280 lines
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<p><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/about/" class="external">PostgreSQL</a>，起源于加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的 POSTGRES 项目，始于 1986 年。该项目由计算机科学教授 Michael Stonebraker 领导，他在数据库领域的贡献也促成了其他关系数据库系统的诞生。</p>
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<p>Michael Stonebraker 教授是 PostgreSQL 的创始人。他的愿景是设计一个既灵活又可扩展的数据库系统，能够支持多种数据模型和查询语言。与其他关系型数据库相比，PostgreSQL 的独特之处在于其开放和扩展性。它不仅支持许多标准 SQL 的特性，还允许用户自定义数据类型、操作符和函数。</p>
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<h2 id="历史">历史<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#历史" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>PostgreSQL 的发展历程反映了其对技术创新和社区驱动的承诺：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>POSTGRES (1989)</strong>：这是 PostgreSQL 的前身，其主要创新在于支持用户定义的数据类型和面向对象的特性。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 6.x (1996)</strong>：此时，POSTGRES 项目更名为 PostgreSQL，标志着其对 SQL 标准的更深入支持。这个版本开始，它扩展到了多种操作系统平台，并建立了一个更加活跃的开发者社区。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 7.x (2000s)</strong>：这个版本增强了对外部过程的支持，并引入了更加先进的查询优化器。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 8.x (2005)</strong>：这是 PostgreSQL 首次支持 Windows 平台的版本。它还新增了点对点复制和表空间的功能。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 9.x (2010s)</strong>：这个版本带来了众多创新，包括流复制、列式存储和对 JSON 数据类型的支持。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 10.x (2017)</strong>：这个版本开始，PostgreSQL 的版本号发生了变化，主要版本号只增加第一个数字。例如，从 9.6 直接跳到了 10。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 11.x (2018)</strong>：此版本进一步增强了分区表的功能，并引入了并行执行的存储过程。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 12.x (2019)</strong>：引入了对 SQL/JSON 路径语言的支持，提供了更好的索引和分区。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 13.x (2020)</strong>：增加了并行化的增量排序和聚合功能，以及对 B 树索引的改进。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 14.x (2021)</strong>：此版本带来了对长事务的性能改进，以及对复制和分区的增强。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 15.x (2022)</strong>：发布于 2022 年 10 月 13 日，带来了一系列的新特性和改进。</li>
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL 16.x (2023)</strong>：计划于 2023 年 9 月 14 日发布，目前已经发布了 RC1 版本。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>与其他关系数据库相比，<strong>PostgreSQL 一直强调其对开放性、扩展性和标准的遵循</strong>。与 MySQL、Oracle 和 SQL Server 等数据库相比，它被视为一个功能丰富但需要一定学习投入的选择。</p>
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<h2 id="特点">特点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#特点" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>作为世界上最先进的开源关系数据库，PostgreSQL 具有以下显著特点：</p>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>数据类型</strong>：支持标准及用户自定义数据类型，增强应用灵活性。</li>
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<li><strong>扩展性</strong>：允许添加自定义函数、数据类型和聚合函数，实现高度定制。</li>
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<li><strong>事务性</strong>：全面遵循 ACID 原则，确保数据完整性。</li>
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<li><strong>并发控制</strong>：利用 MVCC 技术，优化高并发下的读写性能。</li>
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<li><strong>安全性</strong>：集成 SSL、行级安全性和强大的访问控制。</li>
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</ol>
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<p>尽管 PostgreSQL 有许多优势，但它也面临一些挑战：</p>
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<p><strong>优势</strong>：</p>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>开源 & 免费</strong>：功能丰富且完全免费。</li>
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<li><strong>高度扩展性</strong>：支持广泛的自定义功能。</li>
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<li><strong>社区支持</strong>：得益于活跃的全球社区。</li>
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<li><strong>功能丰富</strong>：支持如 JSON 存储、全文搜索等高级特性，并有众多插件。</li>
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<li><strong>跨平台</strong>：兼容 Linux、Windows 和 macOS。</li>
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</ol>
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<p><strong>挑战</strong>：</p>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>性能比较</strong>：在特定场景下，可能不及 Oracle 或 SQL Server。</li>
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<li><strong>大型应用适应性</strong>：大型企业应用可能需要额外优化。</li>
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<li><strong>学习曲线</strong>：功能丰富可能导致新手上手难度增加。</li>
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</ol>
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<p>PostgreSQL 通常每年发布一次主要版本，并根据需要发布小的补丁更新。新版本的发布是基于特性完成度而不是预定的时间表，这确保了每个版本的高质量和稳定性。</p>
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<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
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style A fill:#f9d,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px;
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style B fill:#9cf,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px;
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style C fill:#9cf,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px;
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style D fill:#ccf,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px;
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style E fill:#ccf,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px;
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style F fill:#ccf,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px;
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style G fill:#ccf,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px;
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A[PostgreSQL 发布规则]
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B[小版本发布]
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C[主要版本发布]
