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<p>钩子是 Git 在特定的重要动作发生时触发自定义脚本,你可以随心所欲地运用这些钩子。主要分以下两种类型:</p>
<ul>
<li>客户端: 客户端钩子由诸如提交和合并这样的操作所调用</li>
<li>服务器端:服务器端钩子作用于诸如接收被推送的提交这样的联网操作</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="示例">示例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#示例" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>钩子默认存储在 Git 目录下的 hooks 子目录中。当你用 git init 初始化一个新版本库时Git 默认会在这个目录中放置一些示例脚本。 这些示例脚本的名字都是以 .sample 结尾,如果想启用它们,得先移除这个后缀。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">$</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">tree</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.git/hooks</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">.git/hooks</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">applypatch-msg.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">commit-msg.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">fsmonitor-watchman.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">post-update.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pre-applypatch.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pre-commit.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pre-merge-commit.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pre-push.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pre-rebase.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pre-receive.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">├──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">prepare-commit-msg.sample</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">└──</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">update.sample</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">directories,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">12</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">files</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>这些脚本除了本身可以被调用外,它们还透露了被触发时所传入的参数。 所有的示例都是 shell 脚本,其中一些还混杂了 Perl 代码,任何正确命名的可执行脚本都可以正常使用 —— 你可以用 Ruby 或 Python或任何你熟悉的语言编写它们。</p>
<h3 id="生命周期">生命周期<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#生命周期" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/09/23/402b190bffa97.png" alt="image.png"/></p>
<h2 id="客户端钩子">客户端钩子<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#客户端钩子" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="提交工作流钩子">提交工作流钩子<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#提交工作流钩子" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<table><thead><tr><th><strong>hook</strong></th><th><strong>触发点</strong></th><th><strong>说明</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>pre-commit</code></td><td>提交信息前运行</td><td>它用于检查即将提交的快照如果该钩子以非零值退出Git 将放弃此次提交,不过你可以用 <code>git commit --no-verify</code> 来绕过这个环节。</td></tr><tr><td><code>prepare-commit-msg</code></td><td>在启动提交信息编辑器之前,默认信息被创建之后运行</td><td>它允许你编辑提交者所看到的默认信息。 该钩子接收一些选项:存有当前提交信息的文件的路径、提交类型和修补提交的提交的 SHA-1 校验。 它对一般的提交来说并没有什么用;然而对那些会自动产生默认信息的提交,如提交信息模板、合并提交、压缩提交和修订提交等非常实用。 你可以结合提交模板来使用它,动态地插入信息。</td></tr><tr><td><code>commit-msg</code></td><td>提交信息时运行</td><td>钩子接收一个参数,此参数即上文提到的,存有当前提交信息的临时文件的路径。 如果该钩子脚本以非零值退出Git 将放弃提交,因此,可以用来在提交通过前验证项目状态或提交信息。 在本章的最后一节,我们将展示如何使用该钩子来核对提交信息是否遵循指定的模板。</td></tr><tr><td><code>post-commit</code></td><td>整个提交过程完成后运行</td><td>它不接收任何参数,但你可以很容易地通过运行 <code>git log -1 HEAD</code> 来获得最后一次的提交信息。 该钩子一般用于通知之类的事情。