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<p>通过第三节，我们知道了 Token 的使用方式以及组成，我们不难发现，服务端验证客户端发送过来的 Token 时，还需要查询数据库获取用户基本信息，然后验证 Token 是否有效；这样每次请求验证都要查询数据库，增加了查库带来的延迟等性能消耗。</p>
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<p><strong>那么这时候业界常用的 JWT 就应运而生了！！！</strong></p>
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<h3 id="jwt-的定义">JWT 的定义<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的定义" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>JWT 是 Auth0 提出的通过对 JSON 进行加密签名来实现授权验证的方案。</p>
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<p>就是登录成功后将相关用户信息组成 JSON 对象，然后对这个对象进行某种方式的加密，返回给客户端； 客户端在下次请求时带上这个 Token； 服务端再收到请求时校验 token 合法性，其实也就是在校验请求的合法性。</p>
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<h3 id="jwt-的组成">JWT 的组成<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的组成" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>JWT 由三部分组成：<strong>Header 头部</strong>、<strong>Payload 负载</strong>和 <strong>Signature 签名</strong>。它是一个很长的字符串，中间用（ . ）分隔成三个部分。</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="text" data-theme="default"><code data-language="text" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.SflKxwRJSMeKKF2QT4fwpMeJf36POk6yJV_adQssw5c</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h4 id="header-头部">Header 头部<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#header-头部" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p>在 Header 中通常包含了两部分：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>typ：代表 Token 的类型，这里使用的是 JWT 类型。</li>
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<li>alg：使用的 Hash 算法，例如 HMAC SHA256 或 RSA。</li>
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</ul>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="json" data-theme="default"><code data-language="json" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">{</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">"alg"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"HS256"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">"typ"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"JWT"</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h4 id="payload-负载">Payload 负载<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#payload-负载" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p>它包含一些声明 Claim（实体的描述，通常是一个 User 信息，还包括一些其他的元数据），用来存放实际需要传递的数据，JWT 规定了 7 个官方字段：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>iss（issuer）：签发人</li>
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<li>exp（expiration time）：过期时间</li>
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<li>sub（subject）：主题</li>
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<li>aud（audience）：受众</li>
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<li>nbf（Not Before）：生效时间</li>
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<li>iat（Issued At）：签发时间</li>
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<li>jti（JWT ID）：编号</li>
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</ul>
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<p>除了官方字段，你还可以在这个部分定义私有字段，下面就是一个例子。</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="json" data-theme="default"><code data-language="json" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">{</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">"sub"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"1234567890"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">"name"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"John Doe"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">"admin"</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">true</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h4 id="signature-签名">Signature 签名<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#signature-签名" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p>Signature 部分是对前两部分的签名，防止数据篡改。</p>
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<p>首先，需要指定一个密钥（secret）。这个密钥只有服务器才知道，不能泄露给用户。然后，使用 Header 里面指定的签名算法（默认是 HMAC SHA256），按照下面的公式产生签名。</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="java" data-theme="default"><code data-language="java" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">HMACSHA256(</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> base64UrlEncode(header) </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">"."</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> base64UrlEncode(payload)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> secret)</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h3 id="jwt-的使用方式">JWT 的使用方式<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的使用方式" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>客户端收到服务器返回的 JWT，可以储存在 Cookie 里面，也可以储存在 localStorage。</p>
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<p>此后，客户端每次与服务器通信，都要带上这个 JWT。你可以把它放在 Cookie 里面自动发送，但是这样不能跨域，所以更好的做法是放在 HTTP 请求的头信息 Authorization 字段里面。</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="http" data-theme="default"><code data-language="http" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> Authorization: Bearer <token></span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h3 id="jwt-的认证流程图">JWT 的认证流程图<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的认证流程图" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/d6666d37094db.png" alt="JWT 的认证流程图"/></p>
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<h3 id="jwt-的优点">JWT 的优点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的优点" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li>不需要在服务端保存会话信息（RESTful API 的原则之一就是无状态），所以易于应用的扩展，即信息不保存在服务端，不会存在 Session 扩展不方便的情况。</li>
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<li>JWT 中的 Payload 负载可以存储常用信息，用于信息交换，有效地使用 JWT，可以降低服务端查询数据库的次数。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="jwt-的缺点">JWT 的缺点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的缺点" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>加密问题：</strong> JWT 默认是不加密，但也是可以加密的；生成原始 Token 以后，可以用密钥再加密一次。</li>
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<li><strong>到期问题：</strong> 由于服务器不保存 Session 状态，因此无法在使用过程中废止某个 Token，或者更改 Token 的权限。一旦 JWT 签发了，在到期之前就会始终有效，除非服务器部署额外的逻辑。</li>
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</ul></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#jwtjson-web-token鉴权" data-for="jwtjson-web-token鉴权">JWT（JSON Web Token）鉴权</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的定义" data-for="jwt-的定义">JWT 的定义</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的组成" data-for="jwt-的组成">JWT 的组成</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的使用方式" data-for="jwt-的使用方式">JWT 的使用方式</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的认证流程图" data-for="jwt-的认证流程图">JWT 的认证流程图</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的优点" data-for="jwt-的优点">JWT 的优点</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的缺点" data-for="jwt-的缺点">JWT 的缺点</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2024","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2024/W33","collapsed":true},{"path":"Obsidian","collapsed":true},{"path":"Obsidian/Templates","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2018","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2020","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2021","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2023","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2024","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path&qu
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