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<p>KVM（Kernel-based Virtual Machine）网络是指在 KVM 虚拟化环境中，为虚拟机提供的网络连接和通信机制。通过 KVM 网络，虚拟机可以与其他虚拟机、宿主机以及外部网络进行通信。</p>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>网络类型</strong></th><th><strong>描述</strong></th><th><strong>优点</strong></th><th><strong>缺点</strong></th><th><strong>适用场景</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>NAT 网络</td><td>虚拟机通过宿主机的网络接口与外部通信，IP 地址被隐藏。</td><td>配置简单，适合需要外部通信的虚拟机。</td><td>虚拟机间通信需额外配置，网络性能可能受限。</td><td>适合不需外部访问但需访问外网的虚拟机。</td></tr><tr><td>桥接网络</td><td>虚拟机直接连接物理网络接口，拥有独立 IP 地址，可直接与其他设备通信。</td><td>与物理网络无缝集成，适合需外部访问的虚拟机。</td><td>配置较复杂，需适当配置物理网络接口。</td><td>适合需要直接对外提供服务的虚拟机。</td></tr><tr><td>内部网络</td><td>仅允许虚拟机之间的通信，不与宿主机或外部网络通信。</td><td>提供隔离网络，适合测试和开发。</td><td>虚拟机无法与外部网络通信。</td><td>适合需要隔离的测试和开发环境。</td></tr><tr><td>仅主机网络</td><td>允许虚拟机与宿主机通信，但不与外部网络通信。</td><td>简单隔离，适合虚拟机与宿主机通信。</td><td>虚拟机无法与外部网络通信。</td><td>适合虚拟机与宿主机需要频繁交互的场景。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="kvm-网络安装与准备">KVM 网络安装与准备<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#kvm-网络安装与准备" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>你<strong>可以选择使用任意一款网络管理工具</strong>，这里**推荐使用<code>NetworkManager</code>**来管理网络桥接。</p>
<h3 id="安装-networkmanager">安装 NetworkManager<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#安装-networkmanager" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p><strong>非 Fedora/RHEL 系列，需要手动安装 NetworkManager</strong>，并配置 NetworkManager 接管网络。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Debian/Ubuntu 系列</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> apt-get</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> update</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> apt-get</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> network-manager</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="配置系统网络支持">配置系统网络支持<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#配置系统网络支持" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>启用 NetworkManager</strong></p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 启动并启用 NetworkManager 服务</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> NetworkManager</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> NetworkManager</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>创建并配置网络桥接</strong></p>
<p>使用<code>nmcli</code>工具创建一个新的桥接接口。例如，创建名为<code>br0</code>的桥接接口并将现有的以太网接口（假设为<code>eth0</code>）添加到桥接中。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> bridge</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> autoconnect</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yes</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> con-name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ifname</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> bridge-slave</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> autoconnect</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yes</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> con-name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0-slave</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ifname</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> eth0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> master</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> auto</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> up</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>确认桥接网络配置</strong></p>
<p>使用以下命令确认桥接网络是否正确配置。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> a</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>确认内核模块加载情况</strong></p>
<p>确保KVM相关的内核模块已加载：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">lsmod</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> grep</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> kvm</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="示例配置文件">示例配置文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#示例配置文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>对于<code>NetworkManager</code>的配置文件（一般位于<code>/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/</code>目录下），你可以手动编辑这些文件进行更复杂的配置。例如，编辑<code>br0</code>的配置文件：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="ini" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="ini" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">[connection]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=br0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=bridge</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">interface-name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=br0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">autoconnect</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">[ipv4]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=auto</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">[ipv6]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=auto</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="其他注意事项">其他注意事项<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#其他注意事项" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ol>
<li><strong>防火墙配置</strong>：确保你的防火墙规则允许桥接网络的流量。</li>
<li><strong>验证桥接网络</strong>：创建一个虚拟机并将其连接到<code>br0</code>桥接网络，验证网络连接是否正常。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="nat-网络">NAT 网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#nat-网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>**KVM 默认会创建一个名为 <code>default</code> 的 NAT 网络。**这个网络通常在安装 libvirt 时自动创建和启用。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>检查并启用默认网络</strong>：</p>
<p>检查 <code>default</code> 网络是否已经存在并启用：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-list</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --all</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>如果默认网络未启用，可以通过以下命令启用：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-autostart</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> default</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>查看默认网络配置</strong>：</p>
<p>查看默认网络的详细配置：</p>
<pre><code>sudo virsh net-dumpxml default
</code></pre>
<p>典型的默认网络配置如下：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">>default&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">uuid</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">>……&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">uuid</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">forward</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> mode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'nat'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">nat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">port</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'1024'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'65535'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">nat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">forward</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">bridge</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virbr0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> stp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'on'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> delay</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:d3:9b:fb'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.122.1'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> netmask</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'255.255.255.0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.122.2'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.122.254'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>创建虚拟机</strong>：</p>
