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<h3 id="文件和-io-的基本概念">文件和 IO 的基本概念<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件和-io-的基本概念" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在编程领域，文件和输入/输出（IO）操作是基本的组成部分。文件是存储在磁盘上的数据集合，可以包含文本、图片、音频等多种格式的数据。IO 操作则涉及到数据的读取（输入）和写入（输出）。在 Python 中，对文件的操作简单而强大，涵盖了从文本文件到复杂数据格式的处理。</p>
<p>理解文件的操作对于数据处理、日志记录、配置文件的读写等都至关重要。Python 提供了丰富的库来处理各种类型的文件，使得文件读写变得既简单又安全。</p>
<h3 id="文件打开与关闭">文件打开与关闭<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件打开与关闭" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>文件在使用前必须先打开，并在操作完成后关闭。Python 通过内置的 <code>open()</code> 函数来打开文件，这个函数返回一个文件对象，然后可以对其进行读取或写入操作。文件操作完成后，应该使用 <code>close()</code> 方法关闭文件以释放系统资源。但更推荐的做法是使用 <code>with</code> 语句（<a href="../../../../Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/资源管理" class="internal alias" data-slug="Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/资源管理">上下文管理器</a>），它会在代码块执行完毕后自动关闭文件，即使在代码块中发生了异常。</p>
<h3 id="文件读写操作">文件读写操作<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件读写操作" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>读取和写入是文件操作中最基础的部分。Python 提供了多种方法来读取文件（如 <code>read()</code>，<code>readline()</code>，<code>readlines()</code>）和写入文件（如 <code>write()</code>，<code>writelines()</code>）。这些方法可以灵活应用于不同的场景，如逐字符、逐行读取或写入整个文件。</p>
<h3 id="文件模式">文件模式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件模式" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在打开文件时，可以指定不同的模式：</p>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>模式</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>'r'</code></td><td>只读模式。如果文件不存在，抛出异常。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'w'</code></td><td>写入模式。如果文件存在，覆盖原有内容；如果文件不存在，创建新文件。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'a'</code></td><td>附加模式。如果文件存在，将数据添加到文件末尾；如果文件不存在，创建新文件。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'r+'</code></td><td>读写模式。可以读取和写入文件，如果文件不存在，抛出异常。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'w+'</code></td><td>写读模式。打开文件进行读写，覆盖原有内容；如果文件不存在，则创建新文件。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'a+'</code></td><td>附加和读取模式。可以读取和在文件末尾附加内容；如果文件不存在，则创建新文件。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'rb'</code></td><td>以二进制格式打开文件进行只读。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'wb'</code></td><td>以二进制格式打开文件进行写入，覆盖原有内容；如果文件不存在，则创建新文件。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'ab'</code></td><td>以二进制格式打开文件进行附加，如果文件不存在，则创建新文件。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'rb+'</code></td><td>以二进制格式打开文件进行读写。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'wb+'</code></td><td>以二进制格式打开文件进行写读，覆盖原有内容；如果文件不存在，则创建新文件。</td></tr><tr><td><code>'ab+'</code></td><td>以二进制格式打开文件进行附加和读取。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="文件类型和数据格式处理">文件类型和数据格式处理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件类型和数据格式处理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="处理文本文件">处理文本文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#处理文本文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>文本文件存储的是可读字符，如 <code>.txt</code> 文件。Python 中处理文本文件非常直接，可以使用字符串方法对内容进行操作。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 读取文本文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'example.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> content </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.read()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(content)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="处理二进制文件">处理二进制文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#处理二进制文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>二进制文件存储的是字节数据，如图片、音频等。在 Python 中，通过在 <code>open()</code> 函数中使用 <code>'rb'</code> 或 <code>'wb'</code> 模式来读取或写入二进制文件。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 读取二进制文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'image.png'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'rb'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> content </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.read()</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="csv-文件处理">CSV 文件处理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#csv-文件处理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>CSV（逗号分隔值）是一种常见的数据交换格式。Python 的 <a href="../../../../Tech/programming-language/Python/模块/数据处理/csv-文件读写" class="internal alias" data-slug="Tech/programming-language/Python/模块/数据处理/csv-文件读写"> csv 模块</a> 提供了读取和写入 CSV 文件的功能。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 读取 CSV 文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'data.csv'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> csv_reader </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> csv.reader(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> row </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> csv_reader:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(row)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 写入 CSV 文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'output.csv'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'w'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">newline</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">''</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> csv_writer </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> csv.writer(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> csv_writer.writerow([</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'name'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'age'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">])</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> csv_writer.writerow([</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Alice'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">])</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="json-文件处理">JSON 文件处理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#json-文件处理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>JSON（JavaScript Object Notation）是一种轻量级的数据交换格式。Python 的 <a href="../../../../Tech/programming-language/Python/模块/数据处理/json-编码和解码器" class="internal alias" data-slug="Tech/programming-language/Python/模块/数据处理/json-编码和解码器">json 模块</a> 可以轻松处理 JSON 数据。