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<blockquote>
<p>在 Python 中，变量可以被理解为一个标签（tag）或者标记，它是附着在特定对象上的名字。你可以将这个理念理解为在超市里的商品标签，标签告诉你这是什么商品，而商品是具体的物品。同样的，Python 的变量名就像是一个标签，它告诉我们这个变量指向的是什么对象，而对象是存储在内存中的具体数据。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="对象与类型">对象与类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#对象与类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>**在 Python 中，几乎所有的数据都可以被视为对象，每一个对象都有其相应的类型。**例如：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">123</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># &lt;class 'int'></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3.14</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># &lt;class 'float'></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'hello'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># &lt;class 'str'></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>**Python 是动态类型语言，我们不需要预先声明变量的类型。**在程序运行过程中，变量的类型可以根据赋值而改变。例如：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 123</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # x 是一个整数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(x)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># &lt;class 'int'></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'hello'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # x 变成了一个字符串</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(x)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># &lt;class 'str'></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>Python 中有两个内置函数 <code>id</code> 和 <code>type</code>。</p>
<ul>
<li><code>id(obj)</code> 函数：返回对象 <code>obj</code> 的唯一标识符，其实质上是该对象在内存中的地址。</li>
<li><code>type(obj)</code> 函数：返回对象 <code>obj</code> 的类型。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="引用计数和垃圾收集">引用计数和垃圾收集<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#引用计数和垃圾收集" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>Python 不依赖存储期（即对象在内存中存在的时间）来管理变量和对象，而是<strong>使用引用计数。每个对象都会计算有多少个变量引用了它，当引用计数为 0 时，对象就会被垃圾收集器删除</strong>。可以使用内置的 <code>id</code> 函数获取对象的标识（这实际上是该对象的内存地址），使用 <code>type</code> 函数获取对象的类型。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 引用计数和垃圾收集的例子：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在代码中，`sys.getrefcount(a)`可以获得对象`a`的引用计数。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 当我们创建一个新的引用`b`时，`a`的引用计数增加1。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 当我们删除`b`时，`a`的引用计数减少1。</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> sys</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [] </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建一个空列表</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(sys.getrefcount(a)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：2，一个引用来自 a，一个来自 getrefcount 的参数</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">b </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 增加一个引用</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(sys.getrefcount(a)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：3，新增一个引用来自 b</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">b </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> None</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 删除一个引用</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(sys.getrefcount(a)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出：2，b 不再引用</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="可变类型不可变类型">可变类型、不可变类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#可变类型不可变类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>Python 中的数据类型可以分为两大类：可变类型与不可变类型。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>可变类型</strong>：值可以更改，如列表、字典和集合。</li>
<li><strong>不可变类型</strong>：值不可更改，如数字、字符串、元组等。</li>
</ul>
<p>不可变类型的变量如果改变值，实际上是生成了一个新的对象，并使变量引用新的对象。Python 的赋值语句复制的是对象的引用，而不是对象的值。因此，Python 中的“变量”与其他编程语言中的“变量”不完全相同，将其翻译为“引用”可能更加合适。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在代码中，`list1`是一个列表，是可变类型。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 我们可以通过`append`方法修改`list1`，但是`list1`的`id`并未改变，说明`list1`还是同一个对象。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># `x`是一个整数，是不可变类型。当我们改变`x`的值时，`x`的`id`改变了，说明`x`现在是一个新的对象。</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 可变类型：列表</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list1 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出 list1 的 id</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">list1.append(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 修改 list1</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(list1)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># id 没有改变</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 不可变类型：整数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(x)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出 x 的 id</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 修改 x</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(x)) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># id 改变了</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="python3-内置类型">Python3 内置类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#python3-内置类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>Python 3 内置了多种数据类型，同时还内建了许多其他类型，如上下文管理器类型、模块、方法、代码对象、类型对象、内部对象等。</p>
<h3 id="数字类型">数字类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#数字类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>数字类型主要用于存储和处理数值。这包括整数、浮点数、复数和布尔类型。</p>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>int</td><td>整数，无论大小都可以是正数或负数。</td><td><code>123</code>, <code>-456</code>, <code>0</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>float</td><td>浮点数，包含小数部分的数字。</td><td><code>3.14</code>, <code>-0.01</code>, <code>9.0</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>complex</td><td>复数，包含实部和虚部的数字。</td><td><code>1+2j</code>, <code>3-4j</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="布尔类型">布尔类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#布尔类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>bool</td><td>布尔，表示真或假的值。</td><td><code>True</code>, <code>False</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="序列类型">序列类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#序列类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>序列类型是一种有序的元素集合，包括字符串、列表和元组。每个元素都有一个相应的索引，可以通过索引来访问。</p>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>str</td><td>字符串，由零个或多个字符组成的文本。</td><td><code>'hello'</code>, <code>&quot;world&quot;</code>, <code>''</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>list</td><td>列表，由一系列按特定顺序排列的元素组成。</td><td><code>[1, 'two', 3.0]</code></td><td>可变</td></tr><tr><td>tuple</td><td>元组，类似于列表，但元素不可更改。</td><td><code>(1, 'two', 3.0)</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="集合类型">集合类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#集合类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>集合类型是一个无序的元素集合，其中的元素都是唯一的。这包括集合和冻结集合。</p>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>set</td><td>集合，一组无序的、不重复的元素。</td><td><code>{1, 'two', 3.0}</code></td><td>可变</td></tr><tr><td>frozenset</td><td>不可变集合，类似于集合，但元素不可更改。</td><td><code>frozenset({1, 'two', 3.0})</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="映射类型">映射类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#映射类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>映射类型是一个存储键值对的元素集合，其中的键是唯一的。字典就是一个映射类型。</p>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>dict</td><td>字典，包含键值对的数据结构。</td><td><code>{'name': 'John', 'age': 25}</code></td><td>可变</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="特殊类型">特殊类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#特殊类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>NoneType</td><td>表示 None 的特殊类型。</td><td><code>None</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>EllipsisType</td><td>表示省略的特殊类型，主要在切片和 NumPy 库中使用。</td><td><code>Ellipsis</code> 或 <code>...</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>NotImplementedType</td><td>表示未实现方法的特殊类型，主要在自定义比较方法中使用。