<p>创建一台连接到 <code>default</code> 网络的虚拟机。可以使用 <code>virt-install</code> 命令来完成：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virt-install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> myvm</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --ram</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 4096</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --disk</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/myvm_storage.qcow2,size=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">32</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --vcpus</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --os-type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> linux</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --os-variant</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ubuntu20.04</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> network=default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --graphics</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> none</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --console</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pty,target_type=serial</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --location</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/focal/main/installer-amd64/'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --extra-args</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 'console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>验证虚拟机网络连接</strong>：</p>
<p>登录到虚拟机，并验证其网络连接：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">ping</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -c</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 4</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 8.8.8.8</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>检查虚拟机是否能够获得 IP 地址：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> a</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="virsh-创建自定义-nat-网络"><code>virsh</code> 创建自定义 NAT 网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#virsh-创建自定义-nat-网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>通过 <code>virsh</code> 命令创建自定义 NAT 网络，并配置 DHCP 和 IP 地址范围。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>创建网络配置文件</strong>：</p>
<p>创建一个自定义网络配置文件（如 <code>custom-net.xml</code>）：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">>custom-net&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">forward</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> mode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'nat'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">bridge</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virbr1'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> stp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'on'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> delay</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:56'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.100.1'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> netmask</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'255.255.255.0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.100.2'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.100.254'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>定义并启动网络</strong>：</p>
<p>使用 <code>virsh</code> 命令定义并启动该网络：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-define</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> custom-net.xml</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> custom-net</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-autostart</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> custom-net</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>查看自定义网络状态</strong>：</p>
<p>确认网络已启用：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-list</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --all</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<p>在上面的 <code>custom-net.xml</code> 文件中，已经定义了 DHCP 范围：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.100.1'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> netmask</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'255.255.255.0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.100.2'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.100.254'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>此配置表示：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>网关地址</strong>：192.168.100.1</li>
<li><strong>DHCP 范围</strong>：192.168.100.2 到 192.168.100.254</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="networkmanager-创建自定义-nat-网络"><code>NetworkManager</code> 创建自定义 NAT 网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#networkmanager-创建自定义-nat-网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>确保 NetworkManager 已启用</strong>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --now</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> NetworkManager</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>创建 NetworkManager 桥接连接</strong>：</p>
<p>编辑 NetworkManager 配置文件，创建一个桥接网络（例如 <code>/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/bridge-br1.nmconnection</code>）：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="ini" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="ini" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">[connection]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=bridge-br1</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=bridge</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">autoconnect</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">[bridge]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">stp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">[ipv4]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=manual</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">address1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=192.168.100.1/24</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">[ipv6]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=ignore</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>重启 NetworkManager 服务</strong>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> restart</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> NetworkManager</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>验证桥接网络</strong>：</p>
<p>确认新的桥接网络已创建并启用：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="桥接网络">桥接网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#桥接网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>使用 NetworkManager 的 <code>nmcli</code> 命令来创建和配置桥接网络接口，并将物理接口绑定到网桥。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>创建桥接接口</strong>：</p>
<p>使用 <code>nmcli</code> 命令创建一个新的桥接接口：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> bridge</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ifname</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>配置桥接接口的 IP 地址</strong>：</p>
