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<p>PXE（Preboot Execution Environment）是一种网络引导技术，允许计算机在启动 BIOS/UEFI 后通过网络接口从远程服务器下载操作系统或其他软件进行启动。这项技术主要应用于无人值守的自动化部署场景，包括系统部署、更新、维护和灾难恢复。与传统的物理介质启动相比，PXE 提供了更大的灵活性和可管理性，特别适合需要快速部署和更新大量系统的企业和机构。</p>
<h3 id="主要应用场景">主要应用场景<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#主要应用场景" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>系统自动化部署</strong>：实现无人值守的操作系统和应用程序批量部署。</li>
<li><strong>故障恢复</strong>：通过网络快速恢复故障系统。</li>
<li><strong>远程维护</strong>：支持远程诊断和修复问题。</li>
<li><strong>固件更新</strong>：批量更新设备固件。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="pxe-工作原理">PXE 工作原理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pxe-工作原理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="启动流程详解">启动流程详解<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#启动流程详解" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<pre><code class="mermaid">sequenceDiagram
participant Client as PXE客户端
participant DHCPServer as DHCP服务器
participant TFTPServer as TFTP服务器
participant BootServer as 引导服务器
Client->>DHCPServer: 请求IP地址和引导服务器信息
DHCPServer->>Client: 分配IP地址和引导服务器地址
Client->>TFTPServer: 请求引导镜像文件
TFTPServer->>Client: 传输引导镜像文件
Client->>BootServer: 加载引导菜单并请求启动操作系统
BootServer-->>Client: 根据选择传输操作系统启动文件
Client->>BootServer: 启动操作系统或应用程序
</code></pre>
<p>PXE 启动流程可以分为以下几个阶段：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>POST 自检:</strong> 计算机启动时，会进行开机自检（POST）。</li>
<li><strong>获取 DHCP 信息:</strong> 自检完成后，PXE 客户机会向 DHCP 服务器发送请求，获取 IP 地址、引导服务器地址等信息。</li>
<li><strong>下载引导镜像:</strong> 客户机从 TFTP 服务器下载引导镜像，如 pxelinux.0。</li>
<li><strong>加载引导菜单:</strong> 引导镜像加载后，会显示引导菜单，允许用户选择要启动的操作系统或应用程序。</li>
<li><strong>启动操作系统:</strong> 根据用户选择，启动相应的操作系统或应用程序。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="涉及的关键网络协议">涉及的关键网络协议<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#涉及的关键网络协议" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>PXE 工作过程中涉及以下几个关键网络协议：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>DHCP:</strong> 动态主机配置协议，用于为 PXE 客户机分配 IP 地址和引导服务器地址。</li>
<li><strong>TFTP:</strong> Trivial File Transfer Protocol，用于传输引导镜像和其他文件。</li>
<li><strong>HTTP/HTTPS</strong>：在 UEFI 模式下，相比 TFTP 提供更快的文件传输速度和加密支持。</li>
<li><strong>BPD:</strong> Boot Protocol Discovery，用于引导服务器发现 PXE 客户机。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="pxe-技术的关键组件">PXE 技术的关键组件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pxe-技术的关键组件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>PXE 部署涉及的核心组件包括 DHCP 服务器、TFTP/HTTP 服务器和 PXE 引导程序。这些组件协同工作，实现了从网络启动计算机并自动加载操作系统的功能。</p>
<h3 id="dhcp-服务器">DHCP 服务器<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#dhcp-服务器" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>DHCP 服务器负责在网络启动过程中为客户端分配 IP 地址，并提供引导服务器（如 TFTP 或 HTTP 服务器）的位置和启动文件名。这是实现 PXE 环境的基础。</p>
<h3 id="tftphttp-服务器">TFTP/HTTP 服务器<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#tftphttp-服务器" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>TFTP 服务器</strong>用于存储和传输引导文件（如 <code>pxelinux.0</code> 或 <code>grubx64.efi</code>）和操作系统映像。尽管 TFTP 是传统选择，但它的传输速度相对较慢。</li>
<li><strong>HTTP/HTTPS 服务器</strong>提供了一种更快、更安全的替代方案，尤其是在 UEFI 启动模式下。HTTPS 还可以加密数据传输，保护部署过程中的数据安全。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="pxe-引导程序">PXE 引导程序<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pxe-引导程序" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>PXE 引导程序如 SYSLINUX 或 GRUB，负责显示启动菜单，允许用户选择不同的操作系统或工具进行加载。它们支持从 TFTP 或 HTTP 服务器加载操作系统映像。</p>
<h2 id="无人值守安装">无人值守安装<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#无人值守安装" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>无人值守安装允许自动执行操作系统安装，无需人工干预。这通过使用预先定义的安装脚本或应答文件来实现，可以大幅提升大规模部署的效率和一致性。</p>
<h3 id="实现步骤">实现步骤<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#实现步骤" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ol>
<li><strong>准备操作系统映像</strong>：将操作系统安装文件存放于 TFTP 或 HTTP 服务器。</li>
<li><strong>创建应答文件</strong>：例如 Kickstart（用于 Red Hat/CentOS）或 Preseed（用于 Debian/Ubuntu），定义安装过程中的所有选择，如分区、网络配置、用户账号和安装的软件包。</li>
<li><strong>配置 PXE 引导程序</strong>：设置启动菜单以引导到特定的安装环境，并指定应答文件。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="自动化脚本和工具">自动化脚本和工具<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#自动化脚本和工具" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>使用如 Ansible、Puppet 的自动化运维工具进一步自动化和优化部署流程，可以在无人值守安装基础上实现后续的配置管理和应用部署。</p>
<h2 id="pxe-环境搭建">PXE 环境搭建<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pxe-环境搭建" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>搭建 PXE 环境需要配置服务器端（包括 DHCP、TFTP/HTTP 服务器和引导文件）和客户端（BIOS/UEFI 设置）。</p>
<h3 id="服务器端要求">服务器端要求<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#服务器端要求" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>操作系统</strong>：Linux 发行版，如 CentOS 或 Ubuntu。</li>
<li><strong>软件组件：</strong>
<ul>
<li>DHCP 服务器（如 ISC DHCP Server）</li>
<li>TFTP 服务器（如 tftp-hpa）或 HTTP 服务器（如 Apache 或 Nginx）</li>