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> json</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 读取 JSON 文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'data.json'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> data </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> json.load(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(data)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 写入 JSON 文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'output.json'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'w'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> json.dump({</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'name'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Alice'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'age'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">indent</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="文件系统操作">文件系统操作<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件系统操作" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="文件和目录的基本操作">文件和目录的基本操作<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件和目录的基本操作" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>Python 的 <code>os</code> 和 <code>shutil</code> 模块提供了丰富的文件和目录管理功能，包括创建、删除、移动、复制等。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> os</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> shutil</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建目录</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">os.mkdir(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'new_directory'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 移动文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">shutil.move(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'example.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'new_directory/example.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 复制文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">shutil.copy(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'new_directory/example.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'example_copy.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">os.remove(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'example_copy.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="路径操作">路径操作<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#路径操作" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>Python 提供了 <code>os.path</code> 和 <code>pathlib</code> 模块来处理文件路径的各种需求。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> pathlib </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> Path</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建 Path 对象</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">path </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> Path(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'example.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 检查文件是否存在</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(path.exists())</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 获取文件扩展名</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(path.suffix)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="使用临时文件">使用临时文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用临时文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p><code>tempfile</code> 模块用于创建临时文件和目录，这在需要临时存储数据时非常有用。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tempfile</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建临时文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">temp_file </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tempfile.TemporaryFile()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 写入临时文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">temp_file.write(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">b</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Temporary data'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">temp_file.seek(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 读取临时文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(temp_file.read())</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 关闭临时文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">temp_file.close()</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="高级文件操作技巧">高级文件操作技巧<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#高级文件操作技巧" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="文件迭代与遍历">文件迭代与遍历<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件迭代与遍历" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>文件内容可以逐行或按特定条件迭代，这对于处理大型文件尤为重要。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 逐行读取文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'large_file.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> line </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> process(line) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 自定义的处理函数</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="内存映射文件操作">内存映射文件操作<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#内存映射文件操作" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>mmap</code> 模块可以将文件内容映射到内存，这样可以提高读写大文件的效率。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mmap</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 内存映射一个大文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'large_file.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r+b'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> f:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mm </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(mm.readline()) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 读取一行内容</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mm.close()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="异步-io-操作">异步 IO 操作<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#异步-io-操作" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>Python 的 <code>asyncio</code> 库允许进行异步 IO 操作，这对于提高 IO 密集型应用的性能很有帮助。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> asyncio</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">async</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> read_file_async</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(file_name):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(file_name, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> await</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.read()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在异步函数中调用</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">async</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">():</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> content </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> await</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> read_file_async(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'example.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(content)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">asyncio.run(main())</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="编码和错误处理">编码和错误处理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#编码和错误处理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="字符编码">字符编码<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#字符编码" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>理解字符编码（如 UTF-8, ASCII）对于正确处理文本文件至关重要，特别是在处理国际化内容时。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 指定文件的编码</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'example.