<p>为桥接接口配置 IP 地址：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.addresses</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 192.168.1.100/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> manual</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.gateway</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 192.168.1.1</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.dns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection.autoconnect</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yes</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>将物理接口绑定到桥接接口</strong>：</p>
<p>假设物理接口为 <code>eth0</code>，使用 <code>nmcli</code> 将其绑定到 <code>br0</code>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ethernet</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ifname</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> eth0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> master</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>启用桥接接口</strong>：</p>
<p>启用桥接接口 <code>br0</code> 和物理接口 <code>eth0</code>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> up</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> br0</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> up</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> eth0</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>编辑虚拟机的 XML 配置文件</strong>：</p>
<p>假设虚拟机名称为 <code>testvm</code>，使用以下命令编辑其 XML 配置文件：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> edit</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> testvm</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>添加桥接网络接口配置</strong>：</p>
<p>在 <code>&lt;devices></code> 部分中添加以下内容，将 <code>br0</code> 作为桥接接口：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'bridge'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:56'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">source</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> bridge</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'br0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">model</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virtio'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'pci'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> domain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> bus</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x00'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> slot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x03'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>保存并退出</strong>：</p>
<p>保存配置文件并退出编辑器。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>重启虚拟机</strong>：</p>
<p>重启虚拟机使新的网络配置生效：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> shutdown</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> testvm</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> testvm</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="内部网络">内部网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#内部网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>内部网络允许虚拟机之间进行通信，而无需通过外部网络。这种网络模式适用于需要隔离的测试环境或需要内部通信的应用。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>创建内部网络 XML 配置文件</strong></p>
<p>首先，创建一个 XML 文件（如 <code>internal-net.xml</code>），定义内部网络的配置：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">>internal-net&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">forward</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> mode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'none'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">bridge</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virbr1'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> stp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'on'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> delay</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.200.1'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> netmask</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'255.255.255.0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.200.2'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.200.254'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<p>在上面的 XML 文件中，已定义网络名称为 <code>internal-net</code>，IP 地址范围为 <code>192.168.200.2</code> 到 <code>192.168.200.254</code>。</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>
<p><strong>定义并启动网络</strong></p>
<p>使用 <code>virsh</code> 命令定义并启动内部网络：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-define</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> internal-net.xml</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> internal-net</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> net-autostart</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> internal-net</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>编辑虚拟机的 XML 配置文件：</p>
<pre><code>sudo virsh edit &lt;vm_name>
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>在 <code>&lt;devices></code>部分中添加以下内容，将 <code>internal-net</code>作为网络接口：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'network'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:56'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">source</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'internal-net'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">model</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virtio'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'pci'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> domain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> bus</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x00'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> slot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x03'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>保存并退出编辑器。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>重启虚拟机使新的网络配置生效：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> shutdown</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="仅主机网络">仅主机网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#仅主机网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>仅主机网络（Host-only Network）允许虚拟机与宿主机通信，但不允许虚拟机与外部网络通信。这种网络模式适用于需要虚拟机与宿主机进行隔离通信的场景。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>创建仅主机网络 XML 配置文件</strong></p>
<p>创建一个 XML 文件（如 <code>host-only-net.xml</code>），定义仅主机网络的配置：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">>host-only-net&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">forward</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> mode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'none'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">bridge</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virbr2'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> stp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'on'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> delay</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.150.1'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> netmask</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'255.255.255.0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.150.2'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'192.168.150.254'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">dhcp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">ip</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>在上面的 XML 文件中，已定义网络名称为 <code>host-only-net</code>，IP 地址范围为 <code>192.168.150.2</code> 到 <code>192.168.150.254</code>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>定义并启动网络</strong></p>
