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<html lang="zh"><head><title>HTTP 基本鉴权</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="HTTP 基本鉴权"/><meta property="og:description" content="HTTP 基本鉴权."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="HTTP 基本鉴权."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Technology/ComputerSecurity/用户安全/用户鉴权/HTTP-基本鉴权"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../../../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17.5,25c-4.136,0-7.5-3.364-7.5-7.5 c0-4.136,3.364-7.5,7.5-7.5c4.136,0,7.5,3.364,7.5,7.5C25,21.636,21.636,25,17.5,25z"></path></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
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<p>在 HTTP 中，**基本认证方案（Basic Access Authentication）**是允许客户端（通常指的就是网页浏览器）在请求时，通过用户提供用户名和密码的方式，实现对用户身份的验证。</p>
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<h3 id="流程图">流程图<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#流程图" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/298b4e5cd922d.png" alt="认证流程图"/></p>
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<h3 id="步骤解析">步骤解析<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#步骤解析" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 向服务器请求一个<strong>受限的列表数据或资源</strong>。</li>
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</ol>
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<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> GET /list/ HTTP/1.1 </span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> Host: www.baidu.com </span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> Authorization: Basic aHR0cHdhdGNoOmY=</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>服务器</strong>：客户端你好，这个资源在安全区 baidu.com 里是受限资源，需要基本认证。并且向客户端返回 401 状态码 Unauthorized（未授权）以及附带提供了一个认证域 <code>www-Authenticate: Basic realm="baidu.com"</code> 要求进行身份验证；其中 Basic 就是验证的模式，而 <code>realm="baidu.com"</code> 说明客户端需要输入这个安全域的用户名和密码，而不是其他域的。</li>
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</ol>
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<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized </span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> www-Authenticate: Basic realm= "baidu.com"</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p><strong>客户端：</strong> 服务器，我已经携带了用户名和密码给你了，你看一下（如果客户端是浏览器，那么此时会自动弹出一个弹窗，让用户输入用户名和密码）；</p>
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<p>输入完用户名和密码后，则客户端将用户名及密码以 Base64 加密方式发送给服务器</p>
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<p>传送的格式如下（其中 Basic 内容为：<strong>用户名 + 密码的 AES 64 形式</strong>）：</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> GET /list/ </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">HTTP</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">1.1</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> Authorization: Basic Ksid2FuZzp3YW5n==</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>服务器：</strong> 客户端你好，我已经校验了 <code>Authorization</code> 字段你的用户名和密码，是正确的，这是你要的资源。</li>
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</ol>
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<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="http" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> HTTP/1.1 200 OK </span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> ...</span></span></code></pre></figure>
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<h3 id="优点">优点<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#优点" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>简单易用，基本所有流行的浏览器都支持。</p>
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<h3 id="缺点">缺点<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#缺点" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<h4 id="不安全">不安全<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#不安全" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>由于是基于 HTTP 传输，所以它在网络上几乎是裸奔的，虽然它使用了 Base64 来编码，但这个编码很容易就可以解码出来。</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>即使认证内容无法被解码为原始的用户名和密码也是不安全的，恶意用户可以再获取了认证内容后使用其不断的享服务器发起请求，这就是所谓的重放攻击。</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="无法主动注销">无法主动注销<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#无法主动注销" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li>由于 HTTP 协议没有提供机制清除浏览器中的 Basic 认证信息，除非标签页或浏览器关闭、或用户清除历史记录。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="使用场景">使用场景<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用场景" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>内部网络，或者对安全要求不是很高的网络。</p></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
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s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#http-基本鉴权" data-for="http-基本鉴权">HTTP 基本鉴权</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#流程图" data-for="流程图">流程图</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#步骤解析" data-for="步骤解析">步骤解析</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#优点" data-for="优点">优点</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#缺点" data-for="缺点">缺点</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使用场景" data-for="使用场景">使用场景</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Personal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2018","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2020","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2021","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2023","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2024","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022/W34","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022/W35","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022/W36","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022/W37","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022/W38","collapsed":true},{"path":&
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</script><script type="module">
|
|||
|
|
let mermaidImport = undefined
|
|||
|
|
document.addEventListener('nav', async () => {
|
|||
|
|
if (document.querySelector("code.mermaid")) {
|
|||
|
|
mermaidImport ||= await import('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mermaid/10.7.0/mermaid.esm.min.mjs')
|
|||
|
|
const mermaid = mermaidImport.default
|
|||
|
|
const darkMode = document.documentElement.getAttribute('saved-theme') === 'dark'
|
|||
|
|
mermaid.initialize({
|
|||
|
|
startOnLoad: false,
|
|||
|
|
securityLevel: 'loose',
|
|||
|
|
theme: darkMode ? 'dark' : 'default'
|
|||
|
|
})
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
await mermaid.run({
|
|||
|
|
querySelector: '.mermaid'
|
|||
|
|
})
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
});
|
|||
|
|
</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/contrib/copy-tex.min.js" type="application/javascript"></script><script src="../../../../postscript.js" type="module"></script></html>
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