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<p>Python 的数值数据类型是用来存储数值的。一旦创建，<strong>数值对象的身份和类型是不可改变的</strong>。如果你改变了数值对象的值，Python 将创建一个新的数值对象。Python 支持三种不同的数值类型：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>整型 (int)</strong>：被用来表示整数，包括正整数和负整数，不带小数点。在 Python 3 中，整数的长度是无限的，可以视为 Python 2 中的 Long 类型。此外，布尔类型（bool）实际上是整型的一种特殊形式，其中 True 和 False 分别被表示为 1 和 0。</li>
<li><strong>浮点型 (float)</strong>：用来表示实数，由整数部分和小数部分组成。浮点型还可以使用科学计数法表示。例如，2.5e2 表示的是 2.5 乘以 10 的平方，等于 250。</li>
<li><strong>复数 (complex)</strong>：复数由实部和虚部构成，表示形式可以是 a + bj，或者 complex(a,b)。在这里，实部 a 和虚部 b 都是浮点型。</li>
</ul>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">num1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 整数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">num2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 200.01</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 浮点数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">num3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> 0x</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">A0F</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 十六进制</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">num4 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> 0o</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">37</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 八进制</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 引入库</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> math</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> random</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 数学常量 PI 和 e</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">pi </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> math.pi</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> math.e</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 绝对值</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">abs_val </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> abs</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(num1)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 向上取整</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">ceil_val </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> math.ceil(num2)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 返回最大数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">max_val </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> max</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(num1, num2)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># x**y 运算后的值</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">pow_val </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> pow</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(num1, num2)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 随机数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">random_val </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> random.random()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># x弧度的正弦值。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">sin_val </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> math.sin(pi</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="字符串">字符串<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#字符串" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>字符串在计算机科学和编程中非常重要。在 Python 程序中，如果我们把单个或多个字符用单引号或者双引号包围起来，我们就创建了一个字符串。</p>
<h3 id="定义">定义<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#定义" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在 Python 中，可以使用单引号（'）和双引号（&quot;）来定义字符串，它们的使用方式完全相同。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'hello, world!'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;hello, world!&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 使用三个单引号（'''）或者三个双引号（&quot;&quot;&quot;）可以创建一个多行字符串。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">hello, </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">world!</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 反斜杠（\）可以用来在字符串中插入特殊字符，这被称为转义字符。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s4 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> '</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">\n\t\141\u9a86\u660a</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在字符串前加上字符 r 可以阻止反斜杠的转义效果。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s5 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> r</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;--shiki-light-font-weight:bold;--shiki-dark-font-weight:bold;">\n\\</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#DBEDFF;">hello, world!</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;--shiki-light-font-weight:bold;--shiki-dark-font-weight:bold;">\\\n</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 通过将字符串级联来创建新的字符串。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s6 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;this &quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;is &quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;string&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 字符串是不可变的，这意味着你不能改变一个字符串的内容。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s6[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">] </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;c&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 这将引发一个错误</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 字符串可以通过索引进行访问，其中 0 是第一个字符的索引，-1 是最后一个字符的索引。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'hello, world!'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(s1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：h</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(s1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：!</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Python也支持字符串的切片操作，你可以使用这种方式来获取字符串的一部分。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'hello, world!'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(s1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：hello</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># ===== 字符串切片示意图 =====</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> L </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> e </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> t </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> t </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> e </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> r </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> s </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#B31D28;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">--</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#B31D28;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">--</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#B31D28;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">--</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#B31D28;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">--</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#B31D28;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">--</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#B31D28;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">--</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#B31D28;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">--</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-|</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">7</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="转义">转义<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#转义" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">转义字符</th><th style="text-align:left;">描述</th><th style="text-align:left;">示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\\</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">反斜杠符号</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;\\&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>\</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\'</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">单引号</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print('\'')</code> 输出：<code>'</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\&quot;</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">双引号</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;\&quot;&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>&quot;</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\n</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">换行</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;\n&quot;)</code> 输出一个新行</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\r</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">回车</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;Hello\rWorld!&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>World!</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\t</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">横向制表符（Tab）</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;Hello\tWorld!