<p>使用 <code>virsh</code> 命令定义并启动仅主机网络：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">sudo virsh net-define host-only-net.xml</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">sudo virsh net-start host-only-net</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">sudo virsh net-autostart host-only-net</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>编辑虚拟机的 XML 配置文件：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> edit</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>在 <code>&lt;devices></code>部分中添加以下内容，将 <code>host-only-net</code> 作为网络接口：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'network'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:56'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">source</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'host-only-net'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">model</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virtio'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'pci'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> domain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> bus</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x00'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> slot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x03'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>保存并退出编辑器。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>重启虚拟机使新的网络配置生效：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">sudo virsh shutdown &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">vm_name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">sudo virsh start &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">vm_name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="高级网络功能">高级网络功能<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#高级网络功能" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="vlan-配置">VLAN 配置<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#vlan-配置" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>使用 NetworkManager 和 <code>nmcli</code> 命令创建 VLAN 网络。</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>创建 VLAN 接口</strong>：</p>
<p>假设物理接口为 <code>eth0</code>，VLAN ID 为 100，VLAN 接口命名为 <code>eth0.100</code>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vlan</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> con-name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vlan100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> dev</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> eth0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 100</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>配置 VLAN 接口 IP 地址</strong>：</p>
<p>为 VLAN 接口配置 IP 地址：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vlan100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.addresses</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 192.168.100.1/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> manual</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vlan100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.gateway</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 192.168.100.254</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vlan100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.dns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;8.8.8.8,8.8.4.4&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> up</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vlan100</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>使用 <code>virsh</code> 配置 VLAN 网络</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>编辑虚拟机的 XML 配置文件：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> edit</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li>在 <code>&lt;devices></code>部分中添加以下内容，将 <code>vlan100</code>作为网络接口：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'network'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:56'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">source</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'vlan100'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">model</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virtio'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">vlan</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">tag</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'100'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">vlan</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'pci'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> domain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> bus</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x00'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> slot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x03'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol start="3">
<li>
<p>保存并退出编辑器。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>重启虚拟机使新的网络配置生效：</p>
</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="bash" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> shutdown</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="配置虚拟机的多网卡">配置虚拟机的多网卡<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#配置虚拟机的多网卡" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>编辑虚拟机的 XML 配置文件：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> edit</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li>在 <code>&lt;devices></code>部分中添加多个 <code>&lt;interface></code>元素，每个代表一个网络接口：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'network'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:56'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">source</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'default'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">model</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virtio'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'pci'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> domain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> bus</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x00'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> slot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x03'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'network'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:57'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">source</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'vlan100'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">model</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virtio'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'pci'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> domain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> bus</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x00'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> slot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x04'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol start="3">
<li>
<p>保存并退出编辑器。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>重启虚拟机使新的网络配置生效：</p>