<li>PXE 引导程序（如 SYSLINUX 或 GRUB）</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>网络配置</strong>：静态 IP 地址，确保服务器与客户端在同一网络段。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="客户端配置要求">客户端配置要求<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#客户端配置要求" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>BIOS/UEFI 设置</strong>：启用网络启动选项，设置网络引导为首选启动设备。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="uefi-支持">UEFI 支持<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#uefi-支持" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>UEFI 启动</strong>：配置 UEFI 启动模式下的特定引导文件（如 <code>grubx64.efi</code>）和 DHCP 选项，以支持更现代的硬件。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="网络环境配置与优化">网络环境配置与优化<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络环境配置与优化" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>通信检查</strong>：确保服务器和客户端间网络畅通。</li>
<li><strong>使用 VLAN 隔离</strong>：将 PXE 部署网络与生产网络隔离，增强安全性。</li>
<li><strong>性能优化</strong>：在支持的环境下，使用 HTTP/HTTPS 替代 TFTP 以提升文件传输速度和安全性。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="安全性">安全性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#安全性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>虽然 PXE 提供了极大的便利，但也引入了新的安全风险。以下措施可以帮助提升 PXE 环境的安全性：</p>
<h3 id="网络隔离和访问控制">网络隔离和访问控制<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络隔离和访问控制" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>通过 VLAN 或物理隔离手段将 PXE 部署网络与生产网络分离，限制对 PXE 服务器的访问，确保只有授权客户端可以启动和访问部署服务。</p>
<h3 id="数据加密">数据加密<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#数据加密" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>使用 HTTPS 代替 TFTP，为数据传输过程提供加密，保护敏感信息不被窃取。</p>
<h3 id="定期更新和补丁应用">定期更新和补丁应用<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#定期更新和补丁应用" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>定期更新 PXE 服务器上的软件和操作系统，应用安全补丁，减少安全漏洞。</p>
<h3 id="强化服务器安全">强化服务器安全<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#强化服务器安全" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>为 PXE 服务器配置强密码，实施最小权限原则，使用防火墙和入侵检测系统等安全工具，增加额外的安全层。</p>
<h2 id="pxe-技术的优势与局限性">PXE 技术的优势与局限性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pxe-技术的优势与局限性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>PXE（Preboot Execution Environment）技术在系统部署和维护方面带来了显著的优势，但同时也存在一些局限性。理解这些优点和缺点对于有效地利用 PXE 技术至关重要。</p>
<h3 id="优势">优势<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#优势" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>优势</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>自动化部署</td><td>通过无人值守安装，极大提高批量部署计算机的效率，尤其适合数据中心、测试实验室等需要频繁部署大量系统的环境。</td></tr><tr><td>集中管理</td><td>启动镜像和安装脚本可以集中存储在网络服务器上，使得更新和管理更加集中和方便。</td></tr><tr><td>可扩展性</td><td>支持通过网络启动任意数量的客户端，轻松扩展以满足增长的需求，无需对每个客户端进行手动配置。</td></tr><tr><td>安全性提升</td><td>通过网络安全策略和技术保护部署过程，如网络隔离、数据加密，减少物理介质丢失或被盗的风险。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="局限性">局限性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#局限性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>局限性</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>网络依赖性</td><td>完全依赖于网络环境。网络配置错误、服务器不可用或网络故障都可能导致部署失败，大规模部署时对网络带宽的需求也相应增加。</td></tr><tr><td>安全风险</td><td>错误配置的 PXE 环境可能成为安全漏洞，未经授权的设备可能尝试接入网络，攻击者可能利用环境中的漏洞发起攻击。</td></tr><tr><td>技术复杂性</td><td>设置和管理 PXE 环境比传统物理介质安装更复杂，需要专业知识配置和维护 DHCP、TFTP/HTTP 服务器以及安全措施。</td></tr><tr><td>兼容性问题</td><td>在不同硬件和操作系统之间可能会遇到兼容性问题，特别是 UEFI 启动模式下可能需要额外的配置支持。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="pxe-技术的应用">PXE 技术的应用<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pxe-技术的应用" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="基于-rhelfedora-系的详细配置指南">基于 RHEL/Fedora 系的详细配置指南<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#基于-rhelfedora-系的详细配置指南" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="1-安装必要的软件包">1. 安装必要的软件包<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#1-安装必要的软件包" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yum</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> dhcp-server</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tftp-server</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> syslinux</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="2配置-dhcp-服务器">2.配置 DHCP 服务器<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#2配置-dhcp-服务器" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>编辑配置文件 <code>/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf</code>，添加以下内容：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="conf" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="conf" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span>subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {</span></span>
<span data-line><span> range 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.200;</span></span>
<span data-line><span> option routers 192.168.1.1;</span></span>
<span data-line><span> option domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4;</span></span>
<span data-line><span> next-server 192.168.1.2;</span></span>
<span data-line><span> filename &quot;pxelinux.0&quot;;</span></span>
<span data-line><span>}</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol>
