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<html lang="zh"><head><title>中国传统历法</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="中国传统历法"/><meta property="og:description" content="我国民间现行的两种历法——公历和农历,概述了它们的特点。公历为阳历,农历同时考虑了阴阳历法,是我国民间广泛使用的传统历法。文章还详细介绍了农历的阴历部分和阳历部分,以及农历闰月的确定方法。."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="我国民间现行的两种历法——公历和农历,概述了它们的特点。公历为阳历,农历同时考虑了阴阳历法,是我国民间广泛使用的传统历法。文章还详细介绍了农历的阴历部分和阳历部分,以及农历闰月的确定方法。."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Personal/Blog/2020/中国传统历法"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-
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<p>我国民间现施行的传统历法分为两种：<strong>格里历（阳历）</strong>、<strong>农历</strong>。</p>
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<p>格里历（拉丁语：Calendarium Gregorianum，又译国瑞历、额我略历、格列高利历、格里高利历、葛瑞格里历、格列高历，也称基督历 [1]），是由意大利医生兼哲学家阿洛伊修斯·里利乌斯改革儒略历制定的历法，亦是一个被当今国际社会最广泛地使用的历法。公历是阳历的一种，于 1912 年在中国引进采用，因农历等中国传统历法是阴阳历，故公历在中文中又称<strong>阳历、西历、新历、公历</strong>。</p>
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<p>农历，是现今东亚地区民间传统广泛使用的<strong>阴阳合历</strong>。古代相传为黄帝时代或者夏朝创制，又称黄历、夏历，中国以外的语言和地区普遍称为中国历。农历广泛应用于生日标记、各种民俗活动节日等，比如“年节”、“元宵节”、“端午节”、“中秋节”、“重阳节”等节庆活动，被视为中华文化象征。</p>
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<h2 id="公历">公历<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#公历" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<p>公历历年平均长度为 365.2425 日、一年共有 12 月，分大小月，大月 31 天，小月 30 天。每四年置一闰，闰年 2 月为 29 天。</p>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2020/11/16/a43d908357a9c.png" alt="公历"/></p>
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<h2 id="农历">农历<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#农历" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<p>历法是记录时间的坐标系统，多数民族根据天象来确定历法。年，就是四季周期，即地球围绕太阳公转；月，就是月相盈亏周期，即月球围绕地球公转。准确测量回归年和朔望月之长度，会发现一年比十二个月多大约 10.875 日，即单个阴历或阳历无法同时满足年和月的准确周期。</p>
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<p>通俗来说，月即为月亮对地球的一个完整的运动周期，大月 30 天，小月 29 天。一年 12 个月，那么一年的长度大概在 354 到 355 天之间。年即为地球对太阳的一个完整的运动周期，约为 365 天。故一年会比十二个月多大约 10 日。而农历罕有地同时考虑到太阳及月球运动，兼顾了年和月之准确周期，是为<strong>阴阳合历</strong>。</p>
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<p>农历根据观测月相变化，严格按照月亮盈亏确定月份（定朔），为<strong>农历阴历</strong>部分。通过观测太阳与黄道的关系，影响地表气候环境的不同定出 24 节气，为<strong>农历阳历</strong>部分。为了时彼此的长度更加接近，自春秋时代起就有了“十九年置七闰月”；又排定了闰月规则。如此既达到年合四季、月合圆缺，即新月固定于初一，新年固定于冬春之交，达成阴阳和谐。</p>
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<h3 id="农历阴历">农历阴历<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#农历阴历" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>农历阴历一年 12 月，大月 30 天，小月 29 天。这也是通常我们所说的农历几月初几，正月初几。因为置闰的原因，所以农历阴历一年的天数并不固定，最长有达 384 天。</p>
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<h3 id="农历阳历">农历阳历<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#农历阳历" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>在古代，通常以冬至到冬至之间（约 365+1/4 日），分割为 24 段（每段约 15+7/32 日），每段起始于一个节气，依次为：冬至、小寒、大寒、立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨、立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、大暑、立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降、立冬、小雪、大雪。</p>
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<p>二十四节气中，冬至、大寒、雨水、春分、谷雨、小满、夏至、大暑、处暑、秋分、霜降、小雪为中气，通常用来确定月份。冬至所在月份为冬月、大寒所在月份为腊月、雨水所在月份为正月、春分所在月份为二月、…、小雪所在月份为十月，立春到立夏前为春季，立夏到立秋前为夏季，立秋到立冬前为秋季，立冬到立春前为冬季。</p>
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<p>中气之间的时间约为 30+1/5 日时，因此中气日之间的间隔（含前不含后）为 30 或 31 日。而一个月的时间为 29 日或 30 日，一个月内要么一个中气，要么没有中气。因此，中气可以直接来确定月份及闰否。</p>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2020/11/16/65ce8069b0cb8.png" alt="农历"/></p>
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<h3 id="农历闰月">农历闰月<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#农历闰月" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>19 个回归年的时间长度和 235 个朔望月几乎相同。所以阴阳历若采十九年七闰法，每 19 年加入 7 个闰月，就可以协调回归年（太阳的周期）与朔望月（月亮的周期）间的时间差距，以较为简易的方式制历。中国古称此周期为一章。</p>
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<p>现行历法采无中置闰法。若两冬月间有 13 个月（不计第二个冬月），则置闰于两冬月间第一个无中气之月（有时一岁可能会有两个无中气之月，只取第一个），月序与前一个月相同（闰月在几月后面，就称闰几月）。采用现行之定朔法，有可能会出现无中气月但无须置闰之状况。</p>
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<p>参考维基百科：<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%86" class="external">格里历<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9B%86" class="external">农历<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a>、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%9B%86%E6%B3%95" class="external">章<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a></p></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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