</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> shutdown</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="配置网络带宽限制">配置网络带宽限制<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#配置网络带宽限制" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>编辑虚拟机的 XML 配置文件：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> edit</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li>在 <code>&lt;interface></code> 元素中添加 <code>&lt;bandwidth></code> 元素，设置带宽限制参数，例如：</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'network'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:56'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">source</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'default'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">model</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virtio'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">bandwidth</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">inbound</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> average</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'1000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> peak</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'2000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> burst</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'512'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">outbound</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> average</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'1000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> peak</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'2000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> burst</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'512'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">bandwidth</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'pci'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> domain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> bus</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x00'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> slot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x03'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'0x0'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>以上配置将网络带宽限制为入站和出站各 1000 Kbps 平均速率，2000 Kbps 峰值速率，512 KB 突发流量。</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>
<p>保存并退出编辑器。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>重启虚拟机使新的网络配置生效：</p>
</li>
</ol>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> shutdown</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virsh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> start</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ul>
<li>
<p>在宿主机和虚拟机上安装 <code>iperf</code>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iperf3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # Ubuntu</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yum</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iperf3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # CentOS/RHEL</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>在虚拟机上启动 <code>iperf</code> 服务端：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">iperf3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -s</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>在宿主机上运行 <code>iperf</code> 客户端进行带宽测试：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">iperf3</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -c</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">vm_ip_addres</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>检查测试结果，验证带宽限制是否生效。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>通过以上步骤使用 NetworkManager 和 <code>nmcli</code> 命令配置 VLAN 网络、为虚拟机添加多个网卡，并使用 <code>virsh</code> 配置网络带宽限制。同时，可以通过 <code>iperf</code> 工具验证网络带宽限制的效果。</p>
<h2 id="管理和监控虚拟网络">管理和监控虚拟网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#管理和监控虚拟网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="virsh-命令管理网络"><code>virsh</code> 命令管理网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#virsh-命令管理网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>命令</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>virsh net-list --all</code></td><td>列出所有虚拟网络</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-info &lt;network></code></td><td>显示虚拟网络的信息</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-dumpxml &lt;network></code></td><td>显示虚拟网络的 XML 配置</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-create &lt;network.xml></code></td><td>创建虚拟网络</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-destroy &lt;network></code></td><td>销毁虚拟网络</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-start &lt;network></code></td><td>启动虚拟网络</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-autostart &lt;network></code></td><td>设置虚拟网络开机自启</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-undefine &lt;network></code></td><td>取消定义虚拟网络</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-edit &lt;network></code></td><td>编辑虚拟网络的 XML 配置</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-update &lt;network> &lt;command> &lt;section> &lt;xml></code></td><td>更新虚拟网络</td></tr><tr><td><code>virsh net-dhcp-leases &lt;network></code></td><td>列出网络的 DHCP 租约</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="监控网络性能">监控网络性能<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#监控网络性能" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="使用-iftop-和-vnstat-等工具">使用 <code>iftop</code> 和 <code>vnstat</code> 等工具<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用-iftop-和-vnstat-等工具" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>安装 <code>iftop</code> 和 <code>vnstat</code></strong></p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 在 Ubuntu 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iftop</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vnstat</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在 CentOS/RHEL 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yum</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iftop</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vnstat</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>使用 <code>iftop</code> 监控实时网络流量</strong>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iftop</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -i</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">network_interfac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p><code>iftop</code> 会显示实时的网络流量，包括发送和接收数据的主机 IP 和带宽使用情况。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>使用 <code>vnstat</code> 监控网络流量</strong>：</p>
<p>初始化 <code>vnstat</code>数据库：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vnstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -u</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -i</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">network_interfac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ul>
<li>
<p>查看实时流量：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vnstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -l</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>查看流量统计：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vnstat</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>查看详细流量统计：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vnstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -d</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 查看每日流量统计</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vnstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -m</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 查看每月流量统计</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vnstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -t</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 查看每小时流量统计</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="分析网络流量和性能">分析网络流量和性能<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#分析网络流量和性能" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li><strong>分析流量数据</strong>：
