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<h2 id="模块">模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#模块" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>在 Python 中,模块可以分为自定义模块、内置模块(标准模块)和第三方模块。使用模块主要有以下几个好处:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>提高了代码的可维护性。通过将代码拆分为多个模块,可以降低每个模块的复杂性,更容易进行理解和维护。</li>
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<li>重用代码。当一个模块编写完毕,就可以被其他的模块引用。这避免了“重复造轮子”,允许开发者更加专注于新的任务。</li>
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<li>避免命名冲突。同名的类、函数和变量可以分别存在于不同的模块中,防止名称冲突。但也要注意尽量避免与内置函数名(类名)冲突。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="自定义模块">自定义模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#自定义模块" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>自定义模块是开发者根据实际需求编写的代码,封装为模块方便在多个地方使用。当创建一个新的 Python 文件时,比如 <code>mymodule.py</code>,我们就创建了一个名为 <code>mymodule</code> 的模块,可以通过 <code>import mymodule</code> 来导入和使用。</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># mymodule.py</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">hello</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"Hello, World!"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># main.py</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> mymodule</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">mymodule</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">hello</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 "Hello, World!"</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h3 id="标准模块">标准模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#标准模块" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>Python 拥有一个强大的标准库。Python 语言的核心只包含数值、字符串、列表、字典、文件等常见类型和函数,而由 Python 标准库提供了系统管理、网络通信、文本处理、数据库接口、图形系统、XML 处理等额外的功能。如文本处理、文件系统操作、操作系统功能、网络通信、W3C 格式支持等。</p>
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<p>Python 标准库中的模块可以直接通过 <code>import</code> 语句来导入。比如,我们可以导入 <code>math</code> 模块,使用其中的 <code>sqrt</code> 函数来求平方根:</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> math</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(math.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sqrt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">16</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 4.0</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h3 id="第三方模块">第三方模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#第三方模块" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>Python 拥有大量的第三方模块,这也是其核心优点之一。这些模块通常在 Python 包管理系统 <a href="https://pypi.python.org/" class="external">PyPI</a> 中注册,你可以通过 <code>pip</code> 工具来安装。</p>
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<p>比如,我们可以通过 <code>pip install requests</code> 来安装 <code>requests</code> 模块,然后在代码中使用它发送 HTTP 请求:</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">response </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https://www.python.org'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(response.status_code)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 200</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h2 id="包">包<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#包" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>Python 为了避免模块名冲突,又引入了按目录来组织模块的方法,称为包(Package)。包是模块的集合,比模块又高一级的封装。包是一个分层次的文件目录结构,它定义了一个由模块及子包,和子包下的子包等组成的 Python 的应用环境。一般来说,包名通常为全部小写,避免使用下划线。</p>
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<h3 id="标准包">标准包<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#标准包" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>标准包就是文件夹下必须存在 <code>__init__.py</code> 文件,该文件的内容可以为空。如果没有该文件,Python 无法识别出标准包。Python 中导入包后会初始化并执行 <code>__init__.py</code> 进行初始化;在 <code>__init__.py</code> 中,如果将 <code>__all__</code> 定义为列表,其中包含对象名称的字符串,程序就可以通过 * 的方式导入。</p>
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<p>例如,我们有以下的目录结构:</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">test.py</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">package_runoob</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">|-- </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);font-weight:bold;">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">.py</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">|-- runoob1.py</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">|-- runoob2.py</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<p>它们的代码如下:</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># package_runoob/runoob1.py</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">runoob1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"I'm in runoob1"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># package_runoob/runoob2.py</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">runoob2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"I'm in runoob2"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># package_runoob/__init__.py</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__name__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'__main__'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'作为主程序运行'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">else</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'package_runoob 初始化'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># test.py</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> package_runoob</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">runoob1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> runoob1</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> package_runoob</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">runoob2 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> runoob2</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">runoob1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">runoob2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># package_runoob 初始化</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># I'm in runoob1</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># I'm in runoob2</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="模块和包的导入">模块和包的导入<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#模块和包的导入" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>Python 模块是一个包含 Python 定义和语句的文件,模块可以定义函数,类和变量。模块也可以包含可执行的代码。包是一种管理 Python 模块命名空间的形式,采用 ” 点模块名称 “。