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<html lang="zh"><head><title>实践论</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="实践论"/><meta property="og:description" content="毛泽东的《实践论》，是为着用马克思主义的认识论观点去揭露党内的教条主义和经验主义——特别是教条主义这些主观主义的错误而写的。因为重点是揭露看轻实践的教条主义这种主观主义，故题为《实践论》。毛泽东曾以这篇论文的观点在延安的抗日军事政治大学作过讲演。."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="毛泽东的《实践论》，是为着用马克思主义的认识论观点去揭露党内的教条主义和经验主义——特别是教条主义这些主观主义的错误而写的。因为重点是揭露看轻实践的教条主义这种主观主义，故题为《实践论》。毛泽东曾以这篇论文的观点在延安的抗日军事政治大学作过讲演。."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Personal/Book/政治军事/实践论"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439
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<ul>
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<li><strong>书名</strong>：《实践论》</li>
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<li><strong>作者</strong>： 毛泽东</li>
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<li><strong>分类</strong>： 政治军事-政治</li>
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<li><strong>ISBN</strong>：7010011648</li>
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<li><strong>出版社</strong>：人民出版社</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="概述">概述<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#概述" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<p>毛泽东的《实践论》，是为着用马克思主义的认识论观点去揭露党内的教条主义和经验主义——特别是教条主义这些主观主义的错误而写的。因为重点是揭露看轻实践的教条主义这种主观主义，故题为《实践论》。毛泽东曾以这篇论文的观点在延安的抗日军事政治大学作过讲演。</p>
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<h2 id="划线">划线<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#划线" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p>马克思主义者认为，只有人们的社会实践，才是人们对于外界认识的真理性的标准。实际的情形是这样的，只有在社会实践过程中（物质生产过程中，阶级斗争过程中，科学实验过程中），人们达到了思想中所预想的结果时，人们的认识才被证实了。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>实践高于（理论的）认识，因为它不但有普遍性的品格，而且还有直接现实性的品格</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>马克思主义的哲学辩证唯物论有两个最显著的特点：一个是它的阶级性，公然申明辩证唯物论是为无产阶级服务的；再一个是它的实践性，强调理论对于实践的依赖关系，理论的基础是实践，又转过来为实践服务。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>看到了各种文件，这些就是事物的现象，事物的各个片面以及这些事物的外部联系。这叫做认识的感性阶段，就是感觉和印象的阶段。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>这个概念、判断和推理的阶段，在人们对于一个事物的整个认识过程中是更重要的阶段，也就是理性认识的阶段。认识的真正任务在于经过感觉而到达于思维，到达于逐步了解客观事物的内部矛盾，了解它的规律性，了解这一过程和那一过程间的内部联系，即到达于论理的认识。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>感性的认识是属于事物之片面的、现象的、外部联系的东西，论理的认识则推进了一大步，到达了事物的全体的、本质的、内部联系的东西，到达了暴露周围世界的内在的矛盾，因而能在周围世界的总体上，在周围世界一切方面的内部联系上去把握周围世界的发展。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>认识过程中两个阶段的特性，在低级阶段，认识表现为感性的，在高级阶段，认识表现为论理的，但任何阶段，都是统一的认识过程中的阶段。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>我们的实践证明：感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，只有理解了的东西才更深刻地感觉它。感觉只解决现象问题，理论才解决本质问题。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林之所以能够作出他们的理论，除了他们的天才条件之外，主要地是他们亲自参加了当时的阶级斗争和科学实验的实践，没有这后一个条件，任何天才也是不能成功的。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>为了明了基于变革现实的实践而产生的辩证唯物论的认识运动——认识的逐渐深化的运动，下面再举出几个具体的例子。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>战争的领导者，如果他们是一些没有战争经验的人，对于一个具体的战争（例如我们过去十年的土地革命战争）的深刻的指导规律，在开始阶段是不了解的。他们在开始阶段只是身历了许多作战的经验，而且败仗是打得很多的。然而由于这些经验（胜仗，特别是败仗的经验），使他们能够理解贯串整个战争的内部的东西，即那个具体战争的规律性，懂得了战略和战术，因而能够有把握地去指导战争。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>第一个，在前面已经说过的，这里再重复说一说，就是理性认识依赖于感性认识的问题。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>第二是认识有待于深化，认识的感性阶段有待于发展到理性阶段——这就是认识论的辩证法[插图]</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>理性认识依赖于感性认识，感性认识有待于发展到理性认识，这就是辩证唯物论的认识论。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>抓着了世界的规律性的认识，必须把它再回到改造世界的实践中去，再用到生产的实践、革命的阶级斗争和民族斗争的实践以及科学实验的实践中去。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>理论的东西之是否符合于客观真理性这个问题，在前面说的由感性到理性之认识运动中是没有完全解决的，也不能完全解决的。要完全地解决这个问题，只有把理性的认识再回到社会实践中去，应用理论于实践，看它是否能够达到预想的目的。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>人们原定的思想、理论、计划、方案，毫无改变地实现出来的事，是很少的</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>因为从事变革现实的人们，常常受着许多的限制，不但常常受着科学条件和技术条件的限制，而且也受着客观过程的发展及其表现程度的限制（客观过程的方面及本质尚未充分暴露）</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>许多时候须反复失败过多次，才能纠正错误的认识</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>。无数相对的真理之总和，就是绝对的真理</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>世界到了全人类都自觉地改造自己和改造世界的时候，那就是世界的共产主义时代。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>这就是辩证唯物论的知行统一观。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="笔记">笔记<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#笔记" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p>其中，尤以各种形式的阶级斗争，给予人的认识发展以深刻的影响。在阶级社会中，每一个人都在一定的阶级地位中生活，各种思想无不打上阶级的烙印。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>💭 阶级局限性</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>，一个人的知识，不外直接经验的和间接经验的两部分。而且在我为间接经验者，在人则仍为直接经验。因此，就知识的总体说来，无论何种知识都是不能离开直接经验的</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>💭 读万卷书是间接经验，理论知识；行万里路是直接经验，实践所得。毕竟山在哪里和山在眼前，天差地别。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>我们的结论是主观和客观、理论和实践、知和行的具体的历史的统一，反对一切离开具体历史的“左”的或右的错误思想。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>💭 手握理论去实践，复盘总结继续实践。</p>
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<h2 id="书评">书评<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#书评" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<h2 id="点评">点评<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#点评" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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