zhouzhongping/wiki
1
0
Fork 0
Code
94aaccbe99
wiki/Tech/programming-language/Python/模块/数据处理/csv-文件读写.html

240 lines
451 KiB
HTML
Raw Normal View History

Deploy HTML files - 2024-07-25
2024-07-25 17:25:39 +08:00
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head><title>csv 文件读写</title><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="csv 文件读写"/><meta property="og:description" content="Python 标准库 csv 文件读写."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="Python 标准库 csv 文件读写."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><script async src="https://umami.7wate.com/script.js" data-website-id="c061efdc-95dd-4d21-9d04-a1ffda0a85b9"></script><script>
var _hmt = _hmt || [];
(function() {
var hm = document.createElement("script");
hm.src = "https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?94d8ccb156eb7c65abf317e6e01cdba9";
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s);
})();
</script><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-MHMEL0F832"></script><script>
(function() {
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function gtag() {
window.dataLayer.push(arguments);
}
gtag('js', new Date());
gtag('config', 'G-MHMEL0F832');
})();
</script><link href="../../../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.0/dist/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&amp;family=Schibsted Grotesk:wght@400;700&amp;family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&amp;display=swap" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch(`../../../../../static/contentIndex.json`).then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Tech/programming-language/Python/模块/数据处理/csv-文件读写"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h1 class="page-title "><a href="../../../../..">📚 X·Eden</a></h1><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search "><div id="search-icon"><p>Search</p><div></div><svg tabIndex="0" aria-labelledby="title desc" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title id="title">Search</title><desc id="desc">Search</desc><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></div><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="Search for something" placeholder="Search for something"/><div id="results-container"></div></div></div></div><div class="darkmode "><input class="toggle" id="darkmode-toggle" type="checkbox" tabIndex="-1"/><label id="toggle-label-light" for="darkmode-toggle" tabIndex="-1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35;" xmlSpace="preserve"><title>Light mode</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17.5,25c-4.136,0-7.5-3.364-7.5-7.5 c0-4.136,3.364-7.5,7.5-7.5c4.136,0,7.5,3.364,7.5,7.5C25,21.636,21.636,25,17.5,25z"></path></svg></label><label id="toggle-label-dark" for="darkmode-toggle" tabIndex="-1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="nightIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" style="enable-background='new 0 0 100 100'" xmlSpace="preserve"><title>Dark mode</title><path d="M96.76,66.458c-0.853-0.852-2.15-1.064-3.23-0.534c-6.063,2.991-12.858,4.571-19.655,4.571 C62.022,70.495,50.88,65.88,42.5,57.5C29.043,44.043,25.658,23.536,34.076,6.47c0.532-1.08,0.318-2.379-0.534-3.23 c-0.851-0.852-2.15-1.064-3.23-0.534c-4.918,2.427-9.375,5.619-13.246,9.491c-9
<h3 id="csv-文件是什么">CSV 文件是什么<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-文件是什么" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>CSV（Comma Separated Values，字符分隔值）是一种简单的文件格式，用来存储表格数据，如电子表格或数据库。CSV 文件由任意数量的记录组成，记录间以某种换行符分隔。每条记录由字段组成，字段间的分隔符是其他字符或字符串，最常见的是逗号或制表符。</p>
<h3 id="用途和优点">用途和优点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#用途和优点" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>CSV 文件常用于数据的导入导出，可以被大多数类型的软件包括文本编辑器和电子表格程序读取。其优点包括<strong>简单、易于阅读、跨平台和语言兼容。</strong></p>
<h3 id="基本结构">基本结构<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基本结构" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>CSV 文件由行和列组成。每一行代表一个数据记录，而列则代表该记录的字段。字段的值由逗号分隔，不同的行则由换行符分隔。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="text" data-theme="default"><code data-language="text" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name,age,job</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">John,25,Engineer</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Alice,30,Doctor</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="python-csv-模块">Python Csv 模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#python-csv-模块" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>Python 的 <code>csv</code> 模块提供了一种方便的方式来操作 CSV 文件。它包括了用于读取和写入 CSV 数据的函数，以及用于处理 CSV 数据的类。</p>
<p>在 Python 中导入 <code>csv</code> 模块只需要简单的 <code>import</code> 语句：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="主要函数和类">主要函数和类<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#主要函数和类" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><code>csv</code> 模块的主要函数和类有：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>csv.reader()</code>：生成一个读取器对象，用于迭代读取 CSV 文件的每一行。</li>
<li><code>csv.writer()</code>：生成一个写入器对象，用于将数据写入 CSV 文件。</li>
<li><code>csv.DictReader()</code>：生成一个读取器对象，用于以字典形式读取 CSV 文件的每一行。</li>
<li><code>csv.DictWriter()</code>：生成一个写入器对象，用于将字典数据写入 CSV 文件。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="读取-csv-文件">读取 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#读取-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="使用-csvreader-函数读取-csv-文件">使用 csv.reader() 函数读取 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-csvreader-函数读取-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>csv.reader()</code> 函数读取 CSV 文件的步骤如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>打开你想要读取的 CSV 文件。</li>
<li>创建一个 <code>csv.reader</code> 对象，传入该文件对象作为参数。</li>
<li>迭代 <code>csv.reader</code> 对象，读取文件的每一行。</li>
</ol>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>**读取 CSV 文件时可能遇到的问题包括编码问题、字段格式问题等。**常见解决方法包括指定文件的编码方式、使用 <code>try-except</code> 块处理可能出现的错误等。</p>
<h3 id="csv-文件的读取实例">CSV 文件的读取实例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-文件的读取实例" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>假设我们有一个名为 <code>employees.csv</code> 的 CSV 文件，内容如下：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="plaintext" data-theme="default"><code data-language="plaintext" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name,age,department</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">John Doe,30,Engineering</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Jane Smith,40,Marketing</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>我们可以使用以下代码来读取这个文件：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'employees.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Name: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">, Age: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">, Department: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="写入-csv-文件">写入 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#写入-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="使用-csvwriter-函数写入-csv-文件">使用 csv.writer() 函数写入 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-csvwriter-函数写入-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>csv.writer()</code> 函数写入 CSV 文件的步骤如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>打开你想要写入的 CSV 文件。</li>
