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<p>基础架构即服务（IaaS）让您从本地 <a href="../../../Tech/cloud-service/基础/IT-基础架构" class="internal" data-slug="Tech/cloud-service/基础/IT-基础架构">IT 基础架构</a> 往轻松迈进了一步。这是一种即付即用的服务，由外部的第三方提供商根据您的需要，利用互联网（通过云）为您提供基础架构服务（如存储和虚拟化）。</p>
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<p><strong>作为用户，您只需负责操作系统以及任何数据、应用、中间件和运行时，而提供商会给您访问和管理所需网络、服务器、虚拟化和存储的权限。</strong></p>
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<p>**您无需维护或更新自己的本地数据中心，因为提供商会为您代劳。**此外，您可以通过应用编程接口（API）或控制面板来访问和控制基础架构。</p>
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<p>**IaaS 可以让您享受较大的灵活性：您可以仅购买所需的组件，然后根据需要进行扩展或缩减。**这样不仅开销低，而且无维护成本，从而使 IaaS 成为一种经济实惠的方案。</p>
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<p>**IaaS 的一大用途就是快速、灵活地构建和拆解开发与测试环境。**您可以仅使用创建开发环境所需的基础架构，并在需要时进行扩展或缩编，完成后，您可以立即停用，这样就只需为所使用的内容付费。</p>
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<p>**IaaS 的主要短板在于可能存在的提供商安全问题、多租户系统问题（提供商必须与多个客户端共享基础架构资源）以及服务可靠性。**但选择可靠且可信赖的提供商（具有可靠的历史和声誉）就可以避免这些问题。</p>
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<h2 id="iaas-与虚拟化自动化和容器化的关系">IaaS 与虚拟化、自动化和容器化的关系<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#iaas-与虚拟化自动化和容器化的关系" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>IaaS 提供商可以免除在设置管理服务器方面的开销来简化开发人员体验。这通常依赖于虚拟化、容器和自动化所支持的云计算架构。对于开发人员来说，不必再考虑服务器管理工作，可以大刀阔斧地构建和部署应用。</p>
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<p>通过虚拟化，虚拟机（VM）来提供完整的环境，这些环境充当具有其自身 CPU、内存、网络接口和存储的虚拟计算机系统。在 IaaS 中，这些是在数据中心的物理硬件系统上创建的。通过名为虚拟机监控程序的软件，用户可以将机器的资源与硬件分开并进行适当置备，以供虚拟机使用。</p>
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<p>IT 自动化在每个 IaaS 产品的服务下工作，使底层虚拟机和其他基础架构能够无缝部署，并根据需要进行扩展和缩减以满足需求。跨系统或计算机组的多个任务和配置的自动化称为编排。</p>
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<p>IaaS 产品还可以支持容器化，其中软件代码及其所有必要的组件（如库、框架和其他依赖项）均打包在自己的 Linux® 容器中，可以随时部署到计算环境（可以是 VM）中。与虚拟机相比，容器不包含自己的操作系统（OS），因此规模可能要小得多。</p>
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<p>特定的 IaaS 解决方案可以帮助开发人员使用容器。其中一种解决方案是 Kubernetes，这是一个开源容器编排平台，可帮助大规模地管理分布式、容器化的应用。Kubernetes 负责自动化部署和管理容器。一些 IaaS 提供商可提供 Kubernetes 即服务。</p>
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<h2 id="iaas-与-devops-有什么共同点">IaaS 与 DevOps 有什么共同点？<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#iaas-与-devops-有什么共同点" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>**DevOps 描述了一种在开发和运维交叉点的工作方式。**这种工作方式强调减少软件改进推进到部署所需要的时间，以便用户更快地访问新应用。DevOps 方法要求开发团队和运维团队频繁沟通并作为队友进行协作。</p>
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<p>**DevOps 时刻关注代码和动态基础架构使用的频繁变更，因此非常适合于 IaaS。**DevOps 强调在应用的整个生命周期中，确保日常运维任务自动化和环境的标准化。因此 DevOps 团队经常会使用微服务架构来构建软件，并通过 API 将这些服务彼此相连。这些都有助于团队更快地交付软件，专注于创建较小的功能，然后使用敏捷方法等策略将其整合在一起。</p>
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<p>IaaS 通过减少维护服务器基础架构的需求，同时强调更简单的自动化开发人员体验，因此有助于支持 DevOps 工作流。</p>