&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>Hello World!</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\b</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">退格 (Backspace)</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;Hello \bWorld!&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>Hello World!</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\f</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">换页</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;Hello \fWorld!&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>Hello World!</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\a</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">响铃</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;\a&quot;)</code> 执行后电脑有响声</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\000</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">空</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;\000&quot;)</code> 输出：“</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\v</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">纵向制表符</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;Hello \vWorld!&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>Hello World!</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\other</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">其他的字符以普通格式输出</td><td style="text-align:left;"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\xhh</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">二进制数，代表一个 ASCII 字符</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>Hello</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\ooo</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">八进制数，代表一个 ASCII 字符</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;\141\142\143&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>abc</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>\uhhhh</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">16 进制数，代表一个 Unicode 字符</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>print(&quot;\u6211\u4eec&quot;)</code> 输出：<code>我们</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="运算">运算<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#运算" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">运算符</th><th style="text-align:left;">描述</th><th style="text-align:left;">示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>+</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">连接字符串</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>&quot;Hello &quot; + &quot;World!&quot;</code> 输出：<code>Hello World!</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>*</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">重复字符串</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>&quot;Hello &quot; * 3</code> 输出：<code>Hello Hello Hello</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>[]</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">索引字符串</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>&quot;Hello&quot;[1]</code> 输出：<code>e</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>[:]</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">切片字符串</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>&quot;Hello&quot;[1:4]</code> 输出：<code>ell</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>in</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">成员运算符 - 如果字符串中包含给定的字符返回 True</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'H' in 'Hello'</code> 输出：<code>True</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>not in</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">成员运算符 - 如果字符串中不包含给定的字符返回 True</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'H' not in 'Hello'</code> 输出：<code>False</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>%</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">格式化字符串</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>&quot;Hello, %s&quot; % 'World!'</code> 输出：<code>Hello, World!</code></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>f-string</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">格式化字符串的新方式（Python 3.6+）</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>f&quot;Hello, {'World!'}</code> 输出：<code>Hello, World!</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="f-strings"><code>f-strings</code><a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#f-strings" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在 Python 3.6 及以后的版本中，格式化字符串引入了更为简洁的方式，即使用 <code>f</code> 字符作为字符串的前缀，创建所谓的格式化字符串字面值（f-string）。通过 f-string，可以在字符串中直接插入变量值或表达式，并可以通过冒号和数字来指定输出宽度等格式化选项。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {a:10} 表示将变量 a 插入到字符串中，并占用 10 个字符的宽度。不足 10 个字符，将使用空格进行填充。</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">a, b </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">10</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">a</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">:10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> * </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">b</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">:10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> = </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">*</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="pep-701-的更新">PEP 701 的更新<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pep-701-的更新" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>在 Python 3.11 版本中，f-strings 还存在一些限制，导致在某些情况下使用起来不够灵活。PEP 701 对 f-strings 进行了一些更新，解除了一些限制，使得 f-strings 可以更灵活地使用，包括以下方面的更新：</p>
<p>在 Python 3.12 版本中，对 f-strings 进行了更新，解除了之前的一些限制，使得 f-strings 更加灵活和强大。更新主要包括以下方面：</p>
<h5 id="引号重用">引号重用<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#引号重用" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h5>
<p>在 Python 3.11 中，f-string 的表达式组件使用与包含 f-string 相同的引号会导致 SyntaxError。而在 Python 3.12 中，可以重用引号，不再限制引号的使用。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">songs </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Take me back to Eden'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Alkaline'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Ascensionism'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;This is the playlist: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">', '</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.join(songs)</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(result1)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：'This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden, Alkaline, Ascensionism'</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h5 id="多行表达式和注释">多行表达式和注释<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#多行表达式和注释" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h5>
<p>在 Python 3.11 中，f-string 的表达式必须在一行内定义，即使外部表达式可以跨多行，这会使得代码可读性变差。而在 Python 3.12 中，可以定义跨多行的表达式，并且可以包含注释，提高了代码的可读性。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;This is the playlist: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">', '</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.join([</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'Take me back to Eden'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># My, my, those eyes like fire</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'Alkaline'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Not acid nor alkaline</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'Ascensionism'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # Take to the broken skies at last</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">])</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(result2)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：'This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden, Alkaline, Ascensionism'</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h5 id="反斜杠和-unicode-字符">反斜杠和 Unicode 字符<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#反斜杠和-unicode-字符" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h5>
<p>在 Python 3.11 中，f-string 的表达式不能包含任何反斜杠字符，也不能包含 Unicode 转义序列。而在 Python 3.12 中，可以包含反斜杠和 Unicode 字符，使得表达式更加灵活。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">songs </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Take me back to Eden'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Alkaline'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Ascensionism'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;This is the playlist: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">\n</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.join(songs)</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(result3)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Alkaline</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Ascensionism</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result4 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;This is the playlist: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">\N{BLACK HEART SUIT}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.join(songs)</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(result4)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：'This is the playlist: Take me back to Eden♥Alkaline♥Ascensionism'</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>以上代码展示了 Python 3.12 中 f-strings 的更新。可以看到，我们可以在 f-string 中使用引号重用，多行表达式和注释，以及包含反斜杠和 Unicode 字符的表达式，这些更新使得 f-strings 更加灵活和强大，更方便地进行字符串格式化。同时，通过使用 PEG 解析器实现的更新，使得错误消息更加准确，有助于代码调试。</p>
