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<html><head><title>人体简史</title><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="人体简史"/><meta property="og:description" content="你的身体30亿岁了!一部从头讲到脚、从里讲到外、从30亿年前讲到今天的人体百科全书!翻开本书,从单细胞斑点讲起,看看30亿年来你的身体的进化史!全球销量超千万册的科普巨著《万物简史》作者比尔·布莱森重磅新作,被誉为“当今在世的最有趣的非虚构类作家”!人有几百万年前在树上睡觉的记忆,所以现在在床上睡觉也不会掉下来!只有人把空气和食物送往同一通道,所以生来容易被噎死!人的大脑比一万年前小了很多,但它30秒处理的信息比哈勃望远镜30年的还多!Y染色体可能在460万年后灭绝,但不用担心,男性并不会因此灭亡!癌症也是进化的代价,没有细胞的变异,人类就不会得癌症!《星期日泰晤士报》2019年度科普书! 登顶《星期日泰晤士报》图书畅销榜!雄踞《纽约时报》图书畅销榜18周之久!提名《华盛顿邮报》2019年度图书!入围2019年爱德华·威尔逊科学写作奖长名单!翻开本书,从单细胞斑点讲起,看看30亿年来你的身体的进化史!."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="你的身体30亿岁了!一部从头讲到脚、从里讲到外、从30亿年前讲到今天的人体百科全书!翻开本书,从单细胞斑点讲起,看看30亿年来你的身体的进化史!全球销量超千万册的科普巨著《万物简史》作者比尔·布莱森重磅新作,被誉为“当今在世的最有趣的非虚构类作家”!人有几百万年前在树上睡觉的记忆,所以现在在床上睡觉也不会掉下来!只有人把空气和食物送往同一通道,所以生来容易被噎死!人的大脑比一万年前小了很多,但它30秒处理的信息比哈勃望远镜30年的还多!Y染色体可能在460万年后灭绝,但不用担心,男性并不会因此灭亡!癌症也是进化的代价,没有细胞的变异,人类就不会得癌症!《星期日泰晤士报》2019年度科普书! 登顶《星期日泰晤士报》图书畅销榜!雄踞《纽约时报》图书畅销榜18周之久!提名《华盛顿邮报》2019年度图书!入围2019年爱德华·威尔逊科学写作奖长名单!翻开本书,从单细胞斑点讲起,看看30亿年来你的身体的进化史!."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><script async src="https://umami.7wate.com/script.js" data-website-id="c061efdc-95dd-4d21-9d04-a1ffda0a85b9"></script><script>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>书名</strong>:《人体简史》</li>
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<li><strong>作者</strong>: 比尔·布莱森</li>
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<li><strong>分类</strong>: 社会文化-社科</li>
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<li><strong>ISBN</strong>:9787549631780</li>
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<li><strong>出版社</strong>:文汇出版社</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="概述">概述<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#概述" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>你的身体30亿岁了!一部从头讲到脚、从里讲到外、从30亿年前讲到今天的人体百科全书!翻开本书,从单细胞斑点讲起,看看30亿年来你的身体的进化史!全球销量超千万册的科普巨著《万物简史》作者比尔·布莱森重磅新作,被誉为“当今在世的最有趣的非虚构类作家”!人有几百万年前在树上睡觉的记忆,所以现在在床上睡觉也不会掉下来!只有人把空气和食物送往同一通道,所以生来容易被噎死!人的大脑比一万年前小了很多,但它30秒处理的信息比哈勃望远镜30年的还多!Y染色体可能在460万年后灭绝,但不用担心,男性并不会因此灭亡!癌症也是进化的代价,没有细胞的变异,人类就不会得癌症!《星期日泰晤士报》2019年度科普书! 登顶《星期日泰晤士报》图书畅销榜!雄踞《纽约时报》图书畅销榜18周之久!提名《华盛顿邮报》2019年度图书!入围2019年爱德华·威尔逊科学写作奖长名单!翻开本书,从单细胞斑点讲起,看看30亿年来你的身体的进化史!</p>
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<h2 id="划线">划线<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#划线" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p>你每天眨眼14,000次[6]——相当于你在清醒的一天里闭着眼长达14分钟。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>想一想这件事吧,光靠你自己就足够离开太阳系了。从字面意义来看,你就是宇宙。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>生命的基本单位是细胞——人人都同意这一点。细胞里充满了各种忙忙碌碌的东西:核糖体和蛋白质、DNA、RNA、线粒体,</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>它本身没有生命,就跟其他所有的房间一样。然而,天知道怎么回事,所有这些东西聚拢到一起,你就拥有了生命。这是科学无法解释的部分。我有点儿希望它永远保持这种神秘状态。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>DNA分子由两条梯级相连、呈著名双螺旋形状的长链构成。一段DNA可分为名叫染色体的片段及名为基因的较短单位。你所有基因的总和就是基因组。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>DNA以非凡的保真度传递信息。它每复制10亿个字母只产生一个错误。即便按照这样的精确度运行,每次细胞分裂大概也会出现三个错误或突变。身体可以忽略大多数的突变,但偶尔,突变也会带来持久的影响。这就是演变(evolution)。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>胰岛素是一种小蛋白质,对维持体内血糖的微妙平衡至关重要。太多或太少都会产生可怕的后果。我们需要大量的胰岛素。胰岛素每个分子只能持续5~15分钟,因此,人体对它有着不间断的补给需求。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>1型糖尿病是身体完全停止产生胰岛素。2型糖尿病是胰岛素效果变差,一来是因为生成数量下降,二来是因为胰岛素所作用的细胞没有做出正常的响应。这叫作胰岛素抗性。1型糖尿病多为遗传,2型通常是生活方式导致的结果。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>尽管胰岛素改变了数百万糖尿病患者的生活,但它并非完美的解决方案。最主要的是,它不能口服,因为口服的话,它将先在肠道里分解,无法得到吸收和利用。因此必须采用注射的方式,这是个既烦琐又粗鲁的过程。在健康的人体里,胰岛素水平受监控,且逐秒调整。在糖尿病患者中,只有在患者自我治疗的时候,胰岛素才定期调整。这意味着胰岛素水平[6]在大多数时候都不怎么对头,有可能产生累积的负面效应。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>如此庞大的身躯,竟然是一处微小的腺体发生故障所致,显然十分讽刺。垂体腺通常被称为主腺,因为大部分激素都受它控制。它生成(或调解生成)生长激素、皮质醇、雌激素和睾酮、催产素、肾上腺素,等等。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>这可能是一种很悲伤的疾病,因为症状主要是食欲不振和体重减轻,很容易遭到误诊。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>瘦素不是内分泌腺产生的,而是脂肪细胞所产生。这是一个最惊人的发现。没有人曾想过,除了专属的腺体,激素也能在别的部位产生。事实上,我们现在知道,激素遍布人体:胃里、肺里、肾里、胰腺里、大脑里、骨骼里,到处都是。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>就是为什么患有厌食症的年轻人,青春期大多来得很迟。“如今青春期开始得比历史上任何时期都更早,原因也必定在这里。”沃斯说,“在亨利八世的统治时期,人们到了十六七岁才进入青春期。如今更常见的是11岁。几乎可以肯定这是因为营养得到了改善。”让问题变得更</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>对人类男性来说,睾酮主要由睾丸产生,少量来自肾上腺,并且要做三件事:它赋予男性生育能力,带给他低沉的嗓音和胡子等第二性征,还深刻地影响他的行为,让他产生性冲动,偏好冒险和攻击。对女性而言,卵巢和肾上腺各生成大约一半的睾酮,但数量少得多,它虽然提升了女性的性欲,却仁慈地让她们的常识不至于因此受到干扰。</p>
