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<h3 id="理解调试">理解调试<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#理解调试" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>调试是软件开发过程中不可或缺的一部分。它涉及到识别和修复代码中的错误或缺陷，以确保程序按预期运行。有效的调试策略可以大幅减少开发时间，并提高代码质量。</p>
<h3 id="基本调试技巧">基本调试技巧<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#基本调试技巧" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>最基础的调试方法是使用 <code>print</code> 语句输出变量的值或程序的执行状态。虽然简单，但这种方法在初步诊断问题时非常有效。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a, b):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;a: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">a</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">, b: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">b</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出参数值</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> add(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'3'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;结果: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>在这个例子中，<code>print</code> 语句帮助我们理解错误发生的原因：尝试将整数和字符串相加。</p>
<h2 id="python-调试器pdb">Python 调试器（pdb）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#python-调试器pdb" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>Python 的内置调试器 <code>pdb</code> 是一个非常强大的交互式调试工具，它允许开发者逐行执行代码，检查当前的变量状态，评估表达式，甚至在运行时修改代码。</p>
<h3 id="基本使用">基本使用<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#基本使用" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>pdb</code> 的最简单方式是在代码中插入断点。可以通过在代码中添加 <code>import pdb; pdb.set_trace()</code> 来实现这一点。当程序执行到这一行时，它将暂停执行并进入<strong>交互式调试模式。</strong></p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> pdb</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> my_function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(arg1, arg2):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 设置断点</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> pdb.set_trace()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # breakpoint() </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> arg1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> arg2</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> my_function(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>当程序运行到 <code>pdb.set_trace()</code> 时，程序将暂停，并出现一个交互式的调试环境。Python 3.8 版本以后可以使用 <code>breakpoint()</code> 替代 <code>import pdb;pdb.set_trace()</code></p>
<h3 id="调试命令">调试命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#调试命令" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在 <code>pdb</code> 的调试环境中，有多种命令可用于调试程序：</p>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>l (list)</code></td><td>显示当前位置周围的代码。</td></tr><tr><td><code>n (next)</code></td><td>执行程序的下一行代码。如果当前行调用了一个函数，不会进入该函数内部。</td></tr><tr><td><code>c (continue)</code></td><td>从当前位置继续执行程序，直到遇到下一个断点。</td></tr><tr><td><code>b (break)</code></td><td>在指定的行号处设置断点。例如 <code>b 120</code> 在第 120 行设置断点。</td></tr><tr><td><code>s (step)</code></td><td>执行下一行代码，如果当前行调用了一个函数，则进入该函数内部。</td></tr><tr><td><code>p (print)</code></td><td>打印一个表达式的值。例如 <code>p my_var</code> 打印变量 <code>my_var</code> 的值。</td></tr><tr><td><code>q (quit)</code></td><td>退出调试器。</td></tr><tr><td><code>r (return)</code></td><td>继续执行，直到当前函数返回。</td></tr><tr><td><code>a (args)</code></td><td>打印当前函数的参数列表。</td></tr><tr><td><code>j (jump)</code></td><td>将当前执行位置跳转到指定的行。例如 <code>j 50</code> 跳转到第 50 行。</td></tr><tr><td><code>h (help)</code></td><td>显示命令列表或查找特定命令的帮助信息。</td></tr><tr><td><code>!</code></td><td>执行任意 Python 代码。例如 <code>!x = 5</code> 会设置变量 <code>x</code> 的值为 5。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="调试流程">调试流程<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#调试流程" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在 <code>pdb</code> 中，通常的调试流程包括设置断点、运行程序、在断点处暂停、检查变量值或程序状态、逐步执行代码，并根据需要重复这个过程。</p>
<pre><code class="mermaid">sequenceDiagram
participant P as 程序员
participant I as IDE/调试器
participant C as 代码
P->>+I: 启动调试
I->>+C: 运行到断点
C-->>-I: 暂停执行，显示当前状态
loop 检查和调整
P->>+I: 检查变量和堆栈
I->>+C: 获取信息
C-->>-I: 返回信息
P->>I: 修改代码或断点
end
P->>+I: 继续执行/单步执行
I->>+C: 执行下一步
C-->>-I: 更新状态
P->>I: 停止调试/修复代码
I-->>-P: 结束调试会话
</code></pre>
<h3 id="高级使用">高级使用<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#高级使用" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p><code>pdb</code> 还提供了一些高级功能，比如：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>条件断点</strong>：您可以设置一个条件断点，只有在特定条件满足时才会停止。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">pdb.set_trace()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在命令行中使用</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># b 54, x > 100</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># b 命令 54 行设置 x 大于 100 停止</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>后期调试</strong>：如果程序崩溃，可以使用 <code>pdb.pm()</code> 来进行后期调试。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="命令行调试">命令行调试<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#命令行调试" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>您也可以直接从命令行启动 <code>pdb</code>。这在调试脚本时非常有用。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">python</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -m</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pdb</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> my_script.py</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>在这种模式下，<code>pdb</code> 将在脚本开始执行之前启动，允许您提前设置断点。</p>