<h3 id="常用方法">常用方法<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用方法" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">函数</th><th style="text-align:left;">描述</th><th style="text-align:left;">示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;">len(str)</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回字符串长度</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>len('hello, world!')</code> 输出结果：13</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.capitalize()</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回首字母大写的字符串</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'hello, world!'.capitalize()</code> 输出结果：Hello, world!</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.title()</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回每个单词首字母大写的字符串</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'hello, world!'.title()</code> 输出结果：Hello, World!</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.upper()</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回字符串变大写后的拷贝</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'hello, world!'.upper()</code> 输出结果：HELLO, WORLD!</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.find(sub)</td><td style="text-align:left;">查找子串在字符串中的起始位置，未找到返回 -1</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'hello, world!'.find('or')</code> 输出结果：8</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.startswith(prefix)</td><td style="text-align:left;">检查字符串是否以指定的前缀开头</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'hello, world!'.startswith('He')</code> 输出结果：False</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.endswith(suffix)</td><td style="text-align:left;">检查字符串是否以指定的后缀结尾</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'hello, world!'.endswith('!')</code> 输出结果：True</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.center(width, fillchar)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将字符串以指定宽度居中并在两侧填充指定字符</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'hello'.center(10, '*')</code> 输出结果：<em><strong>hello</strong></em></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.rjust(width, fillchar)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将字符串以指定宽度靠右并在左侧填充指定字符</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'hello'.rjust(10, '*')</code> 输出结果：*****hello</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.isdigit()</td><td style="text-align:left;">检查字符串是否由数字构成</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'abc123456'.isdigit()</code> 输出结果：False</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.isalpha()</td><td style="text-align:left;">检查字符串是否由字母构成</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'abc123456'.isalpha()</code> 输出结果：False</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.isalnum()</td><td style="text-align:left;">检查字符串是否由字母和数字构成</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>'abc123456'.isalnum()</code> 输出结果：True</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str.strip()</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回修剪左右两侧空格之后的字符串</td><td style="text-align:left;"><code>' jackfrued@126.com '.strip()</code> 输出结果：‘<a href="mailto:jackfrued@126.com" class="external">jackfrued@126.com<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>’</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="列表">列表<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#列表" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>列表（<code>list</code>）是一种结构化的、非标量类型，它是值的有序序列，每个值都可以通过索引进行标识，定义列表可以将列表的元素放在 <code>[]</code> 中，多个元素用 <code>,</code> 进行分隔，可以使用 <code>for</code> 循环对列表元素进行遍历，也可以使用 <code>[]</code> 或 <code>[:]</code> 运算符取出列表中的一个或多个元素。</p>
<h3 id="定义-1">定义<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#定义-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列表定义</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [ </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'abcd'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">786</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2.23</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'runoob'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">70.2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> ]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tinylist </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">123</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'runoob'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出完整列表</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出结果：['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'runoob', 70.2]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出列表第一个元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出结果：'abcd'</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 从第二个开始输出到第三个元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出结果：[786, 2.23]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出从第三个元素开始的所有元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:]) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出结果：[2.23, 'runoob', 70.2]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出两次列表</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(tinylist </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">*</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出结果：[123, 'runoob', 123, 'runoob']</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 连接列表</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tinylist) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出结果：['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'runoob', 70.2, 123, 'runoob']</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 通过循环用下标遍历列表元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> index </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">len</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1)):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1[index])</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 通过for 循环遍历列表元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> elem </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(elem)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 通过 enumerate 函数处理列表之后再遍历可以同时获得元素索引和值</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> index, elem </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> enumerate</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(index, elem)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="运算-1">运算<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#运算-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建列表</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 连接列表，返回一个新的列表</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list2</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list3) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 复制列表，返回一个新的列表</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list4 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">*</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 3</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list4) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 计算元素个数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">length </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> len</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(length) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：3</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 判断元素是否在列表中</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(result) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：False</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(result) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：True</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 访问元素，可以使用索引，索引从0开始</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">elem </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(elem) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：1</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 切片操作</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list5 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list5) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[2, 3]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 切片时可以指定步长</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list6 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list6) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[1, 3]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 切片时可以省略开始或结束索引</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list7 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1[:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list8 