<li>创建一个 <code>csv.writer</code> 对象，传入该文件对象作为参数。</li>
<li>使用 <code>writerow()</code> 或 <code>writerows()</code> 方法，将数据写入文件。</li>
</ol>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'w'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, newline</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">''</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">([</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'job'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">])</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">([</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'John'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'25'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Engineer'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">])</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">([</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Alice'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'30'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Doctor'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">])</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>**写入 CSV 文件可能遇到的问题包括权限问题、磁盘空间问题等。**常见解决方法包括检查文件写入权限、确保磁盘有足够空间等。</p>
<h3 id="csv-文件的写入实例">CSV 文件的写入实例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-文件的写入实例" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>假设我们需要将以下数据写入一个名为 <code>employees.csv</code> 的 CSV 文件：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">employees </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'department'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'John Doe'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'30'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Engineering'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Jane Smith'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'40'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Marketing'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>我们可以使用以下代码来写入这个文件：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'employees.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'w'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, newline</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">''</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerows</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(employees)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="csv-数据使用字典处理">CSV 数据使用字典处理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-数据使用字典处理" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="使用-csvdictreader-函数读取-csv-文件并返回字典">使用 csv.DictReader() 函数读取 CSV 文件并返回字典<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-csvdictreader-函数读取-csv-文件并返回字典" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><code>csv.DictReader()</code> 函数可以将 CSV 文件的每行读取为一个字典，其中列名为键，列值为值。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">DictReader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="使用-csvdictwriter-函数将字典写入-csv-文件">使用 csv.DictWriter() 函数将字典写入 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-csvdictwriter-函数将字典写入-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><code>csv.DictWriter()</code> 函数可以将字典数据写入 CSV 文件。需要先指定列名，然后调用 <code>writeheader()</code> 方法写入列名，最后调用 <code>writerow()</code> 或 <code>writerows()</code> 方法写入字典数据。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'w'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, newline</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">''</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> fieldnames </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'job'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">DictWriter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file, fieldnames</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">fieldnames)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writeheader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">({</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'John'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'25'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'job'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Engineer'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">})</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">({</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Alice'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'30'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'job'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Doctor'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">})</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="字典和-csv-数据的交互">字典和 CSV 数据的交互<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#字典和-csv-数据的交互" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>假设我们有一个名为 <code>employees.csv</code> 的 CSV 文件，内容如下：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="plaintext" data-theme="default"><code data-language="plaintext" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name,age,department</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">John Doe,30,Engineering</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Jane Smith,40,Marketing</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>我们可以使用以下代码来读取这个文件，并打印出每个员工的名字和部门：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'employees.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">DictReader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;Name: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">, Department: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'department'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="csv-文件中的错误和异常">CSV 文件中的错误和异常<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-文件中的错误和异常" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>读取和写入 CSV 文件时可能遇到的错误和异常包括文件不存在、文件不可读写、磁盘空间不足等。可以使用 try-except 结构来捕获和处理这些异常。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">try</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">FileNotFoundError</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'File not found.'