</p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="导入方式">导入方式<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#导入方式" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>在 Python 中,可以通过以下四种方式导入模块或包:</p>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="import-xxxx"><code>import xx.xx</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#import-xxxx" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>这种方式将整个模块导入。如果模块中有函数、类或变量,我们需要以 <code>module.xxx</code> 的方式调用。</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Module_a.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">func</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"This is module A!"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Main.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> module_a</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">module_a</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">func</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 调用函数</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="from-xxxx-import-xx"><code>from xx.xx import xx</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#from-xxxx-import-xx" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>这种方式从某个模块中导入某个指定的部分到当前命名空间,不会将整个模块导入。这种方式可以节省代码量,但需要注意避免名字冲突。</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Main.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> module_a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> func</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">func</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 直接调用 func</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="from-xxxx-import-xx-as-rename"><code>from xx.xx import xx as rename</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#from-xxxx-import-xx-as-rename" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>为了避免命名冲突,我们可以在导入时重命名模块。</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Main.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> module_a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> func </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> f</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用新名称 f 来调用函数</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="from-xxxx-import-"><code>from xx.xx import \*</code><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#from-xxxx-import-" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>这种方式将模块中的所有内容全部导入,非常容易发生命名冲突,因此需要谨慎使用。</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Main.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> module_a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">*</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">func</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"This is the main module!"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">func</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># func 从 module_a 导入被 main 中的 func 覆盖</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="绝对导入">绝对导入<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#绝对导入" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>绝对导入使用模块的完整路径来导入。这个路径是从项目的根目录开始的,也就是说,从 Python 解释器开始搜索模块的路径。让我们通过一个示例来理解绝对导入。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>假设我们有以下项目结构:</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><code data-language="markdown" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">myproject/</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">│</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">├── main.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">│</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">└── mypackage/</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> ├── </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);font-weight:bold;">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> ├── module_a.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> └── subpackage/</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> ├── </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);font-weight:bold;">__init__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> └── module_b.py</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<p>在这个项目中,我们有一个主程序 <code>main.py</code> 和一个包 <code>mypackage</code>,包含了模块 <code>module_a.py</code> 和一个子包 <code>subpackage</code>,包含了模块 <code>module_b.py</code>。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>在 <code>main.py</code> 中,我们可以使用绝对导入来导入 <code>module_a.py</code>:</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># main.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> mypackage</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">module_a</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<p>在这里,<code>mypackage</code> 是项目的根目录,所以我们使用完整的路径来导入 <code>module_a</code>。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>同样,在 <code>module_b.py</code> 中,我们可以使用绝对导入来导入 <code>module_a.py</code>:</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># mypackage/subpackage/module_b.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> mypackage</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">module_a</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="适用场景">适用场景<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#适用场景" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>绝对导入的适用场景包括:</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>明确:绝对导入提供了清晰的模块路径,使得其他开发人员更容易理解模块之间的关系。</li>
|
|||
|
<li>项目结构不变:当项目结构发生变化时,绝对导入不需要更新导入路径。</li>
|
|||
|
<li>可移植性:如果一个包被设计成可以独立安装并作为第三方库使用,绝对导入是更好的选择。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="相对导入">相对导入<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#相对导入" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>相对导入是基于当前模块文件的目录结构的。使用 <code>.</code> 表示当前目录,<code>..</code> 表示父目录,以此类推。相对导入通常用在包内部,当模块之间互相导入时。让我们通过示例来理解相对导入。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>在 <code>module_b.py</code> 中,我们可以使用相对导入来导入同一包下的 <code>module_a.py</code>:</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># mypackage/subpackage/module_b.py</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">..</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> module_a</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<p>在这里,<code>..</code> 表示上一级目录,即 <code>mypackage</code>,然后我们导入了 <code>module_a</code>。</p>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="注意事项">注意事项<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#注意事项" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>相对导入需要一些额外的注意事项:</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>相对导入只能用于包内部模块之间的导入,不能用于顶级模块或脚本。</li>