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<h2 id="iaas-和-无服务器之间的区别">IaaS 和 无服务器之间的区别<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#iaas-和-无服务器之间的区别" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>无服务器计算描述了一种云原生开发模型，其中服务器从应用开发中抽离出来，并且通常会与 IaaS 相关联。</p>
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<p>无服务器依靠云提供商来管理基础架构和应用扩展。无服务器应用部署在容器中，这些容器在被调用时会自动按需启动。</p>
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<p>在 IaaS 下，用户通常自行负责在需求旺盛时扩展服务器容量，并在不再需要该容量时缩减服务器容量。即使在应用闲置不用期间，运行该应用所需的云基础架构也要保持就绪。</p>
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<p>无服务器架构则与之相反，应用仅在需要时启动。有事件触发应用代码运行时，公共云提供商才会为这一代码分配资源。该代码执行结束后，用户便不再付费。使用无服务器时，管理操作系统和文件系统、安全补丁、负载平衡、容量管理、扩展、日志和监控等例行任务都由云服务提供商分担。</p>
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<h2 id="在选择-iaas-提供商时要考虑的事项">在选择 IaaS 提供商时要考虑的事项<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#在选择-iaas-提供商时要考虑的事项" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>**灵活性：**仅购买用例所需的组件，然后根据业务需要进行扩展或缩减。</li>
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<li>**经济性：**低开销、无维护成本使 IaaS 成为一种价格实惠的方案。您只需按实际用量和使用频次付费，就像支付水电费那样。</li>
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<li>**可控：**用户可以控制其基础架构。</li>
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<li>**安全性：**提供商是否值得信赖？是否有用于防范和管理任何安全威胁的资源？是否有记录在案的灾难恢复协议来确保业务连续性？</li>
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<li>**多租户系统：**由于 IaaS 提供商倾向于根据需要将基础架构资源分配给多个客户端，因此提供商需要确保客户无法访问彼此的数据。让多个客户使用提供商的基础架构也会造成失衡，称之为 ” 相邻干扰 “（单个用户垄断特定资源会降低其他用户的效能），因此提供商需要谨慎规划资源分配。为此，要了解提供商将如何根据用户的负载进行扩展，这一点很重要。</li>
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<li>**服务：**什么是服务提供商的服务级别协议（SLA）？是提供商承诺解决资源置备问题所付出的最短时间和最小精力吗？</li>
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<li>**可靠性：**性能和速度在很大程度上要取决于提供商。任何软件或硬件问题最终都会影响到用户的运行时。</li>
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#iaas-概述" data-for="iaas-概述">IaaS 概述</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#iaas-与虚拟化自动化和容器化的关系" data-for="iaas-与虚拟化自动化和容器化的关系">IaaS 与虚拟化、自动化和容器化的关系</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#iaas-与-devops-有什么共同点" data-for="iaas-与-devops-有什么共同点">IaaS 与 DevOps 有什么共同点？</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#iaas-和-无服务器之间的区别" data-for="iaas-和-无服务器之间的区别">IaaS 和 无服务器之间的区别</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#在选择-iaas-提供商时要考虑的事项" data-for="在选择-iaas-提供商时要考虑的事项">在选择 IaaS 提供商时要考虑的事项</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li><a href="../../../Tech/cloud-service/基础/云计算" class="internal">云计算概述</a></li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Basics","collapsed":true},{"path":"Basics/english","collapsed":true},{"path":"Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化/规范","collapsed":true},{"path":"Culture","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/标准","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/法律","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Jour
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