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<html lang="zh"><head><title>包管理器</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&amp;family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&amp;family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&amp;display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="包管理器"/><meta property="og:description" content="JavaScript 包管理工具."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="JavaScript 包管理工具."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Professional/Work/full-stack/工具/包管理工具"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../../../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17.5,25c-4.136,0-7.5-3.364-7.5-7.5 c0-4.136,3.364-7.5,7.5-7.5c4.136,0,7.5,3.364,7.5,7.5C25,21.636,21.636,25,17.5,25z"></path></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="nightIc
<p><strong><a href="https://www.npmjs.com/" class="external">npm<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 是 JavaScript 编写的软件包管理工具，同时也是 node.js 的默认包管理工具。</strong></p>
<h3 id="早期版本">早期版本<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#早期版本" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>因为早期 npm 版本采用<strong>嵌套结构</strong>，所以存在依赖地狱和存储空间占用过大问题；同时 Windows 环境下路径限制 256 字符，可能会导致运行出错。</p>
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/09/06/e22a7d7484ab5.png" alt="node_modules"/></p>
<h3 id="v3-版本">V3 版本<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#v3-版本" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>V3 版本采用<strong>扁平结构</strong>来避免过深的依赖树和包冗余，子依赖会<strong>尽量平铺在主依赖所在的目录</strong>中（同一包但版本号不同还是会放至子目录中）。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── A@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── B@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">└── C@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> └── node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> └── B@2.0.0</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>虽然解决了依赖地狱的问题，但是又形成了新的问题。</p>
<h4 id="幽灵依赖">幽灵依赖<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#幽灵依赖" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>幽灵依赖是指在 package.json 中未定义的依赖，但项目中依然可以正确地被引用到。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &quot;dependencies&quot;: {</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &quot;A&quot;: &quot;^1.0.0&quot;,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &quot;C&quot;: &quot;^1.0.0&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> }</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>例如我们只安装了 A 和 C，虽然 A 引用了 B，但是因为平铺在同一目录，所以在项目中引用 B 还是可以正常工作的。将来如果某个版本的 A 依赖不再依赖 B 或者 B 的版本发生了变化，那么就会造成<strong>依赖缺失</strong>或兼容性问题。</p>
<h4 id="不确定性">不确定性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#不确定性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── A@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── B@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">└── C@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> └── node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> └── B@2.0.0</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── A@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ └── node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ └── B@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── B@2.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">└── C@1.0.0</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>不确定性是指同样的 package.json 文件，install 依赖后可能不会得到同样的 node_modules 目录结构。如果 A 依赖 B@1.0，C 依赖 B@2.0；依赖安装后究竟该提升 B 为 1.0 还是 2.0 取决于用户的安装顺序。</p>
<h4 id="依赖分身">依赖分身<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#依赖分身" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>假设继续再安装依赖 B@1.0 的 D 模块和依赖 @B2.0 的 E 模块，此时：A 和 D 依赖 B@1.0；C 和 E 依赖 B@2.0。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── A@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── B@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── D@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── C@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ └── node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ └── B@2.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">└── E@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> └── node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> └── B@2.0.0</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>可以看到 B@2.0 会被安装两次，实际上无论提升 B@1.0 还是 B@2.0，都会存在重复版本的 B 被安装，这两个重复安装的 B 就叫依赖分身。</p>