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list7) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[1, 2]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list8) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[2, 3]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 反向切片</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list9 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1[::</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list9) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[3, 2, 1]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 修改元素值</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">] </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 100</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[100, 2, 3]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列表末尾添加元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list1.append(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[100, 2, 3, 4]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 列表末尾删除元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list1.pop()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[100, 2, 3]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 指定位置插入元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list1.insert(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">200</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[100, 200, 2, 3]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除指定位置的元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">del</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> list1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[100, 200, 3]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 清空列表</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list1.clear()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[]</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="常用方法-1">常用方法<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用方法-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">函数</th><th style="text-align:left;">描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>len(list)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回列表元素的个数。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.append(x)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">在列表末尾添加元素 <code>x</code>。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.insert(i, x)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">在指定位置 <code>i</code> 前插入元素 <code>x</code>。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.extend(iterable)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">将可迭代对象中的元素逐个添加到列表。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.remove(x)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">删除列表中第一个值为 <code>x</code> 的元素。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.pop([i])</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">移除并返回列表中指定位置 <code>i</code> 处的元素。如果未指定索引，默认删除并返回最后一个元素。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.clear()</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">清空列表中的所有元素。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.index(x[, start[, end]])</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回列表中第一个值为 <code>x</code> 的元素的索引。如果未找到该元素，会引发 <code>ValueError</code> 异常。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.count(x)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回元素 <code>x</code> 在列表中出现的次数。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.sort(key=None, reverse=False)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">对列表进行排序，如果指定参数 <code>key</code> 则按照 <code>key</code> 进行排序，如果指定参数 <code>reverse</code> 则为降序。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.reverse()</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">将列表中的元素倒序排列。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>list.copy()</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回列表的浅拷贝，即创建一个新列表并复制原列表中的元素。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="元组">元组<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#元组" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>Python 中的元组是一种容器数据类型，使用小括号 <code>()</code> 定义，类似于列表，但元组的元素不能修改，是不可变的。元组用于存储多个数据，可以包含不同类型的元素。与列表不同，元组在定义时可以省略括号，但在实际使用中建议加上括号，以增强代码的可读性。</p>
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/11/20/49dc8db289c04.png" alt="img"/></p>
<h3 id="定义-2">定义<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#定义-2" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 定义元组</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">t </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'骆昊'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">38</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">True</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'四川成都'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 定义空元组</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">t1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> ()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 元组中只包含一个元素时，需要在元素后面添加逗号 `,`，否则括号会被当作运算符使用。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">50</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 不加逗号，类型为整型</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">50</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">,) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 加上逗号，类型为元组</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 遍历元组中的值</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> member </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> t:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(member)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 重新给元组赋值</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># t[0] = '王大锤' # TypeError，元组不可修改</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 变量t重新引用了新的元组，原来的元组将被垃圾回收</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">t </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'王大锤'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">20</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">True</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'云南昆明'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 将元组转换成列表</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">person </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> list</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(t)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 将列表转换成元组</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">fruits_list </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'apple'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'banana'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'orange'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">fruits_tuple </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> tuple</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(fruits_list)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建一个新的元组</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">12</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">34.56</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'abc'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'xyz'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup2</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除元组</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Google'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Runoob'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1997</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2000</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">del</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="运算-2">运算<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#运算-2" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建元组</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 连接元组，返回一个新的元组</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup2</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(tup3) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 复制元组，返回一个新的元组</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup4 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">*</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 3</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(tup4) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 计算元素个数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">length </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> len</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(tup1)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(length) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：3</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 判断元素是否在元组中</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(result) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：False</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">result </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(result) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：True</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 