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<p>OpenSSL 是一个开放源代码的软件库包。这个包广泛被应用在互联网的网页服务器上。 其主要库是以 C 语言所写成，实现了基本的加密功能，实现了 SSL 与 TLS 协议。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>以下命令均在 cygwin 或 linux 下运行
以下命令是在这个版本 <code>OpenSSL 1.1.1g 21 Apr 2020</code> 下的 OpenSSL 运行的</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>
<p>查看 openssl 的版本信息</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">version</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-a</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>查看帮助，这里会输出 openssl 支持的算法</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">help</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>查看某个命令的帮助</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">某个命令</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">--help</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>查看密码套件</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ciphers</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-v</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>数字摘要</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">echo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;123&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">|</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dgst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-sha256</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dgst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">文件路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">echo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;123&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">|</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dgst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">|</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">awk</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'{print $2}'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dgst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">文件路径</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">|</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">awk</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'{print $2}'</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>输出当前时间戳</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">date</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">+%s</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>输出纳秒 这是一个 9 位的数字 一些简单的伪随机数算法会使用纳秒作为种子</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">date</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">+%N</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>生成 32 位随机字符串</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rand</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-base64</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">32</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>输出随机数字</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出随机数字，但无法确定数字的长度</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rand</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-base64</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">32</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">|</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">tr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-dc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'0-9'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rand</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-base64</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">64</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">|</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">tr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-dc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'0-9'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 生成16位随机数 有可能不足16位</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rand</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-base64</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">128</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">|</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">tr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-dc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'0-9'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">|</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cut</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-c1-16</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>查看 对称加密命令和可以使用的算法</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-help</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>enc 使用对称加密算法</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-aes-256-cfb</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">a.txt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-a</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">b.txt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-pass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pass:123</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-aes-256-cfb</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-d</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">b.txt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-a</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">c.txt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-pass</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">pass:123</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -aes-256-cfb 使用的算法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -e 加密</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -d 解密</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -in 输入的文件路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -out 输出文件的路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -a 把输出转换成 base64 加密时有这个参数，解密时也要有这个参数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -pass 数入密码和输入密码的方式</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># pass</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># file</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># stdio</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># env</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># fd</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>生成 rsa 私钥</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">genrsa</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">4096</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 默认是 pem 格式的</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -out 指定生成文件的路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 最后的 4096 是生成密钥的长度</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 生成的密钥对是 pkcs1 格式的， openssl 有相应的命令转成 pkcs8 或 pkcs12 格式</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>从私钥中提取公钥</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-pubout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_public_key.pem</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -pubout 提取公钥</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -out 指定生成文件的路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -in 私钥路径</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>公钥加密文件</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsautl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-encrypt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">a.txt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-inkey</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_public_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-pubin</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">b.txt</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -out 加密后的文件路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -in 需要加密的文件路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -inkey 公钥路径</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>私钥解密文件</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsautl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-decrypt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">b.txt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-inkey</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">c.txt</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -out 解密后的文件路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -in 需要解密的文件路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -inkey 私钥路径</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用私钥生成签名</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dgst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-sign</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-keyform</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">PEM</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">sign.sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">a.txt</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -sha256 哈希算法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -sign 私钥路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -keyform 私钥的格式</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -out 签名生成的路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 最后的 a.txt 是需要生成签名的文件路径</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用公钥验证签名</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">dgst</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-verify</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_public_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-keyform</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">PEM</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-signature</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">sign.sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">a.txt</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>对文件的内容进行 base64 编码</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-base64</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-e</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">sign.sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">sign.sha256.base64</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>对文件的内容进行 base64 解码</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">enc</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-base64</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-d</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">sign.sha256.base64</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">sign.sha2562</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>比较两个文件的内容，如果两个文件内容一致则不会有输出</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">diff</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">文件1的路径</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">文件2的路径</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>生成一个 csr 文件</p>
<ul>
<li>启动一个问题/回答的交互式会话，其它随便填就好，extra attributes 可以留空</li>
<li>其实 openssl 有一键生成密钥对， csr 和 证书的命令</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-new</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-keyform</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">PEM</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">myserver.csr</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -new 生成一个新的 csr 文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -key 私钥文件路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -keyform 私钥的格式</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -out 生成的 csr 文件路径</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>查看 csr 文件内容</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-text</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">myserver.csr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-noout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-verify</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -in csr 文件路径</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用 csr 和 私钥生成自签证书</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">x509</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-signkey</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">myserver.csr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-days</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">365</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">domain3.crt</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># x509 生成 x509 格式的证书</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -sha256 证书采用的哈希算法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -signkey 私钥路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -in csr 文件路径</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -days 证书有效天数</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -out 生成的证书路径</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>一条命令生成密钥和证书</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-newkey</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa:4096</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-nodes</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-keyout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-x509</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-days</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">365</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">domain.crt</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-newkey</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa:4096</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-nodes</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-keyout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-x509</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-days</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">365</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">domain.crt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-subj</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;/C=CN/ST=State/L=City/O=Ltd/OU=Section/CN=localhost&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>查看证书内容</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">x509</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">domain.crt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-noout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-text</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>查看证书序列号</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">x509</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">domain.crt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-noout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-serial</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>查看证书有效时间</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">x509</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">domain.crt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-noout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-dates</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="生成多个域名的证书">生成多个域名的证书<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#生成多个域名的证书" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>一般使用 OpenSSL 生成证书时都是 v1 版的，不带扩展属性。 