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<html lang="zh"><head><title>程序设计语言</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&amp;family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&amp;family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&amp;display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="程序设计语言"/><meta property="og:description" content="TIOBE 榜单 Oct 2022Oct 2021ChangeProgramming LanguageRatingsChange11Python17.08%+5.81%22C15.21%+4.05%33Java12.84%+2.38%44C++9.92%+2.42%55C#4.42%-0.84%66Visual ..."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="TIOBE 榜单 Oct 2022Oct 2021ChangeProgramming LanguageRatingsChange11Python17.08%+5.81%22C15.21%+4.05%33Java12.84%+2.38%44C++9.92%+2.42%55C#4.42%-0.84%66Visual ..."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Technology/ProgrammingLanguage/home"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Oct 2022</th><th style="text-align:left;">Oct 2021</th><th style="text-align:left;">Change</th><th style="text-align:left;">Programming Language</th><th style="text-align:left;">Ratings</th><th style="text-align:left;">Change</th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;">1</td><td style="text-align:left;">1</td><td style="text-align:left;"></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/Python.png" alt="Python page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">Python</td><td style="text-align:left;">17.08%</td><td>+5.81%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">2</td><td style="text-align:left;">2</td><td style="text-align:left;"></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/C.png" alt="C page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">C</td><td style="text-align:left;">15.21%</td><td>+4.05%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">3</td><td style="text-align:left;">3</td><td style="text-align:left;"></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/Java.png" alt="Java page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">Java</td><td style="text-align:left;">12.84%</td><td>+2.38%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">4</td><td style="text-align:left;">4</td><td style="text-align:left;"></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/C__.png" alt="C++ page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">C++</td><td style="text-align:left;">9.92%</td><td>+2.42%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">5</td><td style="text-align:left;">5</td><td style="text-align:left;"></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/C_.png" alt="C# page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">C#</td><td style="text-align:left;">4.42%</td><td>-0.84%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">6</td><td style="text-align:left;">6</td><td style="text-align:left;"></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/Visual_Basic.png" alt="Visual Basic page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">Visual Basic</td><td style="text-align:left;">3.95%</td><td>-1.29%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">7</td><td style="text-align:left;">7</td><td style="text-align:left;"></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/JavaScript.png" alt="JavaScript page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">JavaScript</td><td style="text-align:left;">2.74%</td><td>+0.55%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">8</td><td style="text-align:left;">10</td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tpci/images/up.png" alt="change"/></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/Assembly_language.png" alt="Assembly language page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">Assembly language</td><td style="text-align:left;">2.39%</td><td>+0.33%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">9</td><td style="text-align:left;">9</td><td style="text-align:left;"></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/PHP.png" alt="PHP page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">PHP</td><td style="text-align:left;">2.04%</td><td>-0.06%</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">10</td><td style="text-align:left;">8</td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tpci/images/down.png" alt="change"/></td><td style="text-align:left;"><img src="https://www.tiobe.com/wp-content/themes/tiobe/tiobe-index/images/SQL.png" alt="SQL page"/></td><td style="text-align:left;">SQL</td><td style="text-align:left;">1.78%</td><td>-0.39%</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<blockquote>
<p>来源：<a href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/" class="external">TIOBE Index - TIOBE<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>；非商业引用，著作权归作者所有。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="程序设计语言历史">程序设计语言历史<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#程序设计语言历史" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="1940-之前"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#1940%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D" class="external">1940 之前<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a><a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#1940-之前" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>第一个编程语言比现代的电脑还早诞生。首先，这种语言是种代码。</p>
<p>于 1804 年发明的雅卡尔织布机，运用打孔卡上的坑洞来代表缝纫织布机的手臂动作，以便自动化产生装饰的图案。</p>