<ul>
<li>使用 <code>iftop</code> 和 <code>vnstat</code> 收集的流量数据，可以帮助识别网络瓶颈和高流量的主机。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>优化网络配置</strong>：
<ul>
<li>根据监控数据，优化虚拟网络的配置，例如调整网络带宽限制、优化网络拓扑结构等。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>监控网络接口的性能</strong>：
<ul>
<li>定期检查和分析网络接口的性能，确保虚拟网络的稳定性和高效运行。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="安全配置">安全配置<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#安全配置" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="配置防火墙规则">配置防火墙规则<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#配置防火墙规则" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="使用-iptables-配置防火墙">使用 <code>iptables</code> 配置防火墙<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用-iptables-配置防火墙" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>安装 <code>iptables</code></strong>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在 CentOS/RHEL 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yum</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables-services</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --now</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在 Ubuntu 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>配置基本规则</strong>：</p>
<p>允许虚拟机网络通信：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -A</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> FORWARD</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -i</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virbr0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -o</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> eth0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -j</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ACCEPT</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -A</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> FORWARD</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -i</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> eth0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -o</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> virbr0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -j</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ACCEPT</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>保存规则</strong>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在 CentOS/RHEL 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> service</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> save</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在 Ubuntu 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> iptables-save</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tee</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /etc/iptables/rules.v4</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="配置-firewalld-管理规则">配置 <code>firewalld</code> 管理规则<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#配置-firewalld-管理规则" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>安装 <code>firewalld</code></strong>：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在 CentOS/RHEL 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> yum</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewalld</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --now</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewalld</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在 Ubuntu 上</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewalld</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> systemctl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> enable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --now</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewalld</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>配置基本规则</strong>：</p>
<p>允许虚拟机网络通信：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=public</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-interface=virbr0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --zone=public</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --add-masquerade</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --permanent</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> firewall-cmd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --reload</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="网络隔离与访问控制">网络隔离与访问控制<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络隔离与访问控制" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="使用-vlan-实现网络隔离">使用 VLAN 实现网络隔离<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用-vlan-实现网络隔离" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>创建 VLAN 接口</strong>：</p>
<p>使用 <code>nmcli</code>创建 VLAN 接口：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vlan</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> con-name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vlan100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> dev</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> eth0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 100</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> nmcli</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> connection</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> modify</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> vlan100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.addresses</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 192.168.100.1/24</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ipv4.method</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> manual</span></span></code></pre></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<p>sudo nmcli connection up vlan100</p>
<pre><code>
2. **配置虚拟机使用 VLAN**：
使用 `virt-manager` 或 `virsh` 配置虚拟机连接到 VLAN 网络。
#### 配置虚拟机访问控制列表（ACL）
1. **使用 `virsh` 配置 ACL**：
为虚拟机创建网络 ACL 规则：
```shell
sudo virsh nwfilter-define /etc/libvirt/nwfilter/myfilter.xml
</code></pre>
<p>配置 <code>myfilter.xml</code>文件示例：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">filter</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'myfilter'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> chain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'ipv4'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">uuid</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">>...&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">uuid</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">rule</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> action</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'accept'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> direction</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'in'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> priority</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'500'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:56'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">rule</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">rule</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> action</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'drop'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> direction</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'in'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> priority</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'1000'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">filter</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ol start="2">