</td><td><code>NotImplemented</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="二进制类型">二进制类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#二进制类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>bytes</td><td>字节，包含零个或多个范围为 0<span>⇐</span>x&lt;256 的整数的不可变序列。</td><td><code>b'hello'</code>, <code>b'\x01\x02'</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>bytearray</td><td>字节数组，包含零个或多个范围为 0<span>⇐</span>x&lt;256 的整数的可变序列。</td><td><code>bytearray(b'hello')</code></td><td>可变</td></tr><tr><td>memoryview</td><td>内存查看，用于访问其他二进制序列、打包的数组和缓冲区的内部数据。</td><td><code>memoryview(b'hello')</code></td><td>依据所查看对象</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="类实例和异常">类、实例和异常<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#类实例和异常" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>object</td><td>对象，所有类的基类。</td><td><code>obj = object()</code></td><td>依据具体类</td></tr><tr><td>exception</td><td>异常，程序运行时的错误。</td><td><code>raise Exception('Error!')</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="其他内置类型">其他内置类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#其他内置类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>function</td><td>函数，包含一系列指令的代码块。</td><td><code>def greet(): print('Hello!')</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>type</td><td>类型，表示对象的类型。</td><td><code>type(123)</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>generator</td><td>生成器，一种可迭代的对象，由函数定义并使用 <code>yield</code> 产生值。</td><td><code>(x**2 for x in range(10))</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="类型转换">类型转换<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#类型转换" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>Python 提供了多种函数，用于在不同类型之间进行转换：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="Python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="Python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span>x = &quot;123&quot; # 这是一个字符串</span></span>
<span data-line><span>print(type(x)) # &lt;class 'str'></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span>x = int(x) # 将字符串转为整数</span></span>
<span data-line><span>print(type(x)) # &lt;class 'int'></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span>x = float(x) # 将整数转为浮点数</span></span>
<span data-line><span>print(type(x)) # &lt;class 'float'></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">函数</th><th style="text-align:left;">描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;">int(x [,base])</td><td style="text-align:left;">将 x 转换为一个整数</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">float(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将 x 转换到一个浮点数</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">complex(real [,imag])</td><td style="text-align:left;">创建一个复数</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">str(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将对象 x 转换为字符串</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">repr(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将对象 x 转换为表达式字符串</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">eval(str)</td><td style="text-align:left;">用来计算在字符串中的有效 Python 表达式,并返回一个对象</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">tuple(s)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将序列 s 转换为一个元组</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">list(s)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将序列 s 转换为一个列表</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">set(s)</td><td style="text-align:left;">转换为可变集合</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">dict(d)</td><td style="text-align:left;">创建一个字典。d 必须是一个 (key, value) 元组序列</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">frozenset(s)</td><td style="text-align:left;">转换为不可变集合</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">chr(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将一个整数转换为一个字符</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">ord(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将一个字符转换为它的整数值</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">hex(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将一个整数转换为一个十六进制字符串</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">oct(x)</td><td style="text-align:left;">将一个整数转换为一个八进制字符串</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="运算符">运算符<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#运算符" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>在实际开发中，如果搞不清楚运算符的优先级，可以<strong>使用括号来确保运算的执行顺序</strong>。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 运算符</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 10</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">b </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 20</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">+</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 加法，输出: 30</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">-</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 减法，输出: -10</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">*</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 乘法，输出: 200</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 除法，输出: 0.5</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">**</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 幂运算，输出: 100</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">%</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 取模，输出: 1</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 逻辑运算符</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 大于，输出: False</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 小于，输出: True</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">==</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 等于，输出: False</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(a </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">!=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> b) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 不等于，输出: True</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 成员运算符</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'Hello World'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'World'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> s) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出: True</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'Python'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> not</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> s) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出: True</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>运算符</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>[]</code> <code>[:]</code></td><td>下标，切片</td></tr><tr><td><code>**</code></td><td>指数</td></tr><tr><td><code>~</code> <code>+</code> <code>-</code></td><td>按位取反, 正负号</td></tr><tr><td><code>*</code> <code>/</code> <code>%</code> <code>//</code></td><td>乘，除，模，整除</td></tr><tr><td><code>+</code> <code>-</code></td><td>加，减</td></tr><tr><td><code>>></code> <code>&lt;&lt;</code></td><td>右移，左移</td></tr><tr><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>按位与</td></tr><tr><td><code>^</code> `</td><td>`</td></tr><tr><td><code>&lt;=</code> <code>&lt;</code> <code>></code> <code>>=</code></td><td>小于等于，小于，大于，大于等于</td></tr><tr><td><code>==</code> <code>!=</code></td><td>等于，不等于</td></tr><tr><td><code>is</code> <code>is not</code></td><td>身份运算符</td></tr><tr><td><code>in</code> <code>not in</code></td><td>成员运算符</td></tr><tr><td><code>not</code> <code>or</code> <code>and</code></td><td>逻辑运算符</td></tr><tr><td><code>=</code> <code>+=</code> <code>-=</code> <code>*=</code> <code>/=</code> <code>%=</code> <code>//=</code> <code>**=</code> <code>&amp;=</code> `</td><td>=<code>^=</code>>>=“&lt;<span>⇐</span>`</td></tr></tbody></table></div></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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