<h3 id="1940-年代"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#1940%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" class="external">1940 年代<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a><a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#1940-年代" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>最早被确认的现代化、电力启动（electrically powered）的电脑约在 1940 年代被创造出来。程序员在有限的速度及存储器容量限制之下，撰写人工调整（hand tuned）过的汇编语言程序。</p>
<h3 id="1950-与-1960-年代"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#1950%E8%88%871960%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" class="external">1950 与 1960 年代<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a><a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#1950-与-1960-年代" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>有三个现代编程语言于 1950 年代被设计出来，这三者所派生的语言直到今日仍旧广泛地被采用：</p>
<ul>
<li>FORTRAN (1955)，名称取自 “FORmula TRANslator”(公式翻译器)，由约翰·巴科斯等人所发明；</li>
<li>LISP，名称取自 “LISt Processor”(枚举处理器)，由约翰·麦卡锡等人所发明；</li>
<li>COBOL，名称取自 “COmmon Business Oriented Language”(通用商业导向语言)，由被葛丽丝·霍普深刻影响的 Short Range Committee 所发明。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1960-年代晚期---1970-年代晚期确立了基础范型"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#1980%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%9A%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%B7%E3%80%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84%E3%80%81%E6%95%88%E8%83%BD" class="external">1960 年代晚期 - 1970 年代晚期：确立了基础范型<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a><a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#1960-年代晚期---1970-年代晚期确立了基础范型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>1960 年代晚期至 1970 年代晚期的期间中，编程语言的发展也有了重大的成果。大多数现在所使用的主要语言范型都是在这段期间中发明的：</p>
<ul>
<li>Simula，于 1960 年代晚期由奈加特与达尔以 Algol 60 超集合的方式发展，同时也是第一个设计支持面向对象进行开发的编程语言。</li>
<li>C，于 1969 至 1973 年间由贝尔实验室的研究人员丹尼斯·里奇与肯·汤普逊所开发，是一种早期的系统程序设计语言。</li>
<li>Smalltalk，于 1970 年代中期所开发，是一个完全从零开始（ground-up）设计的面向对象编程语言。</li>
<li>Prolog，于 1972 年由 Colmerauer、Roussel 以及 Kowalski 所设计，是第一个逻辑程序语言。</li>
<li>ML，于 1973 年由罗宾·米尔纳所发明，是一个基于 Lisp 所建构的多态（polymorphic）类型系统，同时也是静态类型函数编程语言的先驱。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1980-年代增强模块性能"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#1980%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%9A%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%B7%E3%80%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84%E3%80%81%E6%95%88%E8%83%BD" class="external">1980 年代：增强、模块、性能<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a><a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#1980-年代增强模块性能" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>1980 年代的编程语言与之前相较显得更为强大。C++ 合并了面向对象以及系统程序设计。美国政府标准化一种名为 Ada 的系统编程语言并提供给国防承包商使用。日本以及其他地方运用了大量的资金对采用逻辑编程语言结构的第五代编程语言进行研究。函数编程语言社群则把焦点转移到标准化 ML 及 Lisp 身上。这些活动都不是在开发新的范型，而是在将上个世代发明的构想进一步发扬光大。</p>
<p>在这段期间被开发出来的重要语言包括有：</p>
<ul>
<li>1980 - Ada</li>
<li>1983 - C++（就像有类别的 C）</li>
<li>1984 - Common Lisp</li>
<li>1985 - Eiffel</li>
<li>1986 - Erlang</li>
<li>1987 - Perl</li>
<li>1988 - Tcl</li>
<li>1989 - FL（Backus）</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1990-年代互联网时代"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#1990%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%9A%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="external">1990 年代：互联网时代<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a><a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#1990-年代互联网时代" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>1990 年代未见到有什么重大的创新，大多都是以前构想的重组或变化。这段期间主要在推动的哲学是提升程序员的生产力。许多 ” 快速应用程序开发 ” （RAD）语言也应运而生，这些语言大多都有相应的集成开发环境、垃圾回收等机制，且大多是先前语言的派生语言。这类型的语言也大多是面向对象的编程语言，包含有 Object Pascal、Visual Basic，以及 C#。Java 则是更加保守的语言，也具备垃圾回收机制。与其他类似语言相比，也受到更多的观注。新的脚本语言则比 RAD 语言更新更好。这种语言并非直接从其他语言派生，而且新的语法更加开放地（liberal）与功能契合。虽然脚本语言比 RAD 语言来的更有生产力，但大多会有因为小程序较为简单，但是大型程序则难以使用脚本语言撰写并维护的顾虑。尽管如此，脚本语言还是网络层面的应用上大放异彩。</p>
<p>在这段期间被开发出来的重要语言包括有：</p>
<ul>
<li>1990 - Haskell</li>
<li>1991 - Python</li>
<li>1991 - Visual Basic</li>
<li>1993 - Ruby</li>
<li>1993 - Lua</li>
<li>1994 - Close (part of ANSI Common Lisp)</li>
<li>1995 - Java</li>
<li>1995 - Delphi (Object Pascal)</li>
<li>1995 - JavaScript</li>
<li>1995 - PHP</li>
<li>1997 - REBOL</li>
<li>1999 - D</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="现今的趋势"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A2" class="external">现今的趋势<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a><a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#现今的趋势" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>编程语言持续在学术及企业两个层面中发展进化，目前的一些趋势包含有：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>在语言中增加安全性与可靠性验证机制：额外的堆栈检查、信息流 (information flow) 控制，以及静态线程安全。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>提供模块化的替代机制：混入，委托，以及剖面导向。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>组件导向 (component-oriented) 软件开发。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>元编程、反射或是访问抽象语法树。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>更重视分布式及移动式的应用。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>与数据库的集成，包含 XML 及关系数据库。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>支持使用 Unicode 编写程序，所以原始码不会受到 ASCII 字符集的限制，而可以使用像是非拉丁语系的脚本</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>延伸标点符号。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>图形用户界面所使用的 XML(XUL、XAML)。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>在这段期间被开发出来的重要语言包括有：</p>