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<p>但它拥有这种能力,对我们中的一些人来说真的很幸运。”</p>
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<p>问题是,如果你要求肾脏过长时间进行过滤,它们会感到疲倦,无法正常运转。随着肾脏效率降低,血液中的钠含量变高,你的血压也会危险地升高。随着年龄的增长,肾脏功能衰减得比大多数其他器官更快。从40岁到70岁之间,它们的过滤能力下降了约50%。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>膀胱、胆囊和肾脏有一个共同的不幸特征,那就是容易形成结石。结石是钙和盐变成的硬球。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>淋巴细胞、细胞因子、趋化因子、组胺、中性粒细胞、B细胞、T细胞、NK细胞、巨噬细胞(macrophages)、吞噬细胞(phagocytes)、粒细胞、嗜碱性细胞、干扰素、前列腺素、多功能造血干细胞,以及更多——我的意思是,还要多得多。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>免疫系统不仅仅对付细菌,它还必须对毒素、药物、癌症、外来物体,甚至对你自己的精神状态做出响应。比方说,要是你压力过大或者疲惫不堪[3],就更容易受感染。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>你的免疫系统正不断受到以前从没见过的东西的轰炸,这些东西兴许才刚刚问世——比如不断变异成新形式的流感病毒。因此,你的免疫系统必须能够识别并抗击几乎可以说数量无限多的东西。”</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>免疫系统的核心是五类不同的白细胞:淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜碱粒细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜酸粒细胞。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>从本质上说,发炎是身体为保护自己免受伤害而战斗所产生的热度。受伤部位附近的血管会扩张,让更多的血液流向受伤部位,同时也会带来白细胞抵御入侵者。这导致该部位肿胀,增加周围神经的压力,导致敏感压痛。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>更快。梅达沃随后发现,免疫系统在生命早期就学会了不攻击自己健康正常的细胞。戴维斯向我解释说:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>如果一只老鼠在很小的时候就接触过另一只老鼠的皮肤,那么,等前一只老鼠长大,它就能够接受后一只老鼠的皮肤移植。”</p>
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</blockquote>
|
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>哪怕到了19世纪末,科学家仍普遍认为,性别不是由化学物质决定的,而是由外部因素,如饮食、气温甚至女性怀孕初期的情绪等决定的。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
|||
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>人类实际上根本就不再生[8][3]。壁虎是再生,我们是重组。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
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<p>性别可能会稀释我们对后代的个体贡献,但它对整个物种来说功莫大焉。靠着基因的混合和匹配,我们获得了多样性,这带给我们安全和适应力。基因多样性让疾病难以在整个种群内蔓延,还意味着我们可以不断演变。我们可以保留有益的基因,抛弃那些妨碍人类共同幸福的基因。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
|||
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<blockquote>
|
|||
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<p>我们对威胁性刺激非常敏感,大脑甚至还来不及收到信息,我们的身体就会按照程序做出反应,从疼痛事件中往后撤。</p>
|
|||
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</blockquote>
|
|||
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<blockquote>
|
|||
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<p>只有当大脑感受到疼痛时,疼痛才出现[2]。疼痛或许始于大脚趾,但让你哎哟一声叫起来的,是大脑。在那之前,它不是疼痛。”</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
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<p>所有的疼痛都是私人的,而且强烈个性化,</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>他提出了肌肉的交互神经支配定律,即一块肌肉收缩时,另一块肌肉必然放松——这基本上解释了肌肉的运作原理。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>人类神经有个奇怪的地方:周边神经系统里的神经要是受到损坏,可以愈合并再生,而大脑和脊髓中更为关键的神经则不能。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>一种疾病是否会成为流行病[10],取决于四个因素:它的致命性有多强、它是否擅长寻找新的受害者、控制它是容易还是困难、它对疫苗是否敏感。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>。埃博拉病毒的传染性简直可谓荒唐,一滴比字母“O”大不了多少的血,就可包含一亿个埃博拉病毒颗粒,每一个颗粒都像手榴弹一般。但它传播的速度却非常缓慢。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>不太擅长置人于死地又能广泛传播的病毒,才算是成功的病毒[11],这就是为什么流感是一种长年不断的威胁。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>在我们所生活的时代,人多多少少死于自己的生活方式之手。会怎么死,实际上是我们自己在做选择,尽管当事者或许并没有怎么仔细思考、反省过。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="笔记">笔记<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#笔记" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>痛苦有一种空白的性质;
|
|||
|
无法回忆起
|
|||
|
它是何时开始的,或者
|
|||
|
哪一天它不再存在。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>💭 人总是习惯于好了伤疤忘了疼</p>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>所有疼痛里最严重、最棘手的一种是所谓的幻肢疼痛,也就说患者感受到来自已经因为事故或截肢而丧失的身体部位的疼痛。我们觉得最厉害的一种疼痛,居然是从已经不再属于身体的部位传来的,这真是太讽刺了。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>💭 幻痛</p>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>一种来自军团菌属的新型细菌。它蔓延到了酒店的空调管道,那些不幸的过路人感染,是因为从酒店排出的废气中穿了过去。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>💭 空气是疾病传输的主要媒介</p>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="书评">书评<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#书评" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="点评">点评<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#点评" class="internal"> §</a></h2></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