<h2 id="python-单元测试unittest">Python 单元测试（unittest）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#python-单元测试unittest" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p><code>unittest</code> 是 Python 内置的测试框架，灵感来源于 JUnit。它支持自动化测试，共享测试设置（setup）和关闭代码（teardown），聚集多个测试用例，以及与测试框架的集成等功能。</p>
<h3 id="基本概念">基本概念<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#基本概念" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>测试用例（TestCase）</strong>：测试用例是 <code>unittest</code> 中的基本单元。每一个测试用例是 <code>unittest.TestCase</code> 的子类，通常包含多个<strong>以 <code>test</code> 开头的方法</strong>，这些方法是实际的测试脚本。</li>
<li><strong>测试套件（TestSuite）</strong>：测试套件是一系列的测试用例或测试套件。它用于聚合需要一起执行的测试用例。</li>
<li><strong>测试运行器（TestRunner）</strong>：测试运行器是用于执行和控制测试的组件。默认的运行器会将测试结果输出到标准输出。</li>
<li><strong>测试装置（TestFixture）</strong>：测试装置指的是执行一系列测试所需的准备工作及相关的清理操作。这通常包括 <code>setUp()</code> 和 <code>tearDown()</code> 方法。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="基本的测试用例">基本的测试用例<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#基本的测试用例" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>unittest</code> 编写测试用例通常涉及创建一个继承自 <code>unittest.TestCase</code> 的类，并在其中定义一系列的测试方法。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> unittest</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> MyTest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">unittest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">TestCase</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> setUp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 测试前的准备工作</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> pass</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 类内部 test 开头的方法视为一个测试用例</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> test_something</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 实际的测试内容</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.assertEqual(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> +</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> tearDown</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 测试后的清理工作</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> pass</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> __name__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> ==</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> '__main__'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> unittest.main()</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>在这个例子中，<code>MyTest</code> 类包含了一个简单的测试方法 <code>test_something</code>，它测试了 <code>1 + 1</code> 是否等于 <code>2</code>。</p>
<h3 id="断言方法">断言方法<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#断言方法" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p><code>unittest</code> 提供了一系列的断言方法来检查期望和实际结果。常用的断言方法包括：</p>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>方法</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>assertEqual(a, b)</code></td><td>检查 <code>a</code> 是否等于 <code>b</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>assertNotEqual(a, b)</code></td><td>检查 <code>a</code> 是否不等于 <code>b</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>assertTrue(x)</code></td><td>检查 <code>x</code> 是否为 <code>True</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>assertFalse(x)</code></td><td>检查 <code>x</code> 是否为 <code>False</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>assertIs(a, b)</code></td><td>检查 <code>a</code> 是否是 <code>b</code> （<code>a is b</code>）</td></tr><tr><td><code>assertIsNot(a, b)</code></td><td>检查 <code>a</code> 是否不是 <code>b</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>assertIsNone(x)</code></td><td>检查 <code>x</code> 是否为 <code>None</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>assertIsNotNone(x)</code></td><td>检查 <code>x</code> 是否不是 <code>None</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>assertIn(a, b)</code></td><td>检查 <code>a</code> 是否在 <code>b</code> 中</td></tr><tr><td><code>assertNotIn(a, b)</code></td><td>检查 <code>a</code> 是否不在 <code>b</code> 中</td></tr><tr><td><code>assertIsInstance(a, b)</code></td><td>检查 <code>a</code> 是否是 <code>b</code> 类型的实例</td></tr><tr><td><code>assertNotIsInstance(a, b)</code></td><td>检查 <code>a</code> 是否不是 <code>b</code> 类型的实例</td></tr><tr><td><code>assertRaises(Error, func, *args, **kwargs)</code></td><td>检查调用 <code>func</code> 时是否抛出了 <code>Error</code> 异常</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="设置和清理">设置和清理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#设置和清理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>通过定义 <code>setUp</code> 和 <code>tearDown</code> 方法，可以在每个测试方法执行前后进行设置和清理工作。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> MyTest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">unittest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">TestCase</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> setUp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 测试前的设置</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.resource </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> allocate_resource()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> tearDown</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 测试后的清理</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.resource.release()</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="运行测试">运行测试<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#运行测试" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>通常有两种方式运行测试：</p>
