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<html lang="zh"><head><title>1. 存储基础</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="1. 存储基础"/><meta property="og:description" content="本文介绍了计算机存储的基础知识,包括存储概念、术语、介质类型、性能指标。."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="本文介绍了计算机存储的基础知识,包括存储概念、术语、介质类型、性能指标。."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Technology/ComputerStorage/1.-存储基础"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17.5,25c-4.136,0-7.5-3.364-7.5-7.5 c0-4.136,3.364-7.5,7.5-7.5c4.136,0,7.5,3.364,7.5,7.5C25,21.636,21.636,25,
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<p>存储指的是保存和检索数据的过程和技术。计算机存储包括各种介质和技术,用于保存数据和程序,以便在需要时快速访问。</p>
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<p>常见的存储术语有:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>存储设备</strong>:用于保存数据的硬件,如硬盘、SSD 等。</li>
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<li><strong>存储介质</strong>:存储数据的物理材料,如磁盘、光盘等。</li>
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<li><strong>存储单元</strong>:存储数据的最小单位,如比特和字节。</li>
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<li><strong>文件系统</strong>:管理和组织数据存储的系统,如 NTFS、EXT4 等。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="存储介质类型">存储介质类型<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#存储介质类型" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>存储介质</strong></th><th><strong>特点</strong></th><th><strong>优点</strong></th><th><strong>缺点</strong></th><th><strong>应用</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>磁带</strong></td><td>传统的存储介质,使用磁带保存数据</td><td>存储容量大、成本低、适合长期保存</td><td>读写速度慢、随机访问困难</td><td>大规模数据备份、归档、灾难恢复</td></tr><tr><td><strong>光盘</strong></td><td>通过激光在光敏材料上读取和写入数据</td><td>保存寿命长、便于多媒体数据分发</td><td>读写速度慢、容量有限</td><td>备份、多媒体数据分发、软件和游戏分发</td></tr><tr><td><strong>磁盘</strong></td><td>通过磁性材料保存数据,硬盘驱动器(HDD)是最常见的磁盘存储设备</td><td>容量大、价格低廉</td><td>机械结构导致读写速度较慢,易损坏</td><td>桌面和笔记本电脑、服务器、大容量数据存储</td></tr><tr><td><strong>SSD</strong></td><td>使用闪存芯片存储数据,没有机械部件</td><td>速度快、高 IOPS、耐用性好</td><td>价格较高、容量较小</td><td>需要快速数据访问的应用、操作系统驱动器、数据库</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<h2 id="存储单元与数据表示">存储单元与数据表示<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#存储单元与数据表示" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<p>存储单元是计算机存储系统的基本组成部分,用于表示和存储数据。常见的存储单元和数据表示方法包括:</p>
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<h3 id="基本存储单元">基本存储单元<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#基本存储单元" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>存储单元</th><th>定义</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>比特(Bit)</td><td>最小的数据存储单位</td><td>表示二进制的 0 或 1</td></tr><tr><td>字节(Byte)</td><td>由 8 个比特组成</td><td>通常用于表示一个字符,如字母或数字</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<h3 id="数据存储的更大单位">数据存储的更大单位<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#数据存储的更大单位" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>存储单元</th><th>大小关系</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>千字节(KB)</td><td>1 KB = 1024 字节</td><td>通常用于表示较小的文件大小</td></tr><tr><td>兆字节(MB)</td><td>1 MB = 1024 KB</td><td>常用于表示文档、图片文件大小</td></tr><tr><td>千兆字节(GB)</td><td>1 GB = 1024 MB</td><td>常用于表示视频文件或硬盘容量</td></tr><tr><td>太字节(TB)</td><td>1 TB = 1024 GB</td><td>用于表示大容量硬盘或存储设备</td></tr><tr><td>拍字节(PB)</td><td>1 PB = 1024 TB</td><td>用于大型数据中心存储</td></tr><tr><td>艾字节(EB)</td><td>1 EB = 1024 PB</td><td>用于极大型数据中心或云存储</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<h3 id="数据表示">数据表示<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#数据表示" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>字符编码用于将字符转换为计算机可以处理的二进制形式。常见的字符编码方式包括 ASCII、Unicode、UTF-8 等。</p>
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<h3 id="文件系统">文件系统<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#文件系统" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>文件系统是用于管理和组织存储设备上数据和文件的方法。文件系统负责文件的存储、命名、访问和保护。不同的文件系统在性能、可靠性、安全性和兼容性方面有所不同,常见的文件系统包括:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>FAT32(File Allocation Table 32)</strong>:一种较老的文件系统,广泛用于 USB 闪存驱动器和小型存储设备,最大文件大小为 4 GB,分区最大为 8 TB。</li>
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<li><strong>NTFS(New Technology File System)</strong>:<strong>微软 Windows 操作系统</strong>的默认文件系统,支持大文件和大容量分区,具有文件和目录的权限管理、安全性高、支持加密和压缩等特点。</li>
