th>数量</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>001</td><td>101</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>001</td><td>102</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>002</td><td>101</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p>在这里,虽然订单表满足第一范式,但订单项表中的数量列部分依赖于订单 ID,而订单 ID 是主键的一部分。为了满足第二范式,我们可以将订单项表分为两个表格,一个是订单表,一个是订单项表。</p>
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<h3 id="第三范式3nf">第三范式(3NF)<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#第三范式3nf" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>**第三范式在满足第二范式的基础上,进一步移除所有传递依赖。**这意味着表中的每个非主键列都不能依赖于其他非主键列。为了达到第三范式,可以继续拆分表,确保每个非主键列都直接依赖于主键。</p>
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<p>例如,考虑一个存储学生选课信息的表格:</p>
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<p><strong>学生课程表:</strong></p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>学生 ID (PK)</th><th>课程 ID (PK)</th><th>学分</th><th>课程名称</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1001</td><td>101</td><td>3</td><td>数学</td></tr><tr><td>1001</td><td>102</td><td>4</td><td>物理</td></tr><tr><td>1002</td><td>101</td><td>3</td><td>数学</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
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<p>在这里,课程名称是根据课程 ID 直接得出的,因此存在传递依赖。为了满足第三范式,可以将课程名称拆分到一个独立的课程表中:</p>
|
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<p><strong>课程表:</strong></p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>课程 ID (PK)</th><th>课程名称</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>101</td><td>数学</td></tr><tr><td>102</td><td>物理</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
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<p><strong>学生课程表:</strong></p>
|
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<table><thead><tr><th>学生 ID (PK)</th><th>课程 ID (PK)</th><th>学分</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1001</td><td>101</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>1001</td><td>102</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>1002</td><td>101</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
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<p>这样就消除了学生课程表中的传递依赖,满足了第三范式的要求。</p>
|
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<h2 id="数据完整性和安全性">数据完整性和安全性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据完整性和安全性" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
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<h3 id="数据完整性">数据完整性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据完整性" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
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<p>**数据完整性是确保数据的准确性、一致性和有效性。**它是数据库设计和管理中的关键概念,以确保数据库中的数据始终保持正确的状态。以下是几个数据完整性的方面:</p>
|
|||
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<ul>
|
|||
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<li><strong>实体完整性</strong>:实体完整性要求每个表都应该有一个主键(唯一标识符),并且主键不允许为空或重复。这可以确保每个实体在数据库中都是唯一的,从而避免数据重复和冗余。</li>
|
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|
<li><strong>引用完整性</strong>:引用完整性是确保外键关系的准确性和一致性。外键是一个表中的列,它引用了另一个表的主键。引用完整性要求外键值必须对应于另一个表中的已存在的主键值,防止数据之间的不一致性。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>领域完整性</strong>:领域完整性是确保数据值在定义的范围内。例如,一个存储年龄的字段不应该接受负值或过大的值。通过定义合适的数据范围,可以避免无效的数据输入。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="数据安全性">数据安全性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据安全性" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>**数据安全性是保护数据库免受未经授权的访问、修改或泄露。**确保数据安全性对于保护用户隐私和敏感信息至关重要。以下是保障数据安全性的关键措施:</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>用户认证</strong>:用户认证是确认用户身份的过程。用户必须提供凭据(如用户名和密码)才能访问数据库。只有经过身份验证的用户才能执行操作。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>授权</strong>:授权是定义用户对数据库的访问权限。不同用户可能需要不同级别的权限,如读取、写入或管理员权限。授权可以避免未经授权的访问和潜在的数据泄露。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>加密</strong>:数据加密是通过将数据转换为不可读的形式,以保护数据的隐私。即使数据被盗,加密的数据也无法被轻易解读。在传输和存储数据时使用加密可以防止中间人攻击和数据泄露。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>审计和监控</strong>:定期审计数据库的活动和访问,以便发现异常或未经授权的操作。监控数据库的性能和安全性有助于及早发现问题并采取适当的措施。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>通过数据完整性和安全性的综合措施,数据库可以在保持数据的准确性和一致性的同时,确保数据不受到未经授权的访问或恶意操作的影响。这有助于建立稳定、可靠且可信赖的数据库系统。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
|
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|||
|
c0.74,0,1.424-0.215,2.019-0.567l7.669,7.669C21.634,21.458,21,23.154,21,25s0.634,3.542,1.688,4.897L10.024,42.562
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|||
|
C8.958,41.595,7.549,41,6,41c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6s2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-1.035-0.263-2.009-0.726-2.86l12.829-12.829
|
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|
