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<h2 id="环境变量">环境变量<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#环境变量" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>环境变量是操作系统中用来指定操作系统运行环境的一些参数。在 Python 项目中，环境变量常用于存储配置信息，如数据库连接字符串、API 密钥等。这样做的好处是可以将配置与代码分离，使得应用更安全，同时也便于在不同环境（开发、测试、生产）中切换配置。</p>
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<h2 id="dotenv">Dotenv<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#dotenv" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>Python 的 <code>dotenv</code> 库允许我们从一个文件中加载环境变量，而不是将它们硬编码在代码中。这使得管理私密和环境特定的数据更加安全和方便。</p>
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<h3 id="安装">安装<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#安装" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>开始之前，需要确保 Python 环境已经搭建好。安装 <code>dotenv</code> 只需一条简单的命令：</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">pip</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">install</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">python-dotenv</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h3 id="创建-env">创建 .env<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#创建-env" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p><code>.env</code> 文件是一个文本文件，其中包含了键值对形式的环境变量。例如：</p>
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<pre><code>DB_HOST=localhost
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DB_USER=root
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DB_PASS=s1mpl3
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</code></pre>
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<p>这个<strong>文件应该放在项目的根目录下</strong>，同时记得将 <code>.env</code> 添加到 <code>.gitignore</code> 文件中，避免敏感信息泄露到公共代码库。</p>
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<h3 id="方法">方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<table><thead><tr><th>方法</th><th>描述</th><th>示例代码</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>load_dotenv()</code></td><td>加载 <code>.env</code> 文件中的环境变量。默认情况下，加载当前目录下的 <code>.env</code> 文件。</td><td><code>load_dotenv()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>dotenv_values()</code></td><td>读取 <code>.env</code> 文件并返回一个包含所有环境变量的字典。</td><td><code>config = dotenv_values(".env")</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>find_dotenv()</code></td><td>在文件系统中查找 <code>.env</code> 文件。默认从当前目录开始递归搜索，直到找到为止。</td><td><code>dotenv_path = find_dotenv()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>set_key()</code></td><td>将一个新的键值对添加到 <code>.env</code> 文件中。</td><td><code>set_key(".env", "KEY", "value")</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>unset_key()</code></td><td>从 <code>.env</code> 文件中删除一个键值对。</td><td><code>unset_key(".env", "KEY")</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>get_key()</code></td><td>从 <code>.env</code> 文件中读取指定的键的值。</td><td><code>value = get_key(".env", "KEY")</code></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h3 id="使用">使用<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>一旦 <code>.env</code> 文件准备好，就可以在 Python 代码中使用 <code>dotenv</code> 来加载这些变量了。以下是一个简单的示例：</p>
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<pre><code>from dotenv import load_dotenv
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import os
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# 加载.env文件
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load_dotenv()
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# 使用环境变量
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db_host = os.getenv("DB_HOST")
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db_user = os.getenv("DB_USER")
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db_pass = os.getenv("DB_PASS")
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print(f"Database host: {db_host}")
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</code></pre>
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<p>在这个示例中，<code>load_dotenv()</code> 会查找并加载 <code>.env</code> 文件，然后可以通过 <code>os.getenv</code> 来访问这些变量。</p>
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<h3 id="优先级">优先级<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#优先级" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p><code>dotenv</code> 库在处理环境变量时，遵循一定的优先级规则，首先考虑的是系统环境变量，它们在操作系统中已设定，拥有最高优先级，并且不会被 <code>.env</code> 文件中的设置覆盖。接着是 <code>.env</code> 文件中定义的变量，仅在系统环境变量未定义相同变量时生效。</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>优先级</th><th>来源</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>系统环境变量</td><td>在操作系统中已经设置的环境变量，具有最高优先级。</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><code>.env</code> 文件</td><td><code>dotenv</code> 读取的项目根目录下的 <code>.env</code> 文件中定义的环境变量。</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>其他 dotenv 配置文件</td><td>如 <code>.env.development</code>、<code>.env.test</code> 等，根据项目配置或命令行参数加载。</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>程序内部设置</td><td>在程序运行时直接设置的环境变量（例如使用 <code>os.environ</code>）。这些设置只在当前程序运行期间有效。</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h2 id="最佳实践和安全性">最佳实践和安全性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#最佳实践和安全性" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>使用环境变量的一个主要目的是提高应用程序的安全性。遵循以下最佳实践可以帮助您达到这一目的：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>不要将 <code>.env</code> 文件提交到版本控制系统</strong>：确保 <code>.env</code> 文件在 <code>.gitignore</code> 中，以防止敏感信息泄露。</li>
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<li><strong>在不同环境中使用不同的 <code>.env</code> 文件</strong>：例如，您可能会有 <code>.env.development</code>、<code>.env.test</code> 和 <code>.env.production</code> 文件，根据环境加载不同的配置。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="与框架集成">与框架集成<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#与框架集成" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p><code>dotenv</code> 可以轻松地与各种 Python 框架（如 Flask 或 Django）集成。例如，在 Flask 应用中，可以在应用启动时加载 <code>.env</code> 文件：</p>
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<pre><code>from flask import Flask
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from dotenv import load_dotenv
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load_dotenv() # 加载.env文件
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app = Flask(__name__)
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# 应用配置
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app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = os.getenv('SECRET_KEY')
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</code></pre>
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<p>在这个例子中，Flask 应用将从 <code>.env</code> 文件加载秘钥等配置。</p>
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<h2 id="高级功能">高级功能<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#高级功能" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p><code>dotenv</code> 库也支持一些高级功能，如类型转换和默认值。例如，您可以这样设置默认值：</p>
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<pre><code>from dotenv import load_dotenv
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import os
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load_dotenv()
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# 获取环境变量，如果不存在则返回默认值
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debug_mode = os.getenv('DEBUG', 'False').lower() == 'true'
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</code></pre>
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<p>在这个例子中，如果 <code>DEBUG</code> 环境变量不存在，<code>debug_mode</code> 将默认为 <code>False</code>。</p>
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<h2 id="错误处理和调试">错误处理和调试<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#错误处理和调试" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>当环境变量不存在或出现其他问题时，合理的错误处理和调试非常重要。例如，您可以检查变量是否被正确加载：</p>
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<pre><code>db_user = os.getenv("DB_USER")
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if db_user is None:
