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<html><head><title>学习之道</title><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="学习之道"/><meta property="og:description" content="《学习之道》则是一本真正面向大众、指导实践以及科学可信的学习方法手册。这本书的优点主要有以下几个方面。学习方法领域的图书主要分为两类。一类走的是学院派路线,主要是梳理学习心理学中的各种理论,在这些书中,我们能看到不同流派的观点,能看到心理学家对学习本质的讨论,但是这些内容对于学习者来说,有些过于抽象了,较难在学习的具体实践中加以应用;另一类走的是实践派路线,作者往往靠个人的天赋和努力,摸索出了一些基于经验的学习方法,这些书有一定的参考价值,但缺点也比较明显:一方面其中部分观点可能不符合学习心理学中的科学结论,另一方面某些方法只适合特定的场景,无法迁移应用在更广阔的学习领域中。."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="《学习之道》则是一本真正面向大众、指导实践以及科学可信的学习方法手册。这本书的优点主要有以下几个方面。学习方法领域的图书主要分为两类。一类走的是学院派路线,主要是梳理学习心理学中的各种理论,在这些书中,我们能看到不同流派的观点,能看到心理学家对学习本质的讨论,但是这些内容对于学习者来说,有些过于抽象了,较难在学习的具体实践中加以应用;另一类走的是实践派路线,作者往往靠个人的天赋和努力,摸索出了一些基于经验的学习方法,这些书有一定的参考价值,但缺点也比较明显:一方面其中部分观点可能不符合学习心理学中的科学结论,另一方面某些方法只适合特定的场景,无法迁移应用在更广阔的学习领域中。."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><script async src="https://umami.7wate.com/script.js" data-website-id="c061efdc-95dd-4d21-9d04-a1ffda0a85b9"></script><script>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>书名</strong>:《学习之道》</li>
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<li><strong>作者</strong>: 芭芭拉·奥克利</li>
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<li><strong>分类</strong>: 个人成长-人生哲学</li>
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<li><strong>ISBN</strong>:9787111552062</li>
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<li><strong>出版社</strong>:机械工业出版社</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="概述">概述<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#概述" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>《学习之道》则是一本真正面向大众、指导实践以及科学可信的学习方法手册。这本书的优点主要有以下几个方面。学习方法领域的图书主要分为两类。一类走的是学院派路线,主要是梳理学习心理学中的各种理论,在这些书中,我们能看到不同流派的观点,能看到心理学家对学习本质的讨论,但是这些内容对于学习者来说,有些过于抽象了,较难在学习的具体实践中加以应用;另一类走的是实践派路线,作者往往靠个人的天赋和努力,摸索出了一些基于经验的学习方法,这些书有一定的参考价值,但缺点也比较明显:一方面其中部分观点可能不符合学习心理学中的科学结论,另一方面某些方法只适合特定的场景,无法迁移应用在更广阔的学习领域中。</p>
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<h2 id="划线">划线<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#划线" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p>还有另外一种直观的方式来看待专注模式和发散模式之间的区别:想象从手电筒里打出来的光。专注模式下的光束更紧密,穿透力更强,径直打在一小块区域上。而如果你拨到发散模式,光柱会分散开,照亮的范围更广,但各处的光强都会降低。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>有的人是左脑主导的,有的人是右脑主导的”</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>总要有来有往,才能打赢乒乓球</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>他是指,专注与发散的思维过程经过长年累月地细火慢炖,产生创造性的突破。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>“慢直觉”的关键就是要用多角度思维感知一个概念。那样,概念的方方面面会临时而随机地组合在一起,直到最终,你的创意如出水芙蓉般诞生。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>解决数学和科学难题,就像在钢琴上弹一首曲子。你练得越多,神经模型就越坚实,颜色就越深、越强壮。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>[插图]</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>长达几个世纪以来,杀人者都对砒霜青睐有加。只要在早餐面包上撒一点,用不了一天你就会痛苦地一命呜呼。然而,在1875年的德国文理协会第48届会议上,有两个人坐在观众面前,轻松从容地服下了两倍于致命剂量的砒霜。可想而知,那时大家有多震惊!可第二天,他们又面带微笑,健康如故地回到了会场。尿检显示二人并没有使诈,他们确实服食了毒药。[插图]</p>
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<p>但是怎么可能有人服毒却不死,甚至看起来若无其事呢?</p>
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<p>这个看似无关的故事与我们将要讲到的拖延问题有许多可以类比之处。了解一些拖延症的认知心理学原理,就如同了解毒药的化学原理一样,能够帮助我们形成有益健康的预防机制。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>但如果你开始对某件事游刃有余,自然就会乐在其中了。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>习惯可以帮我们节省力气,它能为我们的大脑腾出空间进行别的活动。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>而你心里明白,这5道题可能会是艰巨的任务。你幻想自己能在最后一秒搞定这5道题(或者20页的报告之类),而活在这样的幻想里会比较轻松。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>如同拖延,习惯有四个组成部分:■ 信号;■ 反应程序;■ 奖励机制;■ 信念。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>你要给发散模式留出足够的时间</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>一位小提琴演奏大师,不会把一个曲子从头到尾练上无数遍。相反,她会集中攻克最难的乐段,比如那些让人指法笨拙、脑中浑然无序的部分。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>备考的时候,把你的问题和答案梳理整齐,会方便你快速浏览。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>培养灵活专业的思维,关键在于构建属于你的思维方案库。这是一个你能快速读取的数据库,在紧要关头总能派上用场。这个做法不仅可以用于解决数学和科学问题,它还适用于生活的许多方面。比如,这就是为什么要去观察紧急出口相对飞机座椅或宾馆房间的位置,这样做总是上策。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>习惯突击完成工作的人通常比那些合理安排时间、定时定量完成工作的人效率低很多。[插图]突击完成工作的时间如果太长,会让你精疲力竭。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>你自带的超大视觉空间记忆</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>研究表明,越是聪明的人越容易在繁芜复杂的问题上迷失自我。而头脑略逊一筹的人反而更容易找到更简单的解决方法。[插图]</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>训练,尤其是对学习材料中最困难的部分更要刻意训练,这样才能让那些拥有普通智力的人有机会上升到“天赋异禀”的境界。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>在科学、数学、技术领域取得成功的专业人士,逐渐习得的一个特质,就是学会如何组块——提炼关键思想。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>毕竟,只有数学是理性的诗歌,而诗是心灵的数学。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>努力学习数学和科学的时候,我们能做的最重要的一件事,就是给脑中的抽象概念赋予生命。