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">encoding</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'utf-8'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> content </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.read()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="文件操作中的错误处理">文件操作中的错误处理<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件操作中的错误处理" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>文件操作可能会引发各种 <a href="../../../../Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/异常处理" class="internal alias" data-slug="Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/异常处理">异常</a>，例如 <code>FileNotFoundError</code> 或 <code>PermissionError</code>。正确处理这些异常是编写健壮代码的关键。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">try</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'nonexistent_file.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> content </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.read()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">except</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> FileNotFoundError</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;文件不存在&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="性能优化和最佳实践">性能优化和最佳实践<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#性能优化和最佳实践" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>处理文件和 IO 操作时，性能优化和资源管理是两个关键的方面。正确处理这些问题不仅可以提高程序的效率，还能避免常见的资源泄露和同步问题。</p>
<h3 id="性能优化">性能优化<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#性能优化" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在处理大型文件时，性能成为一个重要的考虑因素。以下是一些优化文件操作性能的策略：</p>
<h4 id="逐行处理而非一次性读取整个文件">逐行处理而非一次性读取整个文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#逐行处理而非一次性读取整个文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>对于非常大的文件，一次性读取整个文件到内存中可能会导致内存溢出。逐行读取文件是一个更好的选择。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'large_file.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> line </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> process(line) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 对每行进行处理</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="使用生成器进行延迟计算">使用生成器进行延迟计算<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用生成器进行延迟计算" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>如果处理文件的过程涉及到复杂的数据处理，可以<strong>使用生成器来进行延迟计算</strong>，这样可以避免不必要的内存使用。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> read_large_file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(file_obj):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;&quot;&quot;逐行读取大文件的生成器&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> line </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> file_obj:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> yield</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> line.strip()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'large_file.txt'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;"> file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> line </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> read_large_file(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">file</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> process(line)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="内存映射文件">内存映射文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#内存映射文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>对于非常大的文件，使用内存映射的方式可以提高读写效率。这种方法适用于二进制文件，可以让你像访问数组一样访问文件内容。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mmap</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">with</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> open</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'large_file.bin'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'r+b'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> f:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mm </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 访问文件内容</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> mm.close()</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="资源管理最佳实践">资源管理最佳实践<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#资源管理最佳实践" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在文件和 IO 操作中，正确的资源管理至关重要。以下是一些资源管理的最佳实践：<a href="../../../../Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/资源管理" class="internal alias" data-slug="Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/资源管理">资源管理</a>。</p></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#python-文件操作基础" data-for="python-文件操作基础">Python 文件操作基础</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#文件和-io-的基本概念" data-for="文件和-io-的基本概念">文件和 IO 的基本概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#文件打开与关闭" data-for="文件打开与关闭">文件打开与关闭</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#文件读写操作" data-for="文件读写操作">文件读写操作</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#文件模式" data-for="文件模式">文件模式</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#文件类型和数据格式处理" data-for="文件类型和数据格式处理">文件类型和数据格式处理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#处理文本文件" data-for="处理文本文件">处理文本文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#处理二进制文件" data-for="处理二进制文件">处理二进制文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#csv-文件处理" data-for="csv-文件处理">CSV 文件处理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#json-文件处理" data-for="json-文件处理">JSON 文件处理</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#文件系统操作" data-for="文件系统操作">文件系统操作</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#文件和目录的基本操作" data-for="文件和目录的基本操作">文件和目录的基本操作</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#路径操作" data-for="路径操作">路径操作</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使用临时文件" data-for="使用临时文件">使用临时文件</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#高级文件操作技巧" data-for="高级文件操作技巧">高级文件操作技巧</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#文件迭代与遍历" data-for="文件迭代与遍历">文件迭代与遍历</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#内存映射文件操作" data-for="内存映射文件操作">内存映射文件操作</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#异步-io-操作" data-for="异步-io-操作">异步 IO 操作</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#编码和错误处理" data-for="编码和错误处理">编码和错误处理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#字符编码" data-for="字符编码">字符编码</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#文件操作中的错误处理" data-for="文件操作中的错误处理">文件操作中的错误处理</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#性能优化和最佳实践" data-for="性能优化和最佳实践">性能优化和最佳实践</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#性能优化" data-for="性能优化">性能优化</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#资源管理最佳实践" data-for="资源管理最佳实践">资源管理最佳实践</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Perso
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