<h3 id="安装方式">安装方式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#安装方式" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>可以通过 <a href="https://nodejs.org/zh-cn/" class="external">node.js 官网<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 下载安装，或者直接使用如下脚本。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">curl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -qL</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> https://www.npmjs.com/install.sh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> sh</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="常用命令">常用命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用命令" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>功能</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>npm help</td><td>帮助文档</td></tr><tr><td>npm -v</td><td>npm 版本</td></tr><tr><td>npm config list -l</td><td>npm 配置</td></tr><tr><td>npm init</td><td>初始化引导创建 package.json 文件</td></tr><tr><td>npm set &lt;变量名> &lt;值></td><td>设置环境变量</td></tr><tr><td>npm search &lt;关键词> [-g]</td><td>检索模块</td></tr><tr><td>npm list</td><td>局部查看模块</td></tr><tr><td>npm list -g —depth 0</td><td>全局安装的模块，目录深度为 0。</td></tr><tr><td>npm install</td><td>读取 package.json 安装模块</td></tr><tr><td>npm uninstall &lt;模块> [-g]</td><td>卸载局部模块或全局模块</td></tr><tr><td>npm update &lt;模块> [-g]</td><td>升级局部模块或全局的指定模块</td></tr><tr><td>npm run &lt;脚本></td><td>运行 package.json 脚本</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="yarn">Yarn<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#yarn" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p><strong><a href="https://yarnpkg.com/" class="external">yarn<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 同样采用扁平结构，它的出现是为了解决 npm V3 依赖安装速度慢和不确定性。</strong></p>
<h3 id="提升安装速度">提升安装速度<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#提升安装速度" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>yarn 采用<strong>并行模式</strong>替代 npm <strong>串行模式</strong>安装包，并且利用全局缓存可以提升较大安装速度。</p>
<h3 id="lockfile-解决不确定性">Lockfile 解决不确定性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#lockfile-解决不确定性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>安装依赖时，根据 package.josn 生成一份 yarn.lock 文件。因为 lockfile 里记录了依赖，以及依赖的子依赖、依赖的版本、获取地址、验证模块完整性的 hash；所以即使是不同的安装顺序，相同的依赖关系在任何的环境和容器中，都能得到统一的 node_modules 目录结构，保证了依赖安装的确定性。</p>
<p><em><strong>npm v5 才发布 package-lock.json。</strong></em></p>
<h3 id="存在的问题">存在的问题<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#存在的问题" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>因为 yarn 和 npm 一样是扁平结构的 node_modules ，所以并没有解决<strong>幽灵依赖</strong>和<strong>依赖分身</strong>问题。</p>
<h3 id="安装方式-1">安装方式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#安装方式-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">npm</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --global</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yarn</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="常用命令-1">常用命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用命令-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>功能</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>yarn help</td><td>帮助文档</td></tr><tr><td>yarn init</td><td>初始化项目</td></tr><tr><td>yarn install</td><td>安装所有依赖项</td></tr><tr><td>yarn add [package]</td><td>安装指定依赖项</td></tr><tr><td>yarn add [package]@[version | tag]</td><td>安装指定版本依赖</td></tr><tr><td>yarn up [package]</td><td>升级指定依赖</td></tr><tr><td>yarn up [package]@[version | tag]</td><td>升级指定版本依赖</td></tr><tr><td>yarn remove [package]</td><td>删除指定依赖</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="pnpm">Pnpm<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#pnpm" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/09/06/962148e0d436e.jpg" alt="img"/></p>
<p><a href="https://pnpm.io/zh/" class="external">pnpm<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 不同于 npm 和 yarn 使用的扁平结构，而是采用了<strong>内容寻址存储</strong>。pnpm 通过设置<strong>全局 store</strong>，然后在项目中通过使用<strong>硬链接与符号链接</strong>引用依赖。为了实现此功能，node_modules 目录下会多出 .pnpm 目录，而且是非扁平结构。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>硬链接 Hard link</strong>：硬链接可以理解为<strong>源文件的副本</strong>。</li>
<li><strong>符号链接 Symbolic link</strong>：符号链接（软连接）可以理解为<strong>快捷方式</strong>。</li>
</ul>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;store>/xxx 开头的路径是硬链接，指向全局 store 中安装的依赖。其余的是符号链接，指向依赖的快捷方式。</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── .pnpm</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ ├── A@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ │ └── node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ │ ├── A => &lt;store>/A@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ │ └── B => ../../B@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ ├── B@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ │ └── node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ │ └── B => &lt;store>/B@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ ├── B@2.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ │ └── node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ │ └── B => &lt;store>/B@2.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ └── C@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ └── node_modules</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ ├── C => &lt;store>/C@1.