多域名证书需要用到 v3 版的 extensions 的 Subject Alternative Name (SAN 主题替代名称)</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>寻找默认配置文件</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">find</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">openssl.cnf</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>复制一份默认配置文件</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cp</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/usr/ssl/openssl.cnf</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">openssl.cnf</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>编辑 openssl.cnf</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>[ req ] 字段下加入 req_extensions = v3_req</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>[ v3_req ] 字段下加入 subjectAltName = @alt_names</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>在配置文件的最后最后新建一个字段 [ alt_names ]</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>在 [ alt_names ] 里按以下格式写入多个域名</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [ alt_names ]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">DNS.1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.example.com</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">DNS.2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">4</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">.example.com</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p>新建私钥</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">genrsa</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">4096</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>生成 csr 文件</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-new</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-keyform</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">PEM</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-config</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">openssl.cnf</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">myserver.csr</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>生成数字证书</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">x509</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-sha256</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-signkey</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">myserver2.csr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-extensions</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">v3_req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-extfile</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">openssl.cnf</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> \</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-days</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">365</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">domain.crt</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="自建-ca">自建 CA<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#自建-ca" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>创建 CA 目录</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">mkdir</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-p</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">~/ssl/demoCA/{certs,newcerts,crl,private}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cd</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">~/ssl/demoCA</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Touch</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">index.txt</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">echo</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;01&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">serial</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>寻找默认配置文件</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">find</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-name</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">openssl.cnf</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>复制一份默认配置文件</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cp</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/usr/ssl/openssl.cnf</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">~/ssl/openssl.cnf</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>修改 openssl.cnf 文件</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>把 [ CA_default ] 的 dir 修改成 ~/ssl/demoCA/ 的绝对路径，类似于这样</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [ CA_default ]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">dir</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">/root/ssl/demoCA</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Where everything is kept</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>生成 CA 根证书及密钥</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-new</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-x509</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-newkey</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa:4096</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-nodes</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-keyout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">cakey.key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">cacert.crt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-config</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">openssl.cnf</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-days</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">365</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>生成客户端私钥</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">genrsa</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">client.key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">4096</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>用该客户端私钥生成证书签名请求</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">req</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-new</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">client.key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">client.csr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-config</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">openssl.cnf</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用 CA 根证书签发客户端证书</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">ca</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">client.csr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-out</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">client.crt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-cert</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">cacert.crt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-keyfile</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">cakey.key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-config</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">openssl.cnf</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>
<p>注意：默认要求 国家，省，公司名称三项必须和 CA 一致</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>如果不想一致，可以修改 openssl.cnf 的 [ CA_default ] 的 policy 为 policy_anything</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">policy</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">policy_anything</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="证书链合并">证书链合并<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#证书链合并" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>一些情况下，从 CA 那里申请到的 SSL 证书需要配置证书链，因为颁发的 CA 只是一个中间 CA 。 这个时候，需要把 CA 的证书和 SSL 证书都转换成 pem 格式。 然后新建一个文件，按照 最终实体证书 -> 中间证书 -> 根证书 这样的顺序，把证书的 pem 格式的内容复制进去，证书之间用一个空行隔开。 例如这样</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">-----BEGIN</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">CERTIFICATE-----</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">这是</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">最终实体证书</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">------END</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">CERTIFICATE------</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">-----BEGIN</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">CERTIFICATE-----</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">这是</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">中间证书</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">------END</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">CERTIFICATE------</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">-----BEGIN</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">CERTIFICATE-----</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">这是</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">根证书</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">------END</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">CERTIFICATE------</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>根证书大多数情况下都会内置在客户端，所以大多数情况下都只需要 最终实体证书 和 中间证书。 有时 中间证书 可能有多个，按照签发顺序排列就好，反正就是下面的证书颁发上面的证书。</p>
<p>有时还需要把私钥和证书合并成一个文件，一般是把私钥放在前面，证书放在后面，例如 这样</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">cat</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">server.key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">server.crt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">server.pem</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="其它命令">其它命令<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#其它命令" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>openssl s_time 用于测试 TSL 服务</p>
<p>openssl s_server 用于测试 TSL 客户端，例如浏览器对各个加密套件的支持情况</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">s_server</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-accept</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2009</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-key</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">rsa_private_key.pem</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-cert</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">domain.crt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-www</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-debug</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-msg</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># -accept 监听的端口 -key 私钥路径 -crt 证书路径 -www http请求返回状态信息</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 可以用浏览器输测试，直接输入网址 https://127.0.0.1:2009</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 可以用 curl 测试 curl -k -i -v https://127.0.0.1:2009</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 可以用 openssl s_client 测试 openssl s_client -connect 127.0.0.1:2009 -showcerts</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>openssl s_client 用于测试 TSL 服务端</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>可以像 telnet 那用测试端口</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 测试 example.com 的 80 端口是否有开启</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">s_client</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">example.com:80</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>可以像 telnet 模拟 http 那样，模拟 https</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输入这个命令后，会进入一个命令行交互界面，这时快速地输入 GET / HTTP/1.O 然后连续输入两个回车，就能返回网页内容</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">openssl</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">s_client</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">www.baidu.com:443</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string);">-showcerts</span></span></code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>openssl smime 用于处理 S/MIME 邮件，它能加密、解密、签名和验证 S/MIME 消息</p>
<p>openssl ca ca 命令是一个小型 CA 系统。它能签发证书请求和生成 CRL。它维护一个已签发证书状态的文本数据库。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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