<ul>
<li>直接运行测试文件：如果 <code>unittest.main()</code> 被调用，当 Python 文件被直接运行时，测试将被执行。</li>
<li>使用命令行：可以使用 Python 的 <code>-m unittest</code> 命令来发现和运行测试。</li>
</ul>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">python</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -m</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> unittest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> discover</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="测试驱动开发tdd">测试驱动开发（TDD）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#测试驱动开发tdd" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="tdd-概念">TDD 概念<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#tdd-概念" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>测试驱动开发（TDD）是一种软件开发方法，它要求开发人员先编写测试用例，然后编写能够通过这些测试的代码。这种方法强调先有测试，后有实现，有助于创建更可靠、更易维护的代码。</p>
<h3 id="实践-tdd">实践 TDD<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#实践-tdd" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p><strong>在 TDD 实践中，开发过程分为三个主要步骤：编写失败的测试、编写通过测试的代码、重构代码。</strong></p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 假设我们有一个待实现的函数 add</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 首先编写测试用例</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> TestAddFunction</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">unittest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">TestCase</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> test_add_numbers</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.assertEqual(add(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">), </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 接着实现函数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a, b):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 最后运行测试，确认通过</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>通过重复这个循环，逐步构建并完善整个程序。</p>
<h2 id="高级测试技巧">高级测试技巧<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#高级测试技巧" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="集成测试和系统测试">集成测试和系统测试<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#集成测试和系统测试" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>集成测试是指在单元测试的基础上，测试多个模块或组件协同工作的情况。系统测试则是测试整个应用程序的行为。</p>
<h3 id="mocking-和-patching">Mocking 和 Patching<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#mocking-和-patching" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在测试过程中，我们经常需要模拟（Mock）某些对象或函数的行为，以便于在测试环境中替换掉它们。Python 的 <code>unittest.mock</code> 模块提供了强大的工具来进行 Mocking 和 Patching。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> unittest.mock </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> MagicMock</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 假设我们要测试以下函数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> fetch_data</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(api_client):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> api_client.get_data()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 我们可以这样模拟 API 客户端</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> TestFetchData</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">unittest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">TestCase</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> test_fetch_data</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mock_client </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> MagicMock()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mock_client.get_data.return_value </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'mock data'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.assertEqual(fetch_data(mock_client), </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'mock data'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>在这个例子中，我们使用 <code>MagicMock</code> 来模拟 API 客户端的行为。</p>
<h2 id="测试框架和工具">测试框架和工具<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#测试框架和工具" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="探索其他测试框架">探索其他测试框架<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#探索其他测试框架" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>除了 <code>unittest</code>，Python 还有其他流行的测试框架，如 <code>pytest</code> 和 <code>nose</code>。它们提供了更简洁的语法和更丰富的功能。</p>
<h3 id="代码覆盖率工具">代码覆盖率工具<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#代码覆盖率工具" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>代码覆盖率是衡量测试完整性的重要指标。Python 的 <code>coverage.py</code> 工具可以帮助测量代码覆盖率，确保测试覆盖了所有重要的代码路径。</p>
<h2 id="持续集成-ci">持续集成 (CI)<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#持续集成-ci" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="持续集成简介">持续集成简介<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#持续集成简介" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>持续集成（CI）是一种软件开发实践，开发者经常将代码集成到共享仓库中。每次集成都通过自动化构建来验证，以尽早发现集成错误。</p>