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">错误类型</th><th align="left">错误描述</th><th align="left">解决方案</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>FileNotFoundError</code></td><td align="left">找不到指定的文件。</td><td align="left">确保文件的路径和名称正确，且文件确实存在。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>PermissionError</code></td><td align="left">没有足够的权限打开文件。</td><td align="left">确保你有足够的权限访问和修改文件。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>IsADirectoryError</code></td><td align="left">尝试打开的是一个目录，而不是文件。</td><td align="left">确保指定的路径是文件，而非目录。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>IOError</code></td><td align="left">文件读写出错，例如磁盘空间不足。</td><td align="left">确保磁盘有足够的空间，文件没有被其他程序锁定。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>csv.Error</code></td><td align="left">CSV 文件格式错误。</td><td align="left">确保 CSV 文件的格式正确，例如字段是否正确分隔。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>UnicodeDecodeError</code></td><td align="left">文件编码问题。</td><td align="left">确保文件的编码和你在 Python 中指定的编码一致。</td></tr></tbody></table></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
s-3.542,0.634-4.898,1.688l-7.669-7.669C16.785,10.424,17,9.74,17,9c0-2.206-1.794-4-4-4S9,6.794,9,9s1.794,4,4,4
c0.74,0,1.424-0.215,2.019-0.567l7.669,7.669C21.634,21.458,21,23.154,21,25s0.634,3.542,1.688,4.897L10.024,42.562
C8.958,41.595,7.549,41,6,41c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6s2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-1.035-0.263-2.009-0.726-2.86l12.829-12.829
c1.106,0.86,2.44,1.436,3.898,1.619v10.16c-2.833,0.478-5,2.942-5,5.91c0,3.309,2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-2.967-2.167-5.431-5-5.91
v-10.16c1.458-0.183,2.792-0.759,3.898-1.619l7.669,7.669C41.215,39.576,41,40.26,41,41c0,2.206,1.794,4,4,4s4-1.794,4-4
s-1.794-4-4-4c-0.74,0-1.424,0.215-2.019,0.567l-7.669-7.669C36.366,28.542,37,26.846,37,25s-0.634-3.542-1.688-4.897l9.665-9.665
C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
S11,10.103,11,9z M6,51c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S8.206,51,6,51z M33,49c0,2.206-1.794,4-4,4s-4-1.794-4-4
s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#csv" data-for="csv">CSV</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#csv-文件是什么" data-for="csv-文件是什么">CSV 文件是什么</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#用途和优点" data-for="用途和优点">用途和优点</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基本结构" data-for="基本结构">基本结构</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#python-csv-模块" data-for="python-csv-模块">Python Csv 模块</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#主要函数和类" data-for="主要函数和类">主要函数和类</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#读取-csv-文件" data-for="读取-csv-文件">读取 CSV 文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使用-csvreader-函数读取-csv-文件" data-for="使用-csvreader-函数读取-csv-文件">使用 csv.reader() 函数读取 CSV 文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#csv-文件的读取实例" data-for="csv-文件的读取实例">CSV 文件的读取实例</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#写入-csv-文件" data-for="写入-csv-文件">写入 CSV 文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使用-csvwriter-函数写入-csv-文件" data-for="使用-csvwriter-函数写入-csv-文件">使用 csv.writer() 函数写入 CSV 文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#csv-文件的写入实例" data-for="csv-文件的写入实例">CSV 文件的写入实例</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#csv-数据使用字典处理" data-for="csv-数据使用字典处理">CSV 数据使用字典处理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使用-csvdictreader-函数读取-csv-文件并返回字典" data-for="使用-csvdictreader-函数读取-csv-文件并返回字典">使用 csv.DictReader() 函数读取 CSV 文件并返回字典</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使用-csvdictwriter-函数将字典写入-csv-文件" data-for="使用-csvdictwriter-函数将字典写入-csv-文件">使用 csv.DictWriter() 函数将字典写入 CSV 文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#字典和-csv-数据的交互" data-for="字典和-csv-数据的交互">字典和 CSV 数据的交互</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#csv-文件中的错误和异常" data-for="csv-文件中的错误和异常">CSV 文件中的错误和异常</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li><a href="../../../../../Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/文件和IO操作" class="internal">文件和IO操作</a></li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Basics&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Basics/english&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Blog&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/个人成长&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/医学健康&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/历史&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/哲学宗教&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;pa
function toggleCallout() {
const outerBlock = this.parentElement;
outerBlock.classList.toggle(`is-collapsed`);
const collapsed = outerBlock.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
const height = collapsed ? this.scrollHeight : outerBlock.scrollHeight;
outerBlock.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
let current = outerBlock;
let parent = outerBlock.parentElement;
while (parent) {
if (!parent.classList.contains(`callout`)) {
return;
}
const collapsed2 = parent.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
const height2 = collapsed2 ? parent.scrollHeight : parent.scrollHeight + current.scrollHeight;
parent.style.maxHeight = height2 + `px`;
current = parent;
parent = parent.parentElement;
}
}
function setupCallout() {
const collapsible = document.getElementsByClassName(
`callout is-collapsible`
);
for (const div of collapsible) {
const title = div.firstElementChild;
if (title) {
title.removeEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
title.addEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
const collapsed = div.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
const height = collapsed ? title.scrollHeight : div.scrollHeight;
div.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
}
}
}
document.addEventListener(`nav`, setupCallout);
window.addEventListener(`resize`, setupCallout);
</script><script type="module">
import mermaid from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid/dist/mermaid.esm.min.mjs';
const darkMode = document.documentElement.getAttribute('saved-theme') === 'dark'
mermaid.initialize({
startOnLoad: false,
securityLevel: 'loose',
theme: darkMode ? 'dark' : 'default'
});
document.addEventListener('nav', async () => {
await mermaid.run({
querySelector: '.mermaid'
})
});
</script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.7/dist/contrib/copy-tex.min.js" type="application/javascript"></script><script src="../../../../../postscript.js" type="module"></script></html>
Copy Permalink