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<h2 id="容器">容器<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#容器" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>容器化是一种虚拟化技术,它允许你在隔离的环境中运行和部署应用。每个容器独立运行一个或多个应用程序,包括它们所需的所有依赖。这就像将你的应用及其所有依赖打包在一个集装箱中,无论在什么环境下运输(运行),都能确保其内容不受影响。</p>
<h3 id="生命周期">生命周期<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#生命周期" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>容器的生命周期管理是 Docker 使用的核心概念之一,涉及容器从创建到销毁的全过程。容器的生命周期可以通过一系列的 Docker 命令来管理,这些命令包括创建、启动、停止、重启、删除等操作。</p>
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/2024/02/20/3dff18d6e840374447cb5b2a1bfab3e4-docker-workflow.gif" alt="生命周期"/></p>
<h3 id="创建容器">创建容器<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#创建容器" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>创建容器是容器生命周期的第一步,这一过程依赖于 Docker 镜像。Docker 镜像是一个包含了应用及其依赖的轻量级、可执行的软件包,确保了应用在任何环境下的一致性和可移植性。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">docker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">run</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">hello-world</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="容器管理">容器管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#容器管理" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>容器一旦创建,就可以通过各种命令进行管理。这些命令允许用户控制容器的生命周期,包括启动、停止、重启和删除等操作。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>启动容器</strong><code>docker start my_container</code>,此命令用于启动一个或多个已经创建但停止运行的容器。</li>
<li><strong>停止容器</strong><code>docker stop my_container</code>,该命令用于停止一个或多个正在运行的容器。停止容器会向容器内的主进程发送 SIGTERM 信号,之后发送 SIGKILL 信号,以确保容器停止运行。</li>
<li><strong>查看运行中的容器</strong><code>docker ps</code>,此命令展示了所有当前正在运行的容器。使用 <code>-a</code> 选项可以查看包括停止的在内的所有容器。</li>
<li><strong>进入运行中的容器</strong><code>docker exec -it my_container /bin/bash</code>,该命令允许用户进入一个正在运行的容器内部,并以交互模式启动一个新的终端会话。这对于调试应用或管理容器内的服务非常有用。</li>
<li><strong>删除容器</strong><code>docker rm my_container</code>,使用这个命令可以删除一个或多个已停止的容器。如果要删除运行中的容器,需要加上 <code>-f</code><code>--force</code> 参数来强制删除。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="高级容器管理">高级容器管理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#高级容器管理" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>除了基本的生命周期管理命令Docker 还提供了一系列高级功能,以支持更复杂的容器操作和管理需求。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>查看容器日志</strong><code>docker logs my_container</code>,这个命令允许用户检查和跟踪容器内的标准输出和错误输出。对于调试应用和监控容器运行状态非常有用。</li>
<li><strong>查看容器内部进程</strong><code>docker top my_container</code>,此命令显示运行在容器内部的进程列表,有助于了解容器内部的活动。</li>
<li><strong>暂停容器</strong><code>docker pause my_container</code>,该命令用于暂停运行中的容器,所有进程都会被挂起。这可以用于资源管理或在特定时刻“冻结”容器的状态。</li>
<li><strong>恢复容器</strong><code>docker unpause my_container</code>,与 <code>docker pause</code> 相对,此命令用于恢复被暂停的容器的执行。</li>
<li><strong>容器资源限制</strong>:在创建或运行容器时,可以通过 <code>--memory</code><code>--cpu-shares</code> 等参数来限制容器可以使用的资源,从而避免单个容器占用过多的系统资源。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="数据卷">数据卷<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据卷" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>数据卷是 Docker 实现数据持久化和共享的关键机制之一。通过使用数据卷,用户可以在不同容器之间共享数据,同时保证数据的持久化存储,即使容器被删除,卷中的数据也不会丢失。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>数据持久化</strong>:数据卷提供了一种机制,可以将数据存储在容器之外,确保重要数据不会因容器的删除而丢失。</li>
<li><strong>数据共享与重用</strong>:数据卷可以被多个容器挂载和访问,实现数据的共享。</li>
<li><strong>容器解耦</strong>:通过数据卷,应用程序的运行状态可以与数据保持独立,便于应用的迁移和备份。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="使用数据卷">使用数据卷<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用数据卷" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>创建和使用数据卷的基本命令如下:</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个新的数据卷</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">docker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">volume</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">create</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_volume</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 将数据卷挂载到容器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">docker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">run</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-d</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-v</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_volume:/path/in/container</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_container</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_image</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>此命令会启动一个新的容器,将之前创建的数据卷 <code>my_volume</code> 挂载到容器的指定路径 <code>/path/in/container</code> 下。容器内应用对该路径的任何写操作都会直接反映到数据卷上,同样,对数据卷的任何更改也会立即在挂载它的所有容器中可见。</p>
<h3 id="数据卷容器">数据卷容器<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据卷容器" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>数据卷容器是一种使用数据卷共享数据的模式。通过创建一个专门的容器来持有数据卷,其他容器可以通过 —volumes-from 标志来挂载这个容器中的数据卷。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个带数据卷的容器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">docker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">run</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-d</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">data_container</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-v</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_volume:/path/in/container</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_image</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用 --volumes-from 从其他容器挂载数据卷</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">docker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">run</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-d</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">app_container</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--volumes-from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">data_container</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_app_image</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>这种方法使得数据的管理和共享变得更加集中和高效。</p>
<h2 id="docker-网络">Docker 网络<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#docker-网络" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>Docker 网络功能允许容器相互通信并与外部世界交互。Docker 提供了多种网络模式,以支持不同的使用场景。</p>
<h3 id="网络模式">网络模式<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络模式" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>bridge</strong>默认网络模式。当容器运行在桥接网络中时Docker 会自动使用私有子网内的 IP 地址来分配给每个容器,并通过 NAT 实现与外部网络的通信。</li>
<li><strong>host</strong>:在这种模式下,容器共享宿主机的网络命名空间,不进行网络隔离。容器的网络性能更好,但是安全性降低。</li>
<li><strong>none</strong>:在这种模式下,容器具有自己的网络命名空间,但不配置任何网络接口,通常用于需要手动管理网络的高级场景。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="自定义网络">自定义网络<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#自定义网络" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>创建自定义网络可以提供更灵活的网络配置,使得容器间的通信更加方便和安全。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建自定义桥接网络</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">docker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">network</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">create</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--driver</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">bridge</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_custom_bridge</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 运行容器时指定网络</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">docker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">run</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-d</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_container</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--network</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_custom_bridge</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_image</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>在自定义网络中,容器可以通过容器名相互访问,而不需要使用 IP 地址,简化了容器间通信的配置。</p>
<h3 id="网络连接和断开">网络连接和断开<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#网络连接和断开" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>Docker 允许在运行时将容器连接到网络或从网络断开。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 将运行中的容器连接到网络</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">docker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">network</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_custom_bridge</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_container</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 将容器从网络断开</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">docker</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">network</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">disconnect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_custom_bridge</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">my_container</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>这提供了动态管理容器网络连接的灵活性,允许根据需要调整容器的网络配置。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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