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raise ValueError("未找到DB_USER环境变量。")
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</code></pre>
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<p>这段代码将验证 <code>DB_USER</code> 是否被正确设置，如果没有，将抛出一个异常。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-3.542,0.634-4.898,1.688l-7.669-7.669C16.785,10.424,17,9.74,17,9c0-2.206-1.794-4-4-4S9,6.794,9,9s1.794,4,4,4
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c0.74,0,1.424-0.215,2.019-0.567l7.669,7.669C21.634,21.458,21,23.154,21,25s0.634,3.542,1.688,4.897L10.024,42.562
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C8.958,41.595,7.549,41,6,41c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6s2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-1.035-0.263-2.009-0.726-2.86l12.829-12.829
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c1.106,0.86,2.44,1.436,3.898,1.619v10.16c-2.833,0.478-5,2.942-5,5.91c0,3.309,2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-2.967-2.167-5.431-5-5.91
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v-10.16c1.458-0.183,2.792-0.759,3.898-1.619l7.669,7.669C41.215,39.576,41,40.26,41,41c0,2.206,1.794,4,4,4s4-1.794,4-4
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s-1.794-4-4-4c-0.74,0-1.424,0.215-2.019,0.567l-7.669-7.669C36.366,28.542,37,26.846,37,25s-0.634-3.542-1.688-4.897l9.665-9.665
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C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
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S11,10.103,11,9z M6,51c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S8.206,51,6,51z M33,49c0,2.206-1.794,4-4,4s-4-1.794-4-4
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s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#环境变量" data-for="环境变量">环境变量</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#dotenv" data-for="dotenv">Dotenv</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#安装" data-for="安装">安装</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#创建-env" data-for="创建-env">创建 .env</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#方法" data-for="方法">方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#使用" data-for="使用">使用</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#优先级" data-for="优先级">优先级</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#最佳实践和安全性" data-for="最佳实践和安全性">最佳实践和安全性</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#与框架集成" data-for="与框架集成">与框架集成</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#高级功能" data-for="高级功能">高级功能</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#错误处理和调试" data-for="错误处理和调试">错误处理和调试</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Basics","collapsed":true},{"path":"Basics/english","collapsed":true},{"path":"Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化/规范","collapsed":true},{"path":"Culture","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/标准","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/法律","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal","collapsed":tru
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function toggleCallout() {
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const outerBlock = this.parentElement;
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outerBlock.classList.toggle(`is-collapsed`);
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const collapsed = outerBlock.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
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const height = collapsed ? this.scrollHeight : outerBlock.scrollHeight;
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outerBlock.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
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let current = outerBlock;
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let parent = outerBlock.parentElement;
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while (parent) {
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if (!parent.classList.contains(`callout`)) {
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return;
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}
|
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const collapsed2 = parent.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
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const height2 = collapsed2 ? parent.scrollHeight : parent.scrollHeight + current.scrollHeight;
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parent.style.maxHeight = height2 + `px`;
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current = parent;
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parent = parent.parentElement;
|
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}
|
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}
|
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function setupCallout() {
|
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const collapsible = document.getElementsByClassName(
|
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`callout is-collapsible`
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);
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for (const div of collapsible) {
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const title = div.firstElementChild;
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if (title) {
|
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title.removeEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
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title.addEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
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const collapsed = div.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
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const height = collapsed ? title.scrollHeight : div.scrollHeight;
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div.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
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}
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}
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}
|
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document.addEventListener(`nav`, setupCallout);
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window.addEventListener(`resize`, setupCallout);
|
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</script><script type="module">
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|||
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import mermaid from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid/dist/mermaid.esm.min.mjs';
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const darkMode = document.documentElement.getAttribute('saved-theme') === 'dark'
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mermaid.initialize({
|
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startOnLoad: false,
|
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securityLevel: 'loose',
|
|||
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theme: darkMode ? 'dark' : 'default'
|
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});
|
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document.addEventListener('nav', async () => {
|
|||
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await mermaid.run({
|
|||
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querySelector: '.mermaid'
|
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})
|
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});
|
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</script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.7/dist/contrib/copy-tex.min.js" type="application/javascript"></script><script src="../../../../../postscript.js" type="module"></script></html>
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