|
|||
|
<li>如果直接运行一个包含相对导入的模块,可能会导致 <code>ImportError</code>。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h4 id="适用场景-1">适用场景<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#适用场景-1" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
|
|||
|
<p>相对导入通常更适合以下情况:</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>包内部导入:当你在包内部工作时,相对导入可以更好地保持模块的封装性和可移植性。</li>
|
|||
|
<li>封装和模块重构:相对导入在包内部重构时特别有用,因为它减少了需要更改的导入语句的数量。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="模块路径搜索顺序">模块路径搜索顺序<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#模块路径搜索顺序" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>当我们尝试导入一个模块时,Python 解释器对模块位置的搜索顺序是:</p>
|
|||
|
<ol>
|
|||
|
<li>Python 项目的当前目录</li>
|
|||
|
<li>在环境变量 PYTHONPATH 中列出的所有目录</li>
|
|||
|
<li>Python 的安装目录和其他默认目录</li>
|
|||
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
<p>模块搜索路径存储在 <code>sys</code> 模块的 <code>sys.path</code> 变量中。</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sys</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(sys.path)</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="命名空间和作用域">命名空间和作用域<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#命名空间和作用域" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>在 Python 中,命名空间(Namespace)是从名称到对象的映射,主要用于避免命名冲突。命名空间的生命周期取决于对象的作用域,如果对象执行完成,则该命名空间的生命周期就结束。</p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="命名空间类型">命名空间类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#命名空间类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>Python 有三种命名空间:</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>内置名称(built-in names)</strong>:Python 语言内置的名称,如函数名 <code>abs</code>、<code>char</code> 和异常名称 <code>BaseException</code>、<code>Exception</code> 等。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>全局名称(global names)</strong>:模块中定义的名称,包括模块的函数、类、导入的模块、模块级别的变量和常量。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>局部名称(local names)</strong>:函数中定义的名称,包括函数的参数和局部定义的变量。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/11/20/7ee3813629181.png" alt="img"/></p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="作用域">作用域<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#作用域" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>作用域定义了命名空间可以直接访问的代码段,决定了在哪一部分程序可以访问特定的变量名。Python 的作用域一共有 4 种,分别是:</p>
|
|||
|
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/11/20/1e3af056f1ac0.png" alt="img"/></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>L(Local):最内层,包含局部变量,比如一个函数/方法内部。</li>
|
|||
|
<li>E(Enclosing):包含了非局部(non-local)也非全局(non-global)的变量。比如两个嵌套函数,一个函数(或类)A 里面又包含了一个函数 B,那么对于 B 中的名称来说 A 中的作用域就为 nonlocal。</li>
|
|||
|
<li>G(Global):当前脚本的最外层,比如当前模块的全局变量。</li>
|
|||
|
<li>B(Built-in): 包含了内建的变量/关键字等,最后被搜索。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>变量的查找顺序是:L —> E —> G —> B。</p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="代码示例">代码示例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#代码示例" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 全局变量</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">x </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">z </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">40</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 定义函数 foo</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">foo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 局部变量</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> x </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">20</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> z </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">50</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">bar</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">nonlocal</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> z</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"局部变量 z ="</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, z)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 "局部变量 z = 50"</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">baz</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">global</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> z</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"全局变量 z ="</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, z)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 "全局变量 z = 40"</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"局部变量 x ="</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, x)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 "局部变量 x = 20"</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">bar</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">baz</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 定义函数 outer</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">outer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> y </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">30</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 封闭作用域变量</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">inner</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">():</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">nonlocal</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> y</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"封闭作用域 y ="</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, y)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 "封闭作用域 y = 30"</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">inner</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 执行函数</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">foo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"全局变量 x ="</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, x)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 "全局变量 x = 10"</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">outer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 调用内置函数</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">abs</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">-</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 5</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