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<li><strong>ext4(Fourth Extended File System)</strong>:<strong>Linux 操作系统</strong>常用的文件系统,支持大文件和大容量分区,具有高效的磁盘空间管理和良好的性能。</li>
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<li><strong>APFS(Apple File System)</strong>:<strong>苹果公司</strong>用于 macOS 和 iOS 的文件系统,支持快照、克隆、加密、空间共享和崩溃保护等特性。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="存储性能指标">存储性能指标<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#存储性能指标" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<p>存储性能指标是衡量存储设备效率和能力的关键参数。了解这些指标有助于评估存储系统的性能,并根据具体需求进行优化配置。以下是一些常见且重要的存储性能指标。</p>
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<h3 id="iops">IOPS<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#iops" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>**IOPS(Input/Output Operations Per Second)表示存储设备每秒能够处理的输入输出操作次数。**它是衡量存储设备处理小型随机读写操作能力的重要指标。IOPS 越高,存储设备在高负载下处理请求的能力越强。</p>
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<p><strong>主要影响因素:</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>存储介质类型</strong>:SSD 的 IOPS 通常远高于 HDD。</li>
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<li><strong>工作负载</strong>:小块随机读写操作对 IOPS 要求较高,而顺序读写操作对 IOPS 要求较低。</li>
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<li><strong>队列深度</strong>:较高的队列深度可以提高 IOPS,因为存储设备可以同时处理多个请求。</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>实际应用:</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>数据库系统</strong>:需要高 IOPS 以快速处理大量小型事务。</li>
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<li><strong>虚拟化环境</strong>:多个虚拟机共享存储资源,高 IOPS 有助于提高整体性能。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="带宽">带宽<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#带宽" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<p>**带宽表示单位时间内可以传输的数据量,通常以兆字节每秒(MB/s)或千兆比特每秒(Gbps)为单位。**带宽是衡量存储设备顺序读写能力的重要指标。</p>
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<p><strong>主要影响因素:</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>存储介质类型</strong>:SSD 的带宽通常比 HDD 高,因为 SSD 没有机械部件限制。</li>
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<li><strong>接口类型</strong>:不同接口(如 SATA、SAS、NVMe)支持的最大带宽不同,NVMe 接口通常提供最高带宽。</li>
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<li><strong>数据块大小</strong>:顺序读写大数据块时,带宽利用率更高。</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>实际应用:</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>视频编辑</strong>:需要高带宽以快速读取和写入大文件。</li>
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|
<li><strong>大数据分析</strong>:需要高带宽以处理大规模数据集的连续读写操作。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="延迟">延迟<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#延迟" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
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<p>**延迟是指从发出数据请求到开始接收到数据的时间,通常以毫秒(ms)为单位。**延迟是衡量存储设备响应速度的重要指标。</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>主要影响因素:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>存储介质类型</strong>:SSD 的延迟远低于 HDD,因为 SSD 没有寻道和旋转延迟。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>网络延迟</strong>:在网络存储(如 SAN、NAS)中,网络传输时间也会影响整体延迟。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>队列深度</strong>:较高的队列深度可能会增加延迟,因为需要等待的请求更多。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>实际应用:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>实时交易系统</strong>:需要低延迟以确保快速响应用户请求。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>在线游戏</strong>:低延迟可以提供更流畅的用户体验。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
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|