c1.106,0.86,2.44,1.436,3.898,1.619v10.16c-2.833,0.478-5,2.942-5,5.91c0,3.309,2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-2.967-2.167-5.431-5-5.91
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v-10.16c1.458-0.183,2.792-0.759,3.898-1.619l7.669,7.669C41.215,39.576,41,40.26,41,41c0,2.206,1.794,4,4,4s4-1.794,4-4
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s-1.794-4-4-4c-0.74,0-1.424,0.215-2.019,0.567l-7.669-7.669C36.366,28.542,37,26.846,37,25s-0.634-3.542-1.688-4.897l9.665-9.665
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C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
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s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#关系模型" data-for="关系模型">关系模型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#表的结构" data-for="表的结构">表的结构</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据查询语言" data-for="数据查询语言">数据查询语言</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#实例示例" data-for="实例示例">实例示例</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#er-模型" data-for="er-模型">ER 模型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#实体" data-for="实体">实体</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#关系" data-for="关系">关系</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#属性" data-for="属性">属性</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#数据库规范化" data-for="数据库规范化">数据库规范化</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#第一范式1nf" data-for="第一范式1nf">第一范式(1NF)</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#第二范式2nf" data-for="第二范式2nf">第二范式(2NF)</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#第三范式3nf" data-for="第三范式3nf">第三范式(3NF)</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#数据完整性和安全性" data-for="数据完整性和安全性">数据完整性和安全性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据完整性" data-for="数据完整性">数据完整性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据安全性" data-for="数据安全性">数据安全性</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Basics","collapsed":true},{"path":"Basics/english","collapsed":true},{"path":"Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化/规范","collapsed&q
|
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|
function toggleCallout() {
|
|||
|
const outerBlock = this.parentElement;
|
|||
|
outerBlock.classList.toggle(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const collapsed = outerBlock.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const height = collapsed ? this.scrollHeight : outerBlock.scrollHeight;
|
|||
|
outerBlock.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
|
|||
|
let current = outerBlock;
|
|||
|
let parent = outerBlock.parentElement;
|
|||
|
while (parent) {
|
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|
if (!parent.classList.contains(`callout`)) {
|
|||
|
return;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
const collapsed2 = parent.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const height2 = collapsed2 ? parent.scrollHeight : parent.scrollHeight + current.scrollHeight;
|
|||
|
parent.style.maxHeight = height2 + `px`;
|
|||
|
current = parent;
|
|||
|
parent = parent.parentElement;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
function setupCallout() {
|
|||
|
const collapsible = document.getElementsByClassName(
|
|||
|
`callout is-collapsible`
|
|||
|
);
|
|||
|
for (const div of collapsible) {
|
|||
|
const title = div.firstElementChild;
|
|||
|
if (title) {
|
|||
|
title.removeEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
|
|||
|
title.addEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
|
|||
|
const collapsed = div.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const height = collapsed ? title.scrollHeight : div.scrollHeight;
|
|||
|
div.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
document.addEventListener(`nav`, setupCallout);
|
|||
|
window.addEventListener(`resize`, setupCallout);
|
|||
|
</script><script type="module">
|
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|
import mermaid from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid/dist/mermaid.esm.min.mjs';
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|
const darkMode = document.documentElement.getAttribute('saved-theme') === 'dark'
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|
mermaid.initialize({
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
});
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|
document.addEventListener('nav', async () => {
|
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|
await mermaid.run({
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|
querySelector: '.mermaid'
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|
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|
});
|
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