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│ └── B => ../../B@2.0.0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">│</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">├── A => .pnpm/A@1.0.0/node_modules/A</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">└── C => .pnpm/C@1.0.0/node_modules/C</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="未来可期">未来可期<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#未来可期" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>pnpm 这套全新的机制设计地十分巧妙，不仅兼容 node 的依赖解析，同时也解决了如下问题：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>幽灵依赖：只有直接依赖会平铺在 node_modules 下，子依赖不会被提升，不会产生幽灵依赖。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>依赖分身：相同的依赖只会在全局 store 中安装一次。项目中的都是源文件的副本，几乎不占用任何空间，没有了依赖分身。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>同时由于链接的优势，pnpm 的安装速度在大多数场景比 npm 和 yarn 快 2 倍，同时也节省更多的磁盘空间。但也存在一些弊端：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>因为 pnpm 创建的 node_modules 依赖软链接，所以在不支持软链接的环境中无法使用 pnpm；比如 Electron 应用。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>因为依赖源文件是安装在 store 中，调试依赖或 patch-package 给依赖打补丁也不太方便，可能会影响其他项目。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="安装方式-2">安装方式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#安装方式-2" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="npm-1">Npm<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#npm-1" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">npm</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -g</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pnpm</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="curl">Curl<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#curl" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">curl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -fsSL</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> https://get.pnpm.io/install.sh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> sh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> -</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="常用命令-2">常用命令<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常用命令-2" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>功能</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>pnpm install</code></td><td>安装 package.json 文件中的所有依赖项</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm add &lt;pkg></code></td><td>安装指定的依赖项</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm update</code></td><td>更新所有的依赖项</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm uninstall</code></td><td>移除指定的依赖项</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm list</code></td><td>列出已安装的所有依赖项</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm run</code></td><td>运行在 package.json 文件中定义的脚本</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm test</code></td><td>运行测试</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm link</code></td><td>创建或者删除一个软链接到全局安装的依赖项</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm prune</code></td><td>移除无用的依赖项</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm publish</code></td><td>将你的包发布到 npm 注册表</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm root</code></td><td>打印全局安装的依赖项的位置</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm store</code></td><td>控制共享的包存储</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm outdated</code></td><td>检查哪些依赖项有新版本可以更新</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm rebuild</code></td><td>重新编译包</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm import</code></td><td>从 npm 转换一个项目</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm fetch</code></td><td>预下载所有从注册表下载的依赖项到本地的存储库</td></tr><tr><td><code>pnpm audit</code></td><td>检查项目依赖项中的已知的漏洞</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="npmyarnpnpm-功能比较">npm，yarn，pnpm 功能比较<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#npmyarnpnpm-功能比较" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>功能</th><th>pnpm</th><th>Yarn</th><th>npm</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>工作空间支持（monorepo）</td><td>✔️</td><td>✔️</td><td>✔️</td></tr><tr><td>隔离的 <code>node_modules</code></td><td>✔️ - 默认</td><td>✔️</td><td>❌</td></tr><tr><td>提升的 <code>node_modules</code></td><td>✔️</td><td>✔️</td><td>✔️ - 默认</td></tr><tr><td>自动安装 peers</td><td>✔️ - 通过 <a href="https://pnpm.io/zh/npmrc#auto-install-peers" class="external">auto-install-peers=true<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a></td><td>❌</td><td>✔️</td></tr><tr><td>Plug’n’Play</td><td>✔️</td><td>✔️ - 默认</td><td>❌</td></tr><tr><td>零安装</td><td>❌</td><td>✔️</td><td>❌</td></tr><tr><td>修补依赖项</td><td>✔️</td><td>✔️</td><td>❌</td></tr><tr><td>管理 Node.js 版本</td><td>✔️</td><td>❌</td><td>❌</td></tr><tr><td>有锁文件</td><td>✔️ - <code>pnpm-lock.yaml</code></td><td>✔️ - <code>yarn.lock</code></td><td>✔️ - <code>package-lock.json</code></td></tr><tr><td>支持覆盖</td><td>✔️</td><td>✔️ - 通过 resolutions</td><td>✔️</td></tr><tr><td>内容可寻址存储</td><td>✔️</td><td>❌</td><td>❌</td></tr><tr><td>动态包执行</td><td>✔️ - 通过 <code>pnpm dlx</code></td><td>✔️ - 通过 <code>yarn dlx</code></td><td>✔️ - 通过 <code>npx</code></td></tr><tr><td>Side-effects cache</td><td>✔️</td><td>❌</td><td>❌</td></tr></tbody></table></div></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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