<li>
<p><strong>应用 ACL 到虚拟机</strong>：</p>
<p>编辑虚拟机的 XML 配置文件，应用网络过滤器：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="xml" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'network'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">mac</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> address</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'52:54:00:12:34:56'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">source</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> network</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'default'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">model</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'virtio'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">filterref</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> filter</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">'myfilter'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">/></span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;/</span><span style="--shiki-light:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;">interface</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>重启虚拟机使 ACL 生效。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="故障排查">故障排查<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#故障排查" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="常见网络问题及解决方法">常见网络问题及解决方法<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#常见网络问题及解决方法" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="虚拟机无法连接网络">虚拟机无法连接网络<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#虚拟机无法连接网络" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li><strong>检查虚拟机的网络配置</strong>：
<ul>
<li>确认虚拟机的网络接口配置正确。</li>
<li>使用 <code>virsh dumpxml &lt;vm_name></code> 命令查看虚拟机的 XML 配置，确保 <code>&lt;interface></code> 部分配置正确。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>检查虚拟网络状态</strong>：
<ul>
<li>使用 <code>virsh net-list --all</code> 命令查看虚拟网络是否启动。</li>
<li>如果虚拟网络未启动，使用 <code>virsh net-start &lt;network_name></code> 启动虚拟网络。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>检查宿主机的网络配置</strong>：
<ul>
<li>确认宿主机的网络接口和桥接配置正确。</li>
<li>使用 <code>nmcli connection show</code> 命令查看 NetworkManager 的连接状态，确保相关接口已连接。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>检查虚拟机的 IP 地址</strong>：
<ul>
<li>登录到虚拟机，使用 <code>ip a</code> 命令查看虚拟机的 IP 地址是否正确分配。</li>
<li>如果未分配 IP 地址，检查 DHCP 配置是否正确。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="网络性能问题">网络性能问题<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#网络性能问题" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li><strong>检查网络带宽限制</strong>：
<ul>
<li>确认是否为虚拟机配置了带宽限制。</li>
<li>使用 <code>virsh edit &lt;vm_name></code> 命令检查 <code>&lt;bandwidth></code> 配置。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>检查网络流量</strong>：
<ul>
<li>使用 <code>iftop</code> 和 <code>vnstat</code> 等工具监控网络流量，识别高流量主机和瓶颈。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>优化网络配置</strong>：
<ul>
<li>调整虚拟机的网络接口配置，例如使用 Virtio 网络驱动以提高性能。</li>
<li>使用桥接网络模式，确保虚拟机与物理网络的高效通信。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="日志查看与分析">日志查看与分析<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#日志查看与分析" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="查看-libvirt-网络日志">查看 <code>libvirt</code> 网络日志<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#查看-libvirt-网络日志" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li><strong>libvirt 日志路径</strong>：
<ul>
<li>在 CentOS/RHEL 上，<code>libvirt</code> 日志通常位于 <code>/var/log/libvirt/</code> 目录下。</li>
<li>在 Ubuntu 上，<code>libvirt</code> 日志通常位于 <code>/var/log/libvirt/</code> 目录下。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>查看网络日志</strong>：
<ul>
<li>使用 <code>tail -f /var/log/libvirt/libvirtd.log</code> 命令查看实时日志。</li>
<li>使用 <code>grep</code> 命令筛选关键字以查找特定问题，例如 <code>grep &quot;network&quot; /var/log/libvirt/libvirtd.log</code>。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="使用系统日志进行排查">使用系统日志进行排查<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#使用系统日志进行排查" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ol>
<li><strong>查看系统日志</strong>：
<ul>
<li>使用 <code>journalctl</code> 命令查看系统日志，例如 <code>journalctl -u libvirtd</code> 查看 <code>libvirtd</code> 服务的日志。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>检查网络相关日志</strong>：
<ul>
<li>使用 <code>dmesg</code> 命令查看内核日志，查找与网络相关的错误信息。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#kvm-网络基础" data-for="kvm-网络基础">KVM 网络基础</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#kvm-网络安装与准备" data-for="kvm-网络安装与准备">KVM 网络安装与准备</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#安装-networkmanager" data-for="安装-networkmanager">安装 NetworkManager</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#配置系统网络支持" data-for="配置系统网络支持">配置系统网络支持</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#示例配置文件" data-for="示例配置文件">示例配置文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#其他注意事项" data-for="其他注意事项">其他注意事项</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#nat-网络" data-for="nat-网络">NAT 网络</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#virsh-创建自定义-nat-网络" data-for="virsh-创建自定义-nat-网络">virsh 创建自定义 NAT 网络</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#networkmanager-创建自定义-nat-网络" data-for="networkmanager-创建自定义-nat-网络">NetworkManager 创建自定义 NAT 网络</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#桥接网络" data-for="桥接网络">桥接网络</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#内部网络" data-for="内部网络">内部网络</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#仅主机网络" data-for="仅主机网络">仅主机网络</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#高级网络功能" data-for="高级网络功能">高级网络功能</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#vlan-配置" data-for="vlan-配置">VLAN 配置</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#配置虚拟机的多网卡" data-for="配置虚拟机的多网卡">配置虚拟机的多网卡</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#配置网络带宽限制" data-for="配置网络带宽限制">配置网络带宽限制</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#管理和监控虚拟网络" data-for="管理和监控虚拟网络">管理和监控虚拟网络</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#virsh-命令管理网络" data-for="virsh-命令管理网络">virsh 命令管理网络</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#监控网络性能" data-for="监控网络性能">监控网络性能</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#安全配置" data-for="安全配置">安全配置</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#配置防火墙规则" data-for="配置防火墙规则">配置防火墙规则</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#网络隔离与访问控制" data-for="网络隔离与访问控制">网络隔离与访问控制</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#故障排查" data-for="故障排查">故障排查</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#常见网络问题及解决方法" data-for="常见网络问题及解决方法">常见网络问题及解决方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#日志查看与分析" data-for="日志查看与分析">日志查看与分析</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal&quot;,&quot;collaps
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