|||
|
<p>这个例子展示了 Python 中的作用域和命名空间的概念。在函数 <code>foo</code> 中,变量 <code>x</code> 和 <code>z</code> 是局部变量,只在 <code>foo</code> 函数内部可见。函数 <code>bar</code> 和 <code>baz</code> 改变了 <code>z</code> 的作用域,<code>bar</code> 定义 <code>z</code> 为封闭作用域(<code>foo</code> 函数的作用域),而 <code>baz</code> 定义 <code>z</code> 为全局作用域。函数 <code>outer</code> 和 <code>inner</code> 展示了封闭作用域变量的使用,<code>outer</code> 函数内的 <code>y</code> 变量在 <code>inner</code> 函数中也可见。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>最后,我们调用了内置函数 <code>abs</code>,这是一个内置命名空间的例子。所有的内置函数和关键字都在 Python 的内置命名空间中,无需导入就可以直接使用。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
|
|||
|
s-3.542,0.634-4.898,1.688l-7.669-7.669C16.785,10.424,17,9.74,17,9c0-2.206-1.794-4-4-4S9,6.794,9,9s1.794,4,4,4
|
|||
|
c0.74,0,1.424-0.215,2.019-0.567l7.669,7.669C21.634,21.458,21,23.154,21,25s0.634,3.542,1.688,4.897L10.024,42.562
|
|||
|
C8.958,41.595,7.549,41,6,41c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6s2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-1.035-0.263-2.009-0.726-2.86l12.829-12.829
|
|||
|
c1.106,0.86,2.44,1.436,3.898,1.619v10.16c-2.833,0.478-5,2.942-5,5.91c0,3.309,2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-2.967-2.167-5.431-5-5.91
|
|||
|
v-10.16c1.458-0.183,2.792-0.759,3.898-1.619l7.669,7.669C41.215,39.576,41,40.26,41,41c0,2.206,1.794,4,4,4s4-1.794,4-4
|
|||
|
s-1.794-4-4-4c-0.74,0-1.424,0.215-2.019,0.567l-7.669-7.669C36.366,28.542,37,26.846,37,25s-0.634-3.542-1.688-4.897l9.665-9.665
|
|||
|
C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
|
|||
|
S11,10.103,11,9z M6,51c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S8.206,51,6,51z M33,49c0,2.206-1.794,4-4,4s-4-1.794-4-4
|
|||
|
s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
|
|||
|
s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#模块" data-for="模块">模块</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#自定义模块" data-for="自定义模块">自定义模块</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#标准模块" data-for="标准模块">标准模块</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#第三方模块" data-for="第三方模块">第三方模块</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#包" data-for="包">包</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#标准包" data-for="标准包">标准包</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#模块和包的导入" data-for="模块和包的导入">模块和包的导入</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#导入方式" data-for="导入方式">导入方式</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#绝对导入" data-for="绝对导入">绝对导入</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#相对导入" data-for="相对导入">相对导入</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#模块路径搜索顺序" data-for="模块路径搜索顺序">模块路径搜索顺序</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#命名空间和作用域" data-for="命名空间和作用域">命名空间和作用域</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#命名空间类型" data-for="命名空间类型">命名空间类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#作用域" data-for="作用域">作用域</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#代码示例" data-for="代码示例">代码示例</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2024","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2024/W33","collapsed":true},{"path":"Obsidian","collapsed":true},{"path":"Obsidian/Templates","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2018","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2020","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2021","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2023","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2024","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/政治军事","collapsed":tru
|
|||
|
function toggleCallout() {
|
|||
|
const outerBlock = this.parentElement;
|
|||
|
outerBlock.classList.toggle(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const collapsed = outerBlock.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const height = collapsed ? this.scrollHeight : outerBlock.scrollHeight;
|
|||
|
outerBlock.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
|
|||
|
let current = outerBlock;
|
|||
|
let parent = outerBlock.parentElement;
|
|||
|
while (parent) {
|
|||
|
if (!parent.classList.contains(`callout`)) {
|
|||
|
return;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
const collapsed2 = parent.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const height2 = collapsed2 ? parent.scrollHeight : parent.scrollHeight + current.scrollHeight;
|
|||
|
parent.style.maxHeight = height2 + `px`;
|
|||
|
current = parent;
|
|||
|
parent = parent.parentElement;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
function setupCallout() {
|
|||
|
const collapsible = document.getElementsByClassName(
|
|||
|
`callout is-collapsible`
|
|||
|
);
|
|||
|
for (const div of collapsible) {
|
|||
|
const title = div.firstElementChild;
|
|||
|
if (title) {
|
|||
|
title.removeEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
|
|||
|
title.addEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
|
|||
|
const collapsed = div.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const height = collapsed ? title.scrollHeight : div.scrollHeight;
|
|||
|
div.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
document.addEventListener(`nav`, setupCallout);
|
|||
|
window.addEventListener(`resize`, setupCallout);
|
|||
|
</script><script type="module">
|
|||
|
import mermaid from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid/dist/mermaid.esm.min.mjs';
|
|||
|
const darkMode = document.documentElement.getAttribute('saved-theme') === 'dark'
|
|||
|
mermaid.initialize({
|
|||
|
startOnLoad: false,
|
|||
|
securityLevel: 'loose',
|
|||
|
theme: darkMode ? 'dark' : 'default'
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
document.addEventListener('nav', async () => {
|
|||
|
await mermaid.run({
|
|||
|
querySelector: '.mermaid'
|
|||
|
})
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
</script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.7/dist/contrib/copy-tex.min.js" type="application/javascript"></script><script src="../../../../postscript.js" type="module"></script></html>
|