<ul>
<li>2001 - C#</li>
<li>2001 - Visual Basic .NET</li>
<li>2002 - F#</li>
<li>2003 - Scala</li>
<li>2003 - Factor</li>
<li>2006 - Windows PowerShell</li>
<li>2007 - Clojure</li>
<li>2009 - Go</li>
<li>2014 - Swift (编程语言)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="编程语言发展史上的杰出人物">编程语言发展史上的杰出人物<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#编程语言发展史上的杰出人物" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF" class="external">约翰·巴科斯<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，发明了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" class="external">Fortran<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E7%8F%80" class="external">阿兰·库珀<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，开发了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic" class="external">Visual Basic<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%85%B9%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89" class="external">艾兹格·迪杰斯特拉<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，开创了正确运用编程语言（proper programming）的框架。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" class="external">詹姆斯·高斯林<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，开发了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak" class="external">Oak<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，该语言为 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" class="external">Java<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 的先驱。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" class="external">安德斯·海尔斯伯格<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，开发了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" class="external">Turbo Pascal<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi" class="external">Delphi<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，以及 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp" class="external">C#<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E9%BA%97%E7%B5%B2%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE" class="external">葛丽丝·霍普<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，开发了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flow-Matic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="external">Flow-Matic<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，该语言对 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" class="external">COBOL<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 造成了影响。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%A3%AE" class="external">肯尼斯·艾佛森<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，开发了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL" class="external">APL<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，并与 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%B8%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%8E_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="external">许国华<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 合作开发了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="external">J<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E4%BC%8A" class="external">比尔·乔伊<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，发明了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi" class="external">vi<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" class="external">BSD<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> Unix 的前期作者，以及 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOS" class="external">SunOS<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 的发起人，该操作系统后来改名为 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris" class="external">Solaris<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%87%AF" class="external">艾伦·凯<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，开创了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OOP" class="external">面向对象编程语言<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，以及 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk" class="external">Smalltalk<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 的发起人。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%97%E6%BC%A2" class="external">布莱恩·柯林汉<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，与 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87" class="external">丹尼斯·里奇<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 合著第一本 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="external">C<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 程序设计语言的书籍，同时也是 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK" class="external">AWK<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 与 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPL" class="external">AMPL<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 程序设计语言的共同作者。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1" class="external">约翰·麦卡锡<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，发明了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISP" class="external">LISP<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC" class="external">约翰·冯·诺伊曼<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="external">操作系统<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 概念的发起者。