|
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s-3.542,0.634-4.898,1.688l-7.669-7.669C16.785,10.424,17,9.74,17,9c0-2.206-1.794-4-4-4S9,6.794,9,9s1.794,4,4,4
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c0.74,0,1.424-0.215,2.019-0.567l7.669,7.669C21.634,21.458,21,23.154,21,25s0.634,3.542,1.688,4.897L10.024,42.562
|
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|
C8.958,41.595,7.549,41,6,41c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6s2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-1.035-0.263-2.009-0.726-2.86l12.829-12.829
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c1.106,0.86,2.44,1.436,3.898,1.619v10.16c-2.833,0.478-5,2.942-5,5.91c0,3.309,2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-2.967-2.167-5.431-5-5.91
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v-10.16c1.458-0.183,2.792-0.759,3.898-1.619l7.669,7.669C41.215,39.576,41,40.26,41,41c0,2.206,1.794,4,4,4s4-1.794,4-4
|
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s-1.794-4-4-4c-0.74,0-1.424,0.215-2.019,0.567l-7.669-7.669C36.366,28.542,37,26.846,37,25s-0.634-3.542-1.688-4.897l9.665-9.665
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C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
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S11,10.103,11,9z M6,51c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S8.206,51,6,51z M33,49c0,2.206-1.794,4-4,4s-4-1.794-4-4
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s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
|
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#简介" data-for="简介">简介</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#概述" data-for="概述">概述</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#划线" data-for="划线">划线</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#笔记" data-for="笔记">笔记</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#书评" data-for="书评">书评</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#点评" data-for="点评">点评</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Basics","collapsed":true},{"path":"Basics/english","collapsed":true},{"path":"Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化/规范","collapsed":true},{"path":"Culture","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/标准","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/法律","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W34","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W35","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W36","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W37","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W38","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W39","collapsed":true},{"path&quo
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const collapsed2 = parent.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
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const height2 = collapsed2 ? parent.scrollHeight : parent.scrollHeight + current.scrollHeight;
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parent.style.maxHeight = height2 + `px`;
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current = parent;
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parent = parent.parentElement;
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for (const div of collapsible) {
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const title = div.firstElementChild;
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if (title) {
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title.removeEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
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title.addEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
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const collapsed = div.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
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const height = collapsed ? title.scrollHeight : div.scrollHeight;
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