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>你是自己的骄傲,尤其应该骄傲于那些让你“与众不同”的特质,并把它用作你成功的秘密法宝。借你与生俱来的逆反心理反抗偏见,不要轻信他人对你下的结论。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>考试本身就是一种效果非凡的学习经历</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>开始做题时,就先做看起来最难的那道。不过要做好准备,一旦你发现自己已经一两分钟没有进展,或者感觉可能想偏了,就要立刻抽身出来。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>对于考试恐慌人群来说,还有一个好建议就是把注意力暂时转移到自己的呼吸上来。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="笔记">笔记<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#笔记" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p>发散模式对学数学和科学也同样必不可少。如果我们在一个问题上挣扎了许久而不得思路,它会冷不防地提供一个新点悟。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>💭 潜意识,好读书不求甚解</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>利用专注思维模式来处理数学和科学问题,通常会比处理语言和人际交往相关问题费劲得多。[插图]这也许是因为上千年来,人类操控数学概念的能力并没有进化,并且数学概念往往比传统语言问题更加抽象隐晦。[插图]</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>💭 抽象能力</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>如果给你两个三角形,要求你把它们拼成一个正方形,这非常容易,就像左图那样。但如果再给你两个三角形,让你把四个放在一起拼出一个正方形,你的第一反应会是错误地把它们拼成一个长方形,就像中间图示那样。这是因为你的大脑里已经有了专注模式下的模型,使你囿于成见。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>💭 认知偏见</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>用一个计时器设定25分钟,在这25分钟里,全神贯注于一项任务,什么任务都行。不用担心能不能完成它,专心去做就好。25分钟的时限一到,你就停下来奖励一下自己,看看网页,翻一下手机,做任何你想做的事情。注意,奖励和工作本身一样重要。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
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<p>💭 番茄时钟工作法</p>
|
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>我们的大脑有两种截然不同的思维模式——专注模式和发散模式。你会在两种模式之间转换,择一而用。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
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<p>💭 本意识,潜意识</p>
|
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>你怎么才能意识到自己处于发散模式中?那是一种什么感觉?</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>💭 思维活跃,极致联想</p>
|
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>首先要记住,陷入拖延很简单,但获得顽强的意志力可就难得多了。因为后者需要动用大量的神经资源。可以说用意志力来对抗拖延,就像在空中喷洒廉价劣质的空气清新剂一样完全徒劳无功。除非万不得已,否则不要把意志力浪费在抵抗拖延上。</p>
|
|||
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</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>💭 意志力是最宝贵的消耗品</p>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>同样,拖延症患者起初也只是拖延了一点点。可一次又一次地拖延最终让他们泥足深陷。他们也许暂时看上去毫无问题,但长此以往呢?
|
|||
|
恐怕不会太好。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>💭 拖延的问题在于节奏感的保持,一步登山,一口吃成胖子都是不现实的。只有日拱一卒,持续的正反馈才是可行的</p>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>让自己享用一杯拿铁,或去浏览自己最爱的网站?能否奖励自己毫无愧疚地看一晚上电视或上一晚上网?能不能在有更大收获时给自己更大的奖励,比如电影票、毛衣或是买点浮夸的小礼物?</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>💭 反馈奖励</p>
|
|||
|
<blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>刚坐下投入工作前,有点负面小情绪是正常现象。如何应对这些情绪是才是关键。研究者发现,“快人”和“慢人”的不同就在于,“快人”毫不拖沓地把负面想法放在一边,对自己说,“别浪费时间了,现在就动手吧。只要你动手做事情,感觉就会好很多了”。</p>
|
|||
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
<p>💭 问题是问题,情绪是情绪,永远不要带着情绪去解决问题。</p>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="书评">书评<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#书评" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
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<h2 id="点评">点评<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#点评" class="internal"> §</a></h2></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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v-10.16c1.458-0.183,2.792-0.759,3.898-1.619l7.669,7.669C41.215,39.576,41,40.26,41,41c0,2.206,1.794,4,4,4s4-1.794,4-4
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s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#简介" data-for="简介">简介</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#概述" data-for="概述">概述</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#划线" data-for="划线">划线</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#笔记" data-for="笔记">笔记</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#书评" data-for="书评">书评</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#点评" data-for="点评">点评</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Basics","collapsed":true},{"path":"Basics/english","collapsed":true},{"path":"Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化/规范","collapsed":true},{"path":"Culture","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/标准","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/法律","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W34","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W35","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W36","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W37","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W38","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W39","collapsed":true},{"path&quo
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