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87" class="external">丹尼斯·里奇<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，发明了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="external">C<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%85%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%9E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E6%99%AE" class="external">比雅尼·斯特劳斯特鲁普<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，开发了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" class="external">C++<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%99%AE%E9%80%8A" class="external">肯·汤普逊<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，发明了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" class="external">Unix<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" class="external">尼克劳斯·维尔特<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，发明了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal" class="external">Pascal<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula" class="external">Modula<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 与 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon" class="external">Oberon<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94" class="external">拉里·沃尔<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，创造了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl" class="external">Perl<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 与 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raku" class="external">Raku<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E7%BD%97%E8%8B%8F%E5%A7%86" class="external">吉多·范罗苏姆<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>，创造了 <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" class="external">Python<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>。</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>来源：<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A2" class="external">编程语言历史 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>；非商业引用，著作权归作者所有。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="程序设计语言图谱">程序设计语言图谱<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#程序设计语言图谱" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/10/19/db314c6f8221b.svg" alt="lang"/></p>
<blockquote>
<p>SVG 格式图片，新窗口打开可以无失真缩放查看。</p>
<p>来源：<a href="https://www.levenez.com/lang/" class="external">Computer Languages History<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>；非商业引用，著作权归作者所有。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="程序设计语言生命周期">程序设计语言生命周期<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#程序设计语言生命周期" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>不仅可以在每个程序设计语言的官方可以了解其生命周期，还可以在如下网址查询：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://endoflife.date/" class="external">endoflife.date<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a></li>
</ul></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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c0.74,0,1.424-0.215,2.019-0.567l7.669,7.669C21.634,21.458,21,23.154,21,25s0.634,3.542,1.688,4.897L10.024,42.562
C8.958,41.595,7.549,41,6,41c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6s2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-1.035-0.263-2.009-0.726-2.86l12.829-12.829
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#tiobe-榜单" data-for="tiobe-榜单">TIOBE 榜单</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#程序设计语言历史" data-for="程序设计语言历史">程序设计语言历史</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#1940-之前" data-for="1940-之前">1940 之前</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#1940-年代" data-for="1940-年代">1940 年代</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#1950-与-1960-年代" data-for="1950-与-1960-年代">1950 与 1960 年代</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#1960-年代晚期---1970-年代晚期确立了基础范型" data-for="1960-年代晚期---1970-年代晚期确立了基础范型">1960 年代晚期 - 1970 年代晚期：确立了基础范型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#1980-年代增强模块性能" data-for="1980-年代增强模块性能">1980 年代：增强、模块、性能</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#1990-年代互联网时代" data-for="1990-年代互联网时代">1990 年代：互联网时代</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#现今的趋势" data-for="现今的趋势">现今的趋势</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#编程语言发展史上的杰出人物" data-for="编程语言发展史上的杰出人物">编程语言发展史上的杰出人物</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#程序设计语言图谱" data-for="程序设计语言图谱">程序设计语言图谱</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#程序设计语言生命周期" data-for="程序设计语言生命周期">程序设计语言生命周期</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2018&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2020&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2021&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2022&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2023&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2024&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/个人成长&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/医学健康&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/历史&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/哲学宗教&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/心理&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/政治军事&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/教育学习&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/文学&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/生活百科&
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