<h3 id="吞吐量">吞吐量<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#吞吐量" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>**吞吐量是指单位时间内成功传输的数据量,通常以每秒兆字节(MB/s)或千兆字节(GB/s)为单位。**吞吐量反映了系统在高负载下的处理能力。</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>主要影响因素:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>数据块大小</strong>:大数据块传输时吞吐量更高。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>并发用户数量</strong>:更多用户同时访问会影响吞吐量。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>网络带宽</strong>:网络条件影响整体吞吐量。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>实际应用:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>数据备份和恢复</strong>:需要高吞吐量以缩短备份和恢复时间。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>大规模数据传输</strong>:如数据中心之间的同步。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="数据完整性">数据完整性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#数据完整性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>**数据完整性确保存储系统在读写数据时不会发生错误。**对于金融、医疗等对数据准确性要求高的行业,数据完整性至关重要。</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>主要影响因素:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>纠错码(ECC)</strong>:用于检测和纠正数据错误。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>校验和</strong>:用于验证数据的完整性。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>数据冗余</strong>:通过冗余存储提高数据可靠性。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>实际应用:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>数据库系统</strong>:需要高数据完整性以确保事务的准确性。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>企业数据存储</strong>:保障关键业务数据的可靠性。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="可扩展性">可扩展性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#可扩展性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>**可扩展性是指存储系统能够轻松扩展以应对不断增长的数据需求。**高可扩展性使得存储系统能够适应业务的增长和变化。</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>主要影响因素:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>存储架构</strong>:模块化设计更易于扩展。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>扩展接口</strong>:如支持更多存储设备的接口。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>软件支持</strong>:如分布式文件系统的扩展能力。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>实际应用:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>云存储</strong>:需要高可扩展性以支持动态扩展。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>大型企业存储系统</strong>:随业务增长灵活扩展存储容量。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="可靠性">可靠性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#可靠性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>**可靠性表示存储系统在各种条件下持续正常工作的能力。**高可靠性的存储系统可以减少数据丢失和系统停机时间。</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>主要影响因素:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>冗余设计</strong>:如 RAID 技术,通过数据冗余提高可靠性。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>容错机制</strong>:如热备份和容错设计。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>备份方案</strong>:定期备份数据以防止数据丢失。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>实际应用:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>关键业务应用</strong>:如金融交易系统,需要高可靠性以确保业务连续性。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>灾难恢复系统</strong>:通过可靠的存储系统实现快速恢复。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="能效比">能效比<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#能效比" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>能效比是指存储系统在提供性能的同时消耗的能量。</strong> 高能效比意味着在提供相同性能的情况下,系统消耗的能量更少,有助于降低运营成本和环保。</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>主要影响因素:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>硬件设计</strong>:高效的硬件设计可以减少能耗。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>冷却系统</strong>:高效冷却系统可以降低整体能耗。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>功耗管理</strong>:智能功耗管理可以在不影响性能的情况下降低能耗。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>实际应用:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>数据中心</strong>:需要高能效比以降低运营成本。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>绿色 IT 解决方案</strong>:通过高效能的存储系统实现环保目标。</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="存储寿命和耐久性">存储寿命和耐久性<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#存储寿命和耐久性" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>存储寿命指存储介质在正常使用条件下能够保持数据完整性的时间。不同的存储介质具有不同的寿命:</p>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>存储介质</strong></th><th><strong>一般寿命</strong></th><th><strong>耐久性</strong></th><th><strong>主要影响因素</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>HDD</strong></td><td>3-5 年</td><td>机械部件易磨损,抗震能力差</td><td>机械磨损、环境因素(如温度、湿度)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>SSD</strong></td><td>5-10 年</td><td>无机械部件,抗震能力强</td><td>写入次数(TBW)、环境因素</td></tr><tr><td><strong>光盘</strong></td><td>10-20 年</td><td>光敏材料稳定,耐久性较好</td><td>存储环境(如温度、湿度、光照)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>磁带</strong></td><td>30 年以上</td><td>磁性材料稳定,适合长期存储</td><td>存储环境(如温度、湿度)、磁带质量</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
|||
|
