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180 lines
465 KiB
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<html><head><title>贡献者协议（Contributing）</title><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="贡献者协议（Contributing）"/><meta property="og:description" content="本文讨论了开源项目中贡献者协议的重要性，比较了CLA和DCO两种协议，并提供了贡献者协议的模板。."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="本文讨论了开源项目中贡献者协议的重要性，比较了CLA和DCO两种协议，并提供了贡献者协议的模板。."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><script async src="https://umami.7wate.com/script.js" data-website-id="c061efdc-95dd-4d21-9d04-a1ffda0a85b9"></script><script>
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<h2 id="cla">CLA<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#cla" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>CLA (Contributor License Agreement) 是开源协议的补充，它明确了贡献者和项目所有者之间的法律关系。CLA 协议包括公司级别和个人级别的 CLA，公司级别的 CLA 允许一个公司代表其所有员工签署，而个人级别的 CLA 则只针对个人贡献者。</p>
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<p>CLA 协议主要涵盖以下几点：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>签署该 CLA 的主体和贡献的定义；</li>
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<li>授予著作权给拥有该软件知识产权的公司或组织；</li>
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<li>专利许可的授予；</li>
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<li>签署者保证依法有权授予上述许可；</li>
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<li>签署者确保所有的贡献内容均为原创作品；</li>
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<li>签署者为贡献内容支持的免责描述；</li>
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<li>说明贡献者提交非原创作品应该采用的方式；</li>
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<li>保证在获悉任何方面不准确的事实或情况之时通知签约方。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>对于在中国的企业，他们还会在 CLA 协议中加入一些本地化的内容，比如阿里巴巴的 <a href="https://github.com/aliyun/cla" class="external">Alibaba Open Source Individual CLA</a>。</p>
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<h2 id="dco">DCO<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#dco" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>DCO (Developer Certificate of Origin) 是由 Linux Foundation 制定的，它并不是一个法律协议，而是一种证明。开源贡献者只需要在提交时签署邮件地址，就相当于确认了他们对提交的贡献拥有相应的权利，并同意该贡献在该项目或涉及的开源许可下公开发布。</p>
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<p>DCO 包含以下四点保证：</p>
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<ol>
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<li>贡献全部或部分由我创建，我有权根据文件中指明的开源许可提交；</li>
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<li>贡献是基于以前的工作，这些工作属于适当的开源许可，无论这些工作全部还是部分由我完成，我有权根据相同的开源许可证（除非我被允许根据不同的许可证提交）提交修改后的工作；</li>
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<li>贡献由 1、2、或 3 证明的其他人直接提供给我，而我没有对其进行修改。</li>
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<li>我理解并同意该项目和贡献是公开的，并且该贡献的记录（包括我随之提交的所有个人信息，包括我的签字）将无限期保留，并且可以与本项目或涉及的开源许可证保持一致或者重新分配。</li>
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</ol>
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<h2 id="cla-与-dco-的比较">CLA 与 DCO 的比较<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#cla-与-dco-的比较" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>下表对比了 CLA 和 DCO 的特性，可以看出两者在法律责任、社区属性、签署方式等方面都有不同。这就需要根据项目的特点和需求来选择合适的贡献协议。</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th align="left">特性</th><th align="left">CLA</th><th align="left">DCO</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">社区属性</td><td align="left">弱</td><td align="left">强</td></tr><tr><td align="left">签署方式</td><td align="left">一次性</td><td align="left">每次提交时在 commit 信息里追加 <code>Signed-off-by: email</code> 信息</td></tr><tr><td align="left">法律责任</td><td align="left">明确法律义务</td><td align="left">无声明，用来限制提交者遵守开源 license</td></tr><tr><td align="left">是否可自定义</td><td align="left">公司或组织可自行定义</td><td align="left">否</td></tr><tr><td align="left">使用案例</td><td align="left">Google、Pivotal、CNCF、阿里巴巴、Apache SkyWalking</td><td align="left">GitLab、Chef、Harbor、TiKV</td></tr><tr><td align="left">公司属性</td><td align="left">强，可以签署公司级别的 CLA</td><td align="left">弱</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p>在选择合适的贡献协议时，不仅要考虑法律问题，也要考虑社区的文化和参与者的需求。例如，对于大型跨公司开源项目来说，CLA 可能更适合，因为它可以让项目更加正规，并且更符合长期发展的需求。而对于那些更依赖社区的项目来说，DCO 由于其简洁和易于理解的优点，可能会是更好的选择。</p>
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<h2 id="贡献者协议">贡献者协议<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#贡献者协议" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>文件通常被命名为 <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code>，这个文件通常位于项目的根目录中。有一些项目可能会使用不同的文件名，例如 <code>CONTRIBUTORS.txt</code> 或 <code>CONTRIBUTE.md</code>，但是 <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> 是最常见的约定。</p>
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<h3 id="中文模板">中文模板<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#中文模板" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">贡献者许可协议</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">本贡献者许可协议（以下简称“协议”）由签署下列的一方（以下简称“贡献者”）同意，并向[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">项目名称</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]授予对由[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">项目名称</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]管理的软件项目的某些许可权。本协议自下列最新的签名日期起生效。</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">1. 定义：</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> “代码”指的是在此协议下由贡献者交付给[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">项目名称</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]的计算机软件代码，无论是以人类可读形式还是机器可执行形式。</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">2. 版权授予：在此协议的条款和条件下，贡献者特此向[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">项目名称</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]和[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">项目名称</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]分发的软件的接收者授予永久的，全球性的，非独占的，免费的，免版税的，不可撤销的版权许可，用于复制，准备衍生作品，公开展示，公开表演，再许可，和分发代码及其衍生作品。</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">贡献者声明贡献者有法律权利授予上述许可。</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">贡献者名称：</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);font-style:italic;">__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">________</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">签名：</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);font-style:italic;">__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">________</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">日期：</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);font-style:italic;">__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">________</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span></code></pre></div>
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<h3 id="英文模板">英文模板<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#英文模板" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Contributor License Agreement</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">This Contributor License Agreement ("Agreement") is agreed to by the party signing below ("Contributor"), and conveys certain license rights to [Project Name] for software projects managed by [Project Name]. This Agreement is effective as of the latest signature date below.</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">1. Definitions:</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> "Code" means the computer software code, whether in human-readable or machine-executable form, that is delivered by Contributor to [Project Name] under this Agreement.</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">2. Copyright Grant: Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Contributor hereby grants to [Project Name] and to recipients of software distributed by [Project Name], a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable copyright license to reproduce, prepare derivative works of, publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute Code and such derivative works.</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Contributor represents that Contributor is legally entitled to grant the above license.</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Contributor Name: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);font-style:italic;">__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">________</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Signature: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);font-style:italic;">__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">________</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Date: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);font-style:italic;">__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">________</span></span>
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