访问元素，可以使用索引，索引从0开始</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">elem </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(elem) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：1</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 切片操作</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup5 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(tup5) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：(2, 3)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 切片时可以指定步长</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup6 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(tup6) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：(1, 3)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 切片时可以省略开始或结束索引</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup7 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1[:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup8 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(tup7) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：(1, 2)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(tup8) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：(2, 3)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 反向切片</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">tup9 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> tup1[::</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(tup9) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：(3, 2, 1)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="常用方法-2">常用方法<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用方法-2" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">函数</th><th style="text-align:left;">描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>len(tuple)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回元组中元素的个数。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>tuple.count(x)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回元组中元素 <code>x</code> 出现的次数。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>tuple.index(x[, start[, end]])</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回元组中第一个值为 <code>x</code> 的元素的索引。如果未找到该元素，会引发 <code>ValueError</code> 异常。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>tuple + tuple</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">将两个元组连接成一个新的元组。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>tuple * n</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">将元组重复 <code>n</code> 次。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>x in tuple</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">判断元素 <code>x</code> 是否在元组中，如果在返回 <code>True</code>，否则返回 <code>False</code>。</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>x not in tuple</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">判断元素 <code>x</code> 是否不在元组中，如果不在返回 <code>True</code>，否则返回 <code>False</code>。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="集合">集合<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#集合" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>集合（set）是由不重复元素组成的无序容器。基本用法包括成员检测、消除重复元素。集合对象支持合集、交集、差集、对称差分等数学运算。</p>
<h3 id="定义-3">定义<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#定义-3" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>集合可以通过花括号 <code>{}</code> 或 <code>set()</code> 函数创建。注意，创建空集合只能用 <code>set()</code>，不能用 <code>{}</code>，因为 <code>{}</code> 创建的是空字典。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建集合</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">7</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">7</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">8</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">9</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 判断元素是否在集合内</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># True</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># False</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 添加元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1.add(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1.add(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">7</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1.add(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}，重复的元素不会被添加</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1.remove(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1.discard(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1.discard(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">8</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}，如果元素不存在，discard 方法不会引发异常</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 元素个数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">len</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(set1) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 5</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 清空集合</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1.clear() </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># set()</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="运算-3">运算<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#运算-3" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">7</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">5</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">7</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">8</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">9</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 交集</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&amp;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {3, 4, 5}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 并集</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">|</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 差集</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {1, 2}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 对称差运算（在 set1 或 set2 中，但不会同时出现在二者中）</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">^</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># {1, 2, 6, 7}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 判断子集和超集</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&lt;=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># False，set2 是 set1 的子集吗？</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&lt;=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># False，set3 是 set1 的子集吗？</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">>=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set2 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># False，set1 是 set2 的超集吗？</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">set1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">>=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> set3 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># False，set1 是 set3 的超集吗？</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="常用方法-3">常用方法<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用方法-3" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">函数</th><th style="text-align:left;">描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set.add(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将元素 x 添加到集合中</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set.remove(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">删除集合中的元素 x，如果 x 不在集合中会引发 KeyError</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set.discard(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">删除集合中的元素 x，如果 x 不在集合中不会引发异常</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set.pop()</td><td style="text-align:left;">随机删除集合中的一个元素，并返回删除的元素</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set.clear()</td><td style="text-align:left;">清空集合中的所有元素</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">len(set)</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回集合中元素的个数</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">x in set</td><td style="text-align:left;">判断元素 x 是否在集合中，如果在返回 True，否则返回 False</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.isdisjoint(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">判断两个集合是否没有共同的元素，如果没有返回 True，否则返回 False</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.issubset(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">判断集合 set1 是否是集合 set2 的子集，如果是返回 True，否则返回 False</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.issuperset(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">判断集合 set1 是否是集合 set2 的超集，如果是返回 True，否则返回 False</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.union(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回集合 set1 和 set2 的并集</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.intersection(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回集合 set1 和 set2 的交集</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.difference(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回集合 set1 和 set2 的差集，即在 set1 中但不在 set2 中的元素</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.symmetric_difference(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回集合 set1 和 set2 的对称差集，即在 set1 或 set2 中，但不会同时出现在二者中的元素</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.update(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将集合 set2 中的元素添加到 set1 中</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.intersection_update(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将集合 set1 中不在 set2 中的元素删除</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.difference_update(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将集合 set1 和 set2 的差集中的元素从 set1 中删除</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set1.symmetric_difference_update(set2)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将集合 set1 和 set2 的对称差集中的元素添加到 set1 中</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set.copy()</td><td style="text-align:left;">返回集合的浅拷贝</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set.pop()</td><td style="text-align:left;">随机删除并返回集合中的一个元素</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="字典">字典<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#字典" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/11/20/6f5d818eb8092.png" alt="img"/></p>
