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<html lang="zh"><head><title>Token 鉴权</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="Token 鉴权"/><meta property="og:description" content="Token 鉴权."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="Token 鉴权."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Technology/ComputerSecurity/用户安全/用户鉴权/Token-鉴权"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../../../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17.5,25c-4.136,0-7.5-3.364-7.5-7.5 c0-4.136,3.364-7.5,7.5-7.5c4.136,0,7.5,3.364,7.5,7.5C25,21.636,21.636,25,17.5,25z"></path></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="nightIcon" x="0px" y
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<p>现在我们已经得知，Session-Cookie 的一些缺点，以及 Session 的维护给服务端造成很大困扰，我们必须找地方存放它，又要考虑分布式的问题，甚至要单独为了它启用一套 Redis 集群。那有没有更好的办法？</p>
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<p>于是 Token 就应运而生了</p>
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<h3 id="token令牌">Token（令牌）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#token令牌" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>Token 是一个令牌，客户端访问服务器时，验证通过后服务端会为其签发一张令牌，之后，客户端就可以携带令牌访问服务器，服务端只需要验证令牌的有效性即可。一句话概括：<strong>访问资源接口（API）时所需要的资源凭证</strong></p>
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<h4 id="token-的组成">Token 的组成<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#token-的组成" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<p>一般 Token 的组成由 <strong>uid</strong> （用户唯一的身份标识）+ <strong>time</strong>（当前时间的时间戳) + <strong>sign</strong> （签名，Token 的前几位以哈希算法压缩成的一定长度的十六进制字符串）</p>
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<h4 id="token-的认证流程图">Token 的认证流程图<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#token-的认证流程图" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/40b2dbfe8f84a.png" alt="Token 的认证流程图"/></p>
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<h4 id="token-认证步骤解析">Token 认证步骤解析<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#token-认证步骤解析" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 输入用户名和密码请求登录校验。</li>
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<li><strong>服务器：</strong> 收到请求验证用户名与密码；验证成功后，服务端会签发一个 Token，并把这个 Token 发送给客户端。</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 收到 Token 以后需要把它存储起来，Web 端一般会放在 localStorage 或 Cookie 中，移动端原生 APP 一般存储在本地缓存中。</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 再次向服务端请求 API 资源的时候，将 Token 通过 HTTP 请求头 Authorization 字段或者其它方式发送给服务端。</li>
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<li><strong>服务器：</strong> 收到请求，然后去验证客户端请求里面带着的 Token ，如果验证成功，就向客户端返回请求的数据，否则拒绝返还（401）。</li>
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</ol>
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<h4 id="token-的优点">Token 的优点<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#token-的优点" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>服务端无状态化、可扩展性好：</strong> Token 机制在服务端不需要存储会话（Session）信息，因为 Token 自身包含了其所标识用户的相关信息，这有利于在多个服务间共享用户状态。</li>
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<li><strong>支持 APP 移动端设备。</strong></li>
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<li><strong>安全性好：</strong> 有效避免 CSRF 攻击（因为不需要 Cookie）。</li>
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<li><strong>支持跨程序调用：</strong> 因为 Cookie 是不允许跨域访问的，而 Token 则不存在这个问题。</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="token-的缺点">Token 的缺点<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#token-的缺点" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>配合：</strong> 需要前后端配合处理。</li>
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<li><strong>占带宽：</strong> 正常情况下比 sid 更大，消耗更多流量，挤占更多宽带。</li>
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<li><strong>性能问题：</strong> 虽说验证 Token 时不用再去访问数据库或远程服务进行权限校验，但是需要对 Token 加解密等操作，所以会更耗性能。</li>
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<li><strong>有效期短：</strong> 为了避免 Token 被盗用，一般 Token 的有效期会设置的较短，所以就有了 Refresh Token。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="refresh-token刷新-token">Refresh Token（刷新 Token）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#refresh-token刷新-token" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>业务接口用来鉴权的 Token，我们称之为 Access Token。为了安全，我们的 Access Token 有效期一般设置较短，以避免被盗用。但过短的有效期会造成 Access Token 经常过期，过期后怎么办呢？</p>
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<p>一种办法是<strong>刷新 Access Token</strong>，让用户重新登录获取新 Token，会很麻烦。另一种办法是再来一个 Token，一个专门生成 Access Token 的 Token，我们称为 <strong>Refresh Token</strong>。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Access Token：</strong> 用来访问业务接口，由于有效期足够短，盗用风险小，也可以使请求方式更宽松灵活；</li>
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<li><strong>Refresh Token：</strong> 用来获取 Access Token，有效期可以长一些，通过独立服务和严格的请求方式增加安全性；由于不常验证，也可以如前面的 Session 一样处理；</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="refresh-token-的认证流程图">Refresh Token 的认证流程图<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#refresh-token-的认证流程图" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/0f634bdff18ca.png" alt="Refresh Token 的认证流程图"/></p>
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<h4 id="refresh-token-认证步骤解析">Refresh Token 认证步骤解析<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#refresh-token-认证步骤解析" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 输入用户名和密码请求登录校验。</li>
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<li><strong>服务端：</strong> 收到请求，验证用户名与密码；验证成功后，服务端会签发一个 Access Token 和 Refresh Token 并返回给客户端；</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 把 Access Token 和 Refresh Token 存储在本地；</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 请求数据时，携带 Access Token 传输给服务端；</li>
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<li><strong>服务端</strong>：
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<ul>
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<li>验证 Access Token 有效：正常返回数据</li>
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<li>验证 Access Token 过期：拒绝请求</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><strong>客户端</strong> ( Access Token 已过期) <strong>：</strong> 则重新传输 Refresh Token 给服务端；</li>
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<li><strong>服务端</strong> ( Access Token 已过期) <strong>：</strong> 验证 Refresh Token ，验证成功后返回新的 Access Token 给客户端；</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 重新携带新的 Access Token 请求接口；</li>
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</ol>
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<h3 id="token-和-session-cookie-的区别">Token 和 Session-Cookie 的区别<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#token-和-session-cookie-的区别" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>Session-Cookie 和 Token 有很多类似的地方，但是 Token 更像是 Session-Cookie 的升级改良版。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>存储地不同：</strong> Session 一般是存储在服务端；Token 是无状态的，一般由前端存储。</li>
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<li><strong>安全性不同：</strong> Session 和 Token 并不矛盾，作为身份认证 Token 安全性比 Session 好，因为每一个请求都有签名还能防止监听以及重放攻击。</li>
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<li><strong>支持性不同：</strong> Session-Cookie 认证需要靠浏览器的 Cookie 机制实现，如果遇到原生 NativeAPP 时这种机制就不起作用了，或是浏览器的 Cookie 存储功能被禁用，也是无法使用该认证机制实现鉴权的；而 Token 验证机制丰富了客户端类型。</li>
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</ul></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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