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D[小版本发布周期]
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E[主要版本发布日期]
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F[小版本发布目标日期]
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G[下一个主要版本]
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A --> B
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A --> C
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B --> D
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B --> F
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C --> E
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C --> G
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C --> H
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D[每个季度至少发布一次小版本]
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F[目标日期: 每年的 2 月, 5 月, 8 月和 11 月的第二个星期四]
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E[每年一次发布一次主要版本]
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G[计划在 2023 年第三季度发布 16 版本]
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H[主要版本提供 5 年技术支持]
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="对比">对比<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#对比" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<table><thead><tr><th>特点/数据库</th><th>Oracle</th><th>MySQL</th><th>SQL Server</th><th>PostgreSQL</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>查询性能</strong></td><td>高，优化了 OLTP 和 OLAP</td><td>适中，适合 Web 应用</td><td>高，优化了 OLTP</td><td>高，特别是复杂查询</td></tr><tr><td><strong>并发性能</strong></td><td>高</td><td>适中到高</td><td>高</td><td>高</td></tr><tr><td><strong>读写吞吐量</strong></td><td>高</td><td>适中</td><td>高</td><td>高</td></tr><tr><td><strong>数据存储效率</strong></td><td>高，支持多种压缩技术</td><td>适中</td><td>高，支持列式存储</td><td>高，支持列式存储</td></tr><tr><td><strong>备份和恢复</strong></td><td>高，有 RMAN</td><td>适中，有物理和逻辑备份</td><td>高，有完整的备份策略</td><td>高，支持 PITR</td></tr><tr><td><strong>扩展性</strong></td><td>高，支持 RAC</td><td>适中，有集群解决方案</td><td>高，支持 AlwaysOn</td><td>高，支持分区和分片</td></tr><tr><td><strong>事务处理能力</strong></td><td>高，支持多种隔离级别</td><td>适中，支持 MVCC</td><td>高</td><td>高，支持 MVCC</td></tr><tr><td><strong>安全性</strong></td><td>高，有完整的安全套件</td><td>适中</td><td>高，有完整的安全策略</td><td>高，支持 RLS 和 TDE</td></tr><tr><td><strong>可用性</strong></td><td>高，支持 Data Guard</td><td>适中，有复制</td><td>高，支持镜像和复制</td><td>高，支持流复制</td></tr><tr><td><strong>维护和管理</strong></td><td>适中，有 Enterprise Manager</td><td>适中，有 Workbench</td><td>适中，有 SSMS</td><td>适中，有多种工具</td></tr><tr><td><strong>特性和功能</strong></td><td>高，有多种高级功能</td><td>适中，支持 JSON</td><td>高，支持 BI、ML 等</td><td>高，支持 JSON、GIS 等</td></tr><tr><td><strong>社区和支持</strong></td><td>适中，商业支持</td><td>高，由 Oracle 支持</td><td>适中，由 Microsoft 支持</td><td>高，活跃的社区</td></tr><tr><td><strong>成本效益</strong></td><td>高昂的许可费</td><td>有开源版本</td><td>有免费版本</td><td>开源免费</td></tr><tr><td><strong>DB-Engines-Rank</strong></td><td>1240</td><td>1111</td><td>902</td><td>620</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p><strong>使用场景</strong>：</p>
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<ul>
|
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<li><strong>PostgreSQL</strong>：适用于需要高度可定制、高并发、复杂查询和高扩展性的应用，如大型企业应用、GIS 系统、数据仓库等。</li>
|
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<li><strong>Oracle</strong>：适用于大型企业和金融机构，需要高可用性、高安全性和高性能的场景，如 ERP、CRM、银行系统等。</li>
|
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<li><strong>MySQL</strong>：适用于 Web 应用、小到中型企业应用、开源项目等，需要快速部署和简单维护的场景。</li>
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<li><strong>SQL Server</strong>：适用于 Windows 环境、需要集成 Microsoft 生态系统的应用，如 .NET 应用、BI 解决方案等。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="文化">文化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#文化" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>**PostgreSQL 拥有一个非常活跃的全球社区，由数千名开发者、用户和志愿者组成。**这个社区不仅贡献代码，还提供技术支持、文档编写和培训。</p>
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<p>**社区坚守开放、共享和合作的原则，这些原则影响了其开发和决策过程，确保了项目的透明性和公正性。**每年，社区都会举办多次活动，如年度的 PostgreSQL 会议、地方性的聚会和线上研讨会。这些活动促进了社区成员之间的交流和合作，也为新成员提供了了解和参与社区的机会。</p>
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<p>所有的决策，无论是关于新功能的开发、bug 修复还是其他项目管理事项，都是在邮件列表、IRC 频道或其他公开论坛上进行的。这确保了<strong>所有的利益相关者都有机会参与和发表意见。</strong></p>
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<p>**PostgreSQL 社区成功地平衡了开源精神与商业需求。**虽然 PostgreSQL 是一个开源项目，但它也与许多商业公司合作，提供商业支持和解决方案。社区也与其他数据库社区，如 MySQL 和 MariaDB，有着友好的关系，经常在技术和开发上互相学习和合作。</p>
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<p>尽管社区非常活跃和成功，但它仍然面临一些挑战，如技术挑战、社区管理挑战等。但社区始终坚信，通过合作和创新，它们可以克服这些挑战，并继续发展。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#序言" data-for="序言">序言</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#历史" data-for="历史">历史</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#特点" data-for="特点">特点</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#对比" data-for="对比">对比</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#文化" data-for="文化">文化</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Basics","collapsed":true},{"path":"Basics/english","collapsed":true},{"path":"Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化/规范","collapsed":true},{"path":"Culture","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/标准","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/法律","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W34","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W35","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W36","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W37","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W38","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W39","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W41","collapsed":true},{"path
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