<p>字典是另一种可变容器模型，且<strong>可存储任意类型对象</strong>。字典与列表、集合不同的是，它是一种键 - 值（key-value）对应的数据结构。每个元素都是<strong>由一个键和一个值组成的键值对</strong>，键和值通过冒号分开。键必须是唯一的，但值则不必。</p>
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/11/20/0e8264c5acc5a.png" alt="img"/></p>
<h3 id="定义-4">定义<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#定义-4" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 使用大括号创建字典</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">person </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'name'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'John'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'age'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'city'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'New York'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 使用 dict() 创建字典</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">empty_dict </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> dict</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 访问字典中的元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(person[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'name'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：John</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(person[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'age'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：30</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(person[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'city'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：New York</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="运算-4">运算<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#运算-4" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 修改字典中的元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">person[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'age'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">] </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 31</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(person) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：{'name': 'John', 'age': 31, 'city': 'New York'}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 添加新的键值对</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">person[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'job'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">] </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'Engineer'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(person) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：{'name': 'John', 'age': 31, 'city': 'New York', 'job': 'Engineer'}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 删除字典中的元素</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">del</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> person[</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'city'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(person) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：{'name': 'John', 'age': 31, 'job': 'Engineer'}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 清空字典</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">person.clear()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(person) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：{}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 遍历字典的键</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> key </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> person:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(key)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 遍历字典的值</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> value </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> person.values():</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(value)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 遍历字典的键值对</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> key, value </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> person.items():</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(key, value)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 判断键是否存在</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'name'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> person:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;Name exists.&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="常用方法-4">常用方法<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用方法-4" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">方法</th><th style="text-align:left;">描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>keys()</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回字典所有键的列表</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>values()</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回字典所有值的列表</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>items()</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回字典所有键值对的元组列表</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>get(key, default=None)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回指定键的值，如果键不存在，返回默认值</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>pop(key)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">删除指定键的值，并返回该键对应的值</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>popitem()</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">随机删除一个键值对，并返回该键值对</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>clear()</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">删除字典中的所有键值对</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>update(other_dict)</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">将其他字典的键值对更新到当前字典</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><code>copy()</code></td><td style="text-align:left;">返回字典的浅拷贝（复制字典中的键值对）</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="推导式">推导式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#推导式" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>推导式是一种强大的 Python 特性，可以快速、简洁地创建新的数据序列。它可以从一个数据序列构建另一个新的数据序列的结构体。</p>
<h3 id="列表-1">列表<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#列表-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>列表推导式是最常用的推导式，它通过在一个可迭代对象上应用表达式来创建一个新的列表。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 语法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">new_list </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [out_exp_res </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> out_exp </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> input_list]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">new_list </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [out_exp_res </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> out_exp </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> input_list </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> condition]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 示例</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">multiples </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [i </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> i </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">30</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> i </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">%</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> ==</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(multiples) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：[0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27]</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="字典-1">字典<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#字典-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 语法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">new_dict </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {key_expr: value_expr </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> value </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> collection}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">new_dict </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {key_expr: value_expr </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> value </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> collection </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> condition}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 示例</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">dic </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {x: x</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">**</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">6</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(dic) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：{2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36}</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="集合-1">集合<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#集合-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 语法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">new_set </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {expression </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> item </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> sequence}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">new_set </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {expression </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> item </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> sequence </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> conditional}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 示例</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> {x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'abracadabra'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">not</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'abc'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：{'d', 'r'}</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="元组-1">元组<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#元组-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 语法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">new_tuple </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (expression </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> item </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> sequence)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">new_tuple </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (expression </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> item </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> sequence </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> conditional)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 示例</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">))</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：&lt;generator object &lt;genexpr> at 0x7f900dfdd200></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">tuple</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="其他">其他<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#其他" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">f </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(f)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">f </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> y </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'ABCDE'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> y </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> '1234567'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(f)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">f </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">**</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1000</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(sys.getsizeof(f)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 查看对象占用内存的字节数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(f)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 生成器表达式，不占用额外内存</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">f </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> (x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">**</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1000</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">))</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(sys.getsizeof(f)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 相比列表生成式，生成器不占用存储数据的空间</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(f)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> val </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> f:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(val)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="迭代器">迭代器<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#迭代器" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>可迭代对象是 Python 中的一种数据结构，例如列表、元组、字典、字符串等都是可迭代对象。迭代器是一种特殊的可迭代对象，它可以通过调用 <code>iter()</code> 函数获取，然后使用 <code>next()</code> 函数逐个访问元素。迭代器在其生命周期中，会有四个状态：<code>GEN_CREATED</code>、<code>GEN_RUNNING</code>、<code>GEN_SUSPENDED</code> 和 <code>GEN_CLOSED</code>。</p>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
A[生成器已创建] --> B[解释器执行中]
B --> C[在 yield 表达式处暂停]
C --> D[解释器执行中]
D --> C
D --> E[生成器执行结束]
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><strong>iter()</strong>：创建迭代器。</li>
<li><strong>next()</strong>：输出迭代器的下一个元素。</li>
</ul>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'abc'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">it </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> iter</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(s)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(it) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：&lt;str_iterator object at 0x10c90e650></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">next</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(it)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：'a'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">next</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(it)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：'b'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">next</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(it)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：'c'</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 抛出异常</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 迭代器用尽后会引发 StopIteration 异常</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">try</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">next</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(it))</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">except</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> StopIteration</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;迭代器用尽了。&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="生成器">生成器<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#生成器" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>生成器是一种特殊的迭代器，它是一个可以像迭代器一样使用 for 循环来获取元素的函数。生成器函数使用 <code>yield</code> 关键字将一个普通函数改造成生成器函数，<code>yield</code> 相当于 <code>return</code> 但有所不同，<code>yield</code> 虽然返回了值但函数并没有结束，而是暂停在 <code>yield</code> 处，下次调用 <code>next()</code> 或循环迭代时会从 <code>yield</code> 处继续执行。生成器在其生命周期中会有四个状态：<code>GEN_CREATED</code>、<code>GEN_RUNNING</code>、<code>GEN_SUSPENDED</code> 和 <code>GEN_CLOSED</code>。</p>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
A[生成器函数被调用] --> B[生成器已创建]
B --> C[解释器执行中]
C --> D[在 yield 表达式处暂停]
D --> C
C --> E[生成器执行结束]
F[生成器已创建] --> G[GEN_CREATED]
G --> H[生成器正在执行]
H --> I[GEN_RUNNING]
I --> J[在 yield 表达式处暂停]
J --> H
I --> K[生成器执行结束]
K --> L[GEN_CLOSED]
</code></pre>
<p>生成器在其生命周期中，会有如下四个状态：</p>
<ul>
<li>GEN_CREATED：生成器已创建，还未被激活。</li>
<li>GEN_RUNNING：解释器正在执行（只有在多线程应用中才能看到这个状态）。</li>
<li>GEN_SUSPENDED：在 yield 表达式处暂停。</li>
<li>GEN_CLOSED：生成器执行结束。</li>
</ul>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> fibonacci</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(n):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> a, b, counter </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> while</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> True</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> counter </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> n:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> yield</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> a</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> a, b </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b, a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> counter </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> i </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> fibonacci(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(i, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot; &quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55</span></span></code></pre></figure></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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