<p>耐久性是指存储介质在使用过程中的可靠性和抗损坏能力。<strong>SSD 由于没有机械部件,耐久性优于 HDD。</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="存储介质寿命的延长方法">存储介质寿命的延长方法<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#存储介质寿命的延长方法" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
|||
|
<ol>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>优化存储环境</strong>:保持适宜的温度和湿度,避免极端环境对存储介质的损害。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>定期维护和检查</strong>:对于 HDD,定期进行健康检查和碎片整理;对于 SSD,避免不必要的写入操作。</li>
|
|||
|
<li><strong>合理使用和管理</strong>:根据数据的重要性和访问频率选择合适的存储介质,避免过度使用导致寿命缩短。</li>
|
|||
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="存储访问模式">存储访问模式<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#存储访问模式" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/2024/07/25/eeb1b325182a5.png" alt="id8150_Random_vs_sequential_access.png"/></p>
|
|||
|
<p>存储访问模式是指数据在存储设备上的读写方式。不同的访问模式适用于不同的应用场景,影响系统的性能和效率。</p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="顺序访问">顺序访问<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#顺序访问" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>**顺序访问是指数据按顺序依次读写的过程。**这种模式下,数据按固定顺序存储和访问,常用于磁带存储和部分光盘存储。顺序访问的优点是读写速度较快,适用于大文件的连续读写操作,但不适合频繁的小数据块读写。</p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="随机访问">随机访问<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#随机访问" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>**随机访问是指数据可以在存储设备上的任意位置读写,而不必按顺序进行。**这种模式下,存储设备可以快速访问任意数据块,适用于 SSD 和 HDD。随机访问的优点是灵活性高,适合需要频繁读写小数据块的应用,如数据库和操作系统文件的访问。</p>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="结论">结论<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#结论" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>计算机存储是计算机系统的核心组成部分,涵盖了从基础概念到具体技术的方方面面。了解存储介质的类型、存储单元与数据表示、存储性能指标、存储寿命和耐久性,以及存储访问模式,能够帮助我们更好地选择和使用存储设备,以满足不同应用场景的需求。无论是传统的磁盘和磁带,还是现代的 SSD 和光盘,每种存储介质都有其独特的优缺点和适用场景,在实际应用中需要根据具体需求进行合理的选择和配置。</p></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#存储概念" data-for="存储概念">存储概念</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#存储介质类型" data-for="存储介质类型">存储介质类型</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#存储单元与数据表示" data-for="存储单元与数据表示">存储单元与数据表示</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基本存储单元" data-for="基本存储单元">基本存储单元</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据存储的更大单位" data-for="数据存储的更大单位">数据存储的更大单位</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据表示" data-for="数据表示">数据表示</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#文件系统" data-for="文件系统">文件系统</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#存储性能指标" data-for="存储性能指标">存储性能指标</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#iops" data-for="iops">IOPS</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#带宽" data-for="带宽">带宽</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#延迟" data-for="延迟">延迟</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#吞吐量" data-for="吞吐量">吞吐量</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数据完整性" data-for="数据完整性">数据完整性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#可扩展性" data-for="可扩展性">可扩展性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#可靠性" data-for="可靠性">可靠性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#能效比" data-for="能效比">能效比</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#存储寿命和耐久性" data-for="存储寿命和耐久性">存储寿命和耐久性</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#存储介质寿命的延长方法" data-for="存储介质寿命的延长方法">存储介质寿命的延长方法</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#存储访问模式" data-for="存储访问模式">存储访问模式</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#顺序访问" data-for="顺序访问">顺序访问</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#随机访问" data-for="随机访问">随机访问</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#结论" data-for="结论">结论</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Personal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2018","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2020","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2021","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2023","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2024","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/医学健康&qu
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