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<p>Pipenv 是 Python 官方推荐的包管理和虚拟环境工具。它结合了 pip 和 virtualenv 的功能，提供了一种简单且高效的方式来管理项目的依赖和环境。</p>
<p>Pipenv 主要旨在为应用程序的用户和开发人员提供一种简单的方法来<strong>实现一致的工作项目环境</strong>。</p>
<h3 id="特性">特性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#特性" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ol>
<li><strong>自动管理虚拟环境</strong>：Pipenv 自动创建和管理虚拟环境，简化了环境配置过程。</li>
<li><strong>声明式依赖文件</strong>：Pipfile 易于阅读和编辑，更加人性化。</li>
<li><strong>依赖锁定</strong>：Pipfile.lock 确保了在不同环境中依赖版本的一致性。</li>
<li><strong>安全性检查</strong>：集成了安全性检查功能，可以检测依赖中的安全漏洞。</li>
<li><strong>环境变量隔离</strong>：通过支持 <code>.env</code> 文件，Pipenv 提供了一种简单的环境变量管理方法。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="安装">安装<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#安装" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>Pipenv 可以通过 pip 安装在不同的操作系统上，推荐使用最新版的 pip 和 Python 以确保兼容性。安装命令如下：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 在 macOS 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">brew</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">install</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pipenv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 在 Windows 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">install</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--user</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pipenv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 在 Linux 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pip3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">install</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--user</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pipenv</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>注意：在 Windows 系统上，可能需要将用户二进制目录添加到环境变量。在 Linux 系统上，建议使用 <code>pip3</code> 以确保 Python 3 的兼容性。</p>
<h2 id="基本概念">基本概念<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基本概念" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="pipfile">Pipfile<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#pipfile" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><code>Pipfile</code>：声明项目所需依赖的文件，类似于 <code>requirements.txt</code>，但更易于阅读和维护。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="pipfilelock">Pipfile.lock<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#pipfilelock" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><code>Pipfile.lock</code>：锁定依赖版本，确保所有环境中的依赖一致性，防止版本冲突。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="常用流程">常用流程<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#常用流程" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
A[开始] --> B[克隆/创建项目]
B --> C[安装依赖]
C --> D[添加包]
D --> E[更新全部依赖]
E --> F[更新特定包]
F --> G[检查过时包]
G --> H[确定虚拟环境路径]
H --> I[激活 Pipenv shell]
</code></pre>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 1.克隆或创建项目仓库</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">your_project_directory</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 2.安装依赖使用 pipenv sync 安装 Pipfile.lock 中的依赖</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">sync</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 3.添加包并更新依赖</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">install</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">&lt;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">packag</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 4.更新所有包</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">update</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 更新特定包</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">update</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">&lt;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">packag</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 检查过时的包</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">update</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--outdated</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取虚拟环境的路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--venv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 激活 Pipenv shell 虚拟环境</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">shell</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="基本操作">基本操作<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基本操作" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="创建虚拟环境">创建虚拟环境<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#创建虚拟环境" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>创建一个新的项目时，Pipenv 会自动为你创建一个虚拟环境。运行以下命令来创建一个新的项目：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">mkdir</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">myproject</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">myproject</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">install</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>这会创建一个 <code>Pipfile</code> 和一个空的虚拟环境。</p>
<h3 id="安装和同步依赖">安装和同步依赖<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#安装和同步依赖" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>安装依赖：<code>pipenv install [package]</code></li>
</ul>
<pre><code># 例如，安装 requests
pipenv install requests
</code></pre>
<p>这会自动将 <code>requests</code> 添加到 <code>Pipfile</code> 并更新 <code>Pipfile.lock</code>。</p>
<ul>
<li>同步环境：<code>pipenv sync</code></li>
</ul>
<p>使用 <code>pipenv sync</code> 可以快速同步项目环境，例如：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 根据 Pipfile.lock 安装依赖</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">sync</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="常用命令">常用命令<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#常用命令" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>用途</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>pipenv install</td><td>安装项目所需的包</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv install —python [version]</td><td>安装项目指定的 python 版本（使用 pyenv）</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv install [package]</td><td>安装特定的包</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv install —dev [package]</td><td>安装用于开发环境的包</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv uninstall [package]</td><td>卸载特定的包</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv lock</td><td>生成锁定文件，确保项目在不同环境中的包版本一致性</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv sync</td><td>根据 Pipfile.lock 安装所有依赖，确保与锁文件一致</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv update</td><td>更新项目中的所有包</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv update [package]</td><td>更新特定的包</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv install —ignore-pipfile</td><td>忽略 Pipfile，根据 Pipfile.lock 安装依赖</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv install —selective-upgrade</td><td>升级指定的依赖并更新 Pipfile.lock 文件</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv check</td><td>检查项目中的包是否有安全漏洞</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv verify</td><td>校验 Pipfile.lock 中的哈希是否最新</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv graph</td><td>展示项目依赖关系图</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv clean</td><td>删除虚拟环境中无用的包</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv shell</td><td>启动虚拟环境的 shell</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv run [command]</td><td>在虚拟环境中运行命令</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv —venv</td><td>显示虚拟环境的位置</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv —py</td><td>显示虚拟环境中 Python 解释器的位置</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv —where</td><td>显示项目文件的位置</td></tr><tr><td>pipenv —rm</td><td>删除虚拟环境</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="高级操作">高级操作<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#高级操作" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="自动安装-python">自动安装 Python<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#自动安装-python" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>Pipenv 可以与 pyenv 结合使用，自动安装所需的 Python 版本。这在你的系统中没有安装特定版本的 Python 时非常有用。</p>
<p>示例代码：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 假设你的 Pipfile 需要 Python 3.6，但系统中没有安装</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 当运行 pipenv install 时，它会提示是否使用 pyenv 安装 Python 3.6</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">install</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="自动加载-env-文件">自动加载 <code>.env</code> 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#自动加载-env-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>Pipenv 会自动从 <code>.env</code> 文件加载环境变量。这对于管理配置和密钥非常有用，尤其是在生产环境中。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 假设你有一个 .env 文件包含如下内容</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">HELLO</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">WORLD</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 当运行 pipenv shell 或 pipenv run 时，它会加载这些环境变量</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pipenv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">run</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">python</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">main.py</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="自定义虚拟环境位置">自定义虚拟环境位置<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#自定义虚拟环境位置" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>通过设置 <code>WORKON_HOME</code> 环境变量，你可以自定义 Pipenv 创建虚拟环境的位置。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 将虚拟环境存储在特定位置</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">export</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> WORKON_HOME</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">~/.venvs</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="使用-pipenv-进行测试">使用 Pipenv 进行测试<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-pipenv-进行测试" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>Pipenv 与 Travis CI 和 tox 等测试框架结合使用，可以维护一致的测试环境。</p>
<p>示例 Travis CI 配置：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="yaml" data-theme="default"><code data-language="yaml" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">language</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">python</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">python</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;3.6&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">install</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">pip install pipenv</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">pipenv install --dev</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">script</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">pipenv run pytest</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="pipfile-vs-setuppy">Pipfile Vs setup.py<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#pipfile-vs-setuppy" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>理解 Pipfile 和 setup.py 之间的区别。Pipfile 用于应用程序，而 setup.py 用于库。</p>
<p>示例 Pipfile：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">[source</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">url = &quot;https://pypi.python.org/simple&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">verify_ssl = true</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">packages</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">requests = &quot;*&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>示例 setup.py：</p>
<pre><code>from setuptools import setup
setup(
name='your_package',
version='0.1',
install_requires=[
'requests',
]
)
</code></pre></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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