</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 id="电子邮件工作流钩子">电子邮件工作流钩子<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#电子邮件工作流钩子" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<table><thead><tr><th><strong>hook</strong></th><th><strong>触发点</strong></th><th><strong>说明</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>applypatch-msg</code></td><td>应用补丁前运行</td><td>它接收单个参数:包含请求合并信息的临时文件的名字。 如果脚本返回非零值Git 将放弃该补丁。 你可以用该脚本来确保提交信息符合格式,或直接用脚本修正格式错误。</td></tr><tr><td><code>pre-applypatch</code></td><td>应用补丁后、产生提交之前运</td><td>你可以用这个脚本运行测试或检查工作区。 如果有什么遗漏,或测试未能通过,脚本会以非零值退出,中断 <code>git am</code> 的运行,这样补丁就不会被提交。</td></tr><tr><td><code>post-applypatch</code></td><td>提交产生后运行</td><td><code>git am</code> 运行期间最后被调用的钩子。 你可以用它把结果通知给一个小组或所拉取的补丁的作者。 但你没办法用它停止打补丁的过程。</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 id="其他钩子">其他钩子<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#其他钩子" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<table><thead><tr><th><strong>hook</strong></th><th><strong>触发点</strong></th><th><strong>说明</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>pre-rebase</code></td><td>rebase 前</td><td>以非零值退出可以中止变基的过程。 你可以使用这个钩子来禁止对已经推送的提交变基。</td></tr><tr><td><code>post-rewrite</code></td><td>运行会替换提交记录的命令时调用</td><td>比如:<code>git commit --amend</code><code>git rebase</code>。它唯一的参数是触发重写的命令名,同时从标准输入中接受一系列重写的提交记录。 这个钩子的用途很大程度上跟 <code>post-checkout</code><code>post-merge</code> 差不多。</td></tr><tr><td><code>post-checkout</code></td><td><code>git checkout</code> 成功运行后</td><td>你可以根据你的项目环境用它调整你的工作目录。 其中包括放入大的二进制文件、自动生成文档或进行其他类似这样的操作。</td></tr><tr><td><code>post-merge</code></td><td><code>git merge</code> 成功运行后</td><td>你可以用它恢复 Git 无法跟踪的工作区数据,比如权限数据。 这个钩子也可以用来验证某些在 Git 控制之外的文件是否存在,这样你就能在工作区改变时,把这些文件复制进来。</td></tr><tr><td><code>pre-push</code></td><td><code>git push</code> 运行期间, 更新了远程引用但尚未传送对象时被调用</td><td>它接受远程分支的名字和位置作为参数,同时从标准输入中读取一系列待更新的引用。 你可以在推送开始之前,用它验证对引用的更新操作(一个非零的退出码将终止推送过程)。</td></tr><tr><td><code>pre-auto-gc</code></td><td>在垃圾回收(<code>git gc --auto</code>)开始之前被调用</td><td>可以用它来提醒你现在要回收垃圾了,或者依情形判断是否要中断回收。</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="服务端钩子">服务端钩子<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#服务端钩子" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<table><thead><tr><th><strong>hook</strong></th><th><strong>触发点</strong></th><th><strong>说明</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>pre-receive</code></td><td>来自客户端的推送操作时</td><td>它从标准输入获取一系列被推送的引用。如果它以非零值退出,所有的推送内容都不会被接受。 你可以用这个钩子阻止对引用进行非快进(<code>non-fast-forward</code>)的更新,或者对该推送所修改的所有引用和文件进行访问控制。</td></tr><tr><td><code>update</code></td><td>update 脚本和 pre-receive 脚本十分类似,不同之处在于它会为每一个准备更新的分支各运行一次。</td><td>假如推送者同时向多个分支推送内容,<code>pre-receive</code> 只运行一次,相比之下 <code>update</code> 则会为每一个被推送的分支各运行一次。 它不会从标准输入读取内容,而是接受三个参数:引用的名字(分支),推送前的引用指向的内容的 <code>SHA-1</code> 值,以及用户准备推送的内容的 <code>SHA-1</code> 值。 如果 <code>update</code> 脚本以非零值退出,只有相应的那一个引用会被拒绝;其余的依然会被更新。</td></tr><tr><td><code>post-receive</code></td><td>整个接收过程完结以后运行</td><td>可以用来更新其他系统服务或者通知用户。 它接受与 <code>pre-receive</code> 相同的标准输入数据。 它的用途包括给某个邮件列表发信,通知持续集成(<code>continous integration</code>)的服务器, 或者更新问题追踪系统(<code>ticket-tracking system</code> —— 甚至可以通过分析提交信息来决定某个问题(<code>ticket</code>)是否应该被开启,修改或者关闭。 该脚本无法终止推送进程,不过客户端在它结束运行之前将保持连接状态, 所以如果你想做其他操作需谨慎使用它,因为它将耗费你很长的一段时间</td></tr></tbody></table></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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