<li>启动并启用 DHCP 服务：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> dhcpd</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> dhcpd</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="3-配置-tftp-服务器">3. 配置 TFTP 服务器<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#3-配置-tftp-服务器" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>创建 TFTP 根目录：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mkdir</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -p</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /var/lib/tftpboot</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> chmod</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -R</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 777</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /var/lib/tftpboot</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol>
<li>复制 PXE 引导文件到 TFTP 根目录：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> cp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /var/lib/tftpboot/</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="4-配置-pxe-引导程序">4. 配置 PXE 引导程序<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#4-配置-pxe-引导程序" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>将操作系统安装镜像和相关文件复制到 TFTP 服务器的目录中：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> cp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /path/to/your/os/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">*</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /var/lib/tftpboot/</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol>
<li>编辑 <code>/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code>，允许 DHCP 和 TFTP 流量：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="conf" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="conf" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span>-A INPUT -p udp --dport 67:68 -j ACCEPT</span></span>
<span data-line><span>-A INPUT -p udp --dport 4011:4012 -j ACCEPT</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol>
<li>重启 iptables 服务：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> restart</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="5客户端配置">5.客户端配置<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#5客户端配置" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ul>
<li>进入 BIOS 设置，启用网络启动，并设置为第一启动选项。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="基于-debianubuntu-系的详细配置指南">基于 Debian/Ubuntu 系的详细配置指南<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#基于-debianubuntu-系的详细配置指南" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#pxe-技术概述" data-for="pxe-技术概述">PXE 技术概述</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#主要应用场景" data-for="主要应用场景">主要应用场景</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#pxe-工作原理" data-for="pxe-工作原理">PXE 工作原理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#启动流程详解" data-for="启动流程详解">启动流程详解</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#涉及的关键网络协议" data-for="涉及的关键网络协议">涉及的关键网络协议</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#pxe-技术的关键组件" data-for="pxe-技术的关键组件">PXE 技术的关键组件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#dhcp-服务器" data-for="dhcp-服务器">DHCP 服务器</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#tftphttp-服务器" data-for="tftphttp-服务器">TFTP/HTTP 服务器</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#pxe-引导程序" data-for="pxe-引导程序">PXE 引导程序</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#无人值守安装" data-for="无人值守安装">无人值守安装</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#实现步骤" data-for="实现步骤">实现步骤</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#自动化脚本和工具" data-for="自动化脚本和工具">自动化脚本和工具</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#pxe-环境搭建" data-for="pxe-环境搭建">PXE 环境搭建</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#服务器端要求" data-for="服务器端要求">服务器端要求</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#客户端配置要求" data-for="客户端配置要求">客户端配置要求</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#uefi-支持" data-for="uefi-支持">UEFI 支持</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络环境配置与优化" data-for="网络环境配置与优化">网络环境配置与优化</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#安全性" data-for="安全性">安全性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络隔离和访问控制" data-for="网络隔离和访问控制">网络隔离和访问控制</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据加密" data-for="数据加密">数据加密</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#定期更新和补丁应用" data-for="定期更新和补丁应用">定期更新和补丁应用</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#强化服务器安全" data-for="强化服务器安全">强化服务器安全</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#pxe-技术的优势与局限性" data-for="pxe-技术的优势与局限性">PXE 技术的优势与局限性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#优势" data-for="优势">优势</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#局限性" data-for="局限性">局限性</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#pxe-技术的应用" data-for="pxe-技术的应用">PXE 技术的应用</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基于-rhelfedora-系的详细配置指南" data-for="基于-rhelfedora-系的详细配置指南">基于 RHEL/Fedora 系的详细配置指南</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基于-debianubuntu-系的详细配置指南" data-for="基于-debianubuntu-系的详细<E8AFA6><E7BB86>
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