<h3 id="使用-ci-工具">使用 CI 工具<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用-ci-工具" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>CI 工具如 Jenkins、Travis CI 和 GitHub Actions 可以帮助自动化测试流程，确保代码更改不会破坏现有功能。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="yaml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="yaml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 示例：GitHub Actions 配置文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">Python CI</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">on</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">push</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">jobs</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;"> build</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;"> runs-on</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ubuntu-latest</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;"> steps</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> - </span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">uses</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">actions/checkout@v2</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> - </span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">Set up Python</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;"> uses</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">actions/setup-python@v2</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;"> with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;"> python-version</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3.8</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> - </span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">Install dependencies</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;"> run</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pip install -r requirements.txt</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> - </span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">Run tests</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;"> run</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> python -m unittest</span></span></code></pre></figure></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#调试基础" data-for="调试基础">调试基础</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#理解调试" data-for="理解调试">理解调试</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基本调试技巧" data-for="基本调试技巧">基本调试技巧</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#python-调试器pdb" data-for="python-调试器pdb">Python 调试器（pdb）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基本使用" data-for="基本使用">基本使用</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#调试命令" data-for="调试命令">调试命令</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#调试流程" data-for="调试流程">调试流程</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#高级使用" data-for="高级使用">高级使用</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#命令行调试" data-for="命令行调试">命令行调试</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#python-单元测试unittest" data-for="python-单元测试unittest">Python 单元测试（unittest）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基本概念" data-for="基本概念">基本概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基本的测试用例" data-for="基本的测试用例">基本的测试用例</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#断言方法" data-for="断言方法">断言方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#设置和清理" data-for="设置和清理">设置和清理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#运行测试" data-for="运行测试">运行测试</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#测试驱动开发tdd" data-for="测试驱动开发tdd">测试驱动开发（TDD）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#tdd-概念" data-for="tdd-概念">TDD 概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#实践-tdd" data-for="实践-tdd">实践 TDD</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#高级测试技巧" data-for="高级测试技巧">高级测试技巧</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#集成测试和系统测试" data-for="集成测试和系统测试">集成测试和系统测试</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#mocking-和-patching" data-for="mocking-和-patching">Mocking 和 Patching</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#测试框架和工具" data-for="测试框架和工具">测试框架和工具</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#探索其他测试框架" data-for="探索其他测试框架">探索其他测试框架</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#代码覆盖率工具" data-for="代码覆盖率工具">代码覆盖率工具</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#持续集成-ci" data-for="持续集成-ci">持续集成 (CI)</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#持续集成简介" data-for="持续集成简介">持续集成简介</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使用-ci-工具" data-for="使用-ci-工具">使用 CI 工具</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&
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const darkMode = document.documentElement.getAttribute('saved-theme') === 'dark'
mermaid.initialize({
startOnLoad: false,
securityLevel: 'loose',
theme: darkMode ? 'dark' : 'default'
})
await mermaid.run({
querySelector: '.mermaid'
})
}
});
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