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<ul>
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<li><strong>书名</strong>:《第一性原理》</li>
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<li><strong>作者</strong>: 李善友</li>
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<li><strong>分类</strong>: 哲学宗教-西方哲学</li>
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<li><strong>ISBN</strong>:9787115542649</li>
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<li><strong>出版社</strong>:人民邮电出版社</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="概述">概述<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#概述" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>什么是第一性原理?亚里士多德说:“任何一个系统都有自己的第一性原理,它是一个根基性命题或假设,不能被缺省,也不能被违反。”第一性原理,好比树木的根基,没有人会看到繁茂枝干下的树根,但它决定了树的一切。本书将“第一性原理”的思想引入创新与商业领域,用8个思维模型和实践方法,帮助企业与个人厘清问题的本质,直达本源。我们常问,未来十年什么会变化?这个问题很重要,但更重要的问题可能是,未来十年什么不变?如果能找到不变的,把所有的资源和精力,毫无保留地投入在不变的事物上,其力量不可同日而语。让我们用第一性原理重新认识世界。探索内在的力量,创造非凡的人生。</p>
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<h2 id="划线">划线<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#划线" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p>如果再往后看千年,我们不禁要问:哲科思维在今天还重要吗?当代高速的社会发展是否仍然与哲科思维有关</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>柏拉图把人类的认识分为4个等级,由低到高依次为:想象、信念、理智和知识。类似地,我将人类的思维分为4层,由低到高依次为:感性思维、理性思维、哲科思维和觉性智慧。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>人类日常生活中常用的两种基本逻辑方式:一种是归纳法;另一种是演绎法。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>虽然在科学领域中,归纳法以所谓的“独立可重复性”作为标准,从而确保实验结果的有效性,但这并不意味着,我们通过归纳法总结出来的规律就一定是真实的。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>还是以我们之前提到的天鹅的认知问题为例,我们在欧洲看到的天鹅是白色的,在非洲看到的天鹅是白色的,真的就意味着所有的天鹅都是白色的吗?答案当然是否定的,因为在澳大利亚,还分布着少量但确实存在的黑天鹅种群。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>总而言之,归纳法只能证伪,却不能证明。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>推翻一个结论,不要从结论入手,而是要从它的隐含假设开始,如果根基的隐含假设不成立,结论自然不成立。这也是辩论高手的常用方法,从基石和结构切入,不要从内容入手。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>在我们的经验里,未来总是和过去一样。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>对管理者来说,经验是决定经营效果的重要因素;对员工来说,经验是决定工作能力的关键指标。这种认知仿佛已经成了行业的共识,所以越来越多的企业在提拔管理者和招聘员工的时候,会以经验作为主要的考查项目。但几乎没有人去深究过,经验的指导意义真的可以贯穿一家企业发展的始终吗。实际上,在“过去的经验在未来依然有效”这个命题下,隐藏着未来与过去一样的时间维度连续性。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>演绎法不是我们熟悉的思维方式,并且需要有一定的思考能力。归纳法是将眼睛看得到的事实归纳为规律,基本上用的是感性思维,而演绎法是理性思维的主要用智形式。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>他提出的力学公式也不是从蒸汽机发明和改善的经验中归纳出来的。他只是发现了一个抽象的逻辑,</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>我的启蒙得益于当年在斯坦福大学求学期间,有幸听到美国华裔物理学家、中国科学院外籍院士张首晟教授讲课。有一次张首晟教授讲到,所有大科学家都用演绎法。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>第一性原理是哲科思维中的重中之重,因为如果没有第一性原理,所有理性系统的建立就都无从谈起。在不同的系统中,第一性原理存在的形式也有所不同。在科学领域,科学家总是把第一性原理称为第一因;在哲学领域,哲学家常常将第一性原理与逻辑奇点画上等号。但无论是在什么系统中,第一性原理作为系统的根基性命题的地位始终都无法被撼动。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>当然,演绎法的链条不能无限地倒推下去,最终必须有一个基石,即一个能够自确定的元起点——第一性原理</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>早在2300年前,亚里士多德认为,在每一系统的探索中,存在第一原理,它是一个最基本的命题或假设,不能被省略或删除,也不能被违反。这里的“第一原理”[5],就是我们所说的第一性原理。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>在哲科思维中,有一个最底层、最根基性的算法公式:</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>第一性原理+演绎法==>理性系统</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>由于边界条件只能由宇宙外的造物主给定,所以宇宙的命运就操纵在造物主的手中。这就是从牛顿时代起一直困扰人类智慧的第一推动力的问题;而在哲学领域,也有着追究终极的概念,当我们不断地向系统的源头追溯时,总能找到答案。无论是第一动力因,还是追究终极,从本质上来说,它们都属于基石假设,或者说第一性原理。不过,受限于人类当前的认知水平,我们很难准确地找到所有系统最终的元起点。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>中国古代的思想家、哲学家老子,曾经提出“道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物”的说法。这里所谓的道,其实就是道家思想的基石假设,也可以说是第一性原理,在道存在的前提下,我们才能推导出有关道的一切认知及学问。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>不是系统之内,而是系统之外在这里我们要特别注意,很多人在理解第一性原理时,经常会将其误解为系统的中心思想。实际上,第一性原理并不是系统的中心思想,而是这个系统之外、之前的一个元前提。比如,在“所有人都会死,苏格拉底是人,所以苏格拉底也会死”这个命题中,第一性原理位于元前提(所有人都会死)的位置,而不是小前提(苏格拉底是人)或者结论(苏格拉底会死)的位置。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>如果用更加贴切的词来表示第一性原理,那么“第一前提”或“逻辑奇点”会更加合适。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>第一性原理的层级之分</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>在演绎法中,大系统的中心思想可以作为小系统的第一性原理,这意味着第一性原理是有层级之分的。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>所以,系统之间是有层级之分的,最简单、直接的划分方式就是“母系统”和“子系统”。某一个系统的第一性原理,既可以是一个不证自明的元起点,也有可能是一个更大的母系统的中心思想,作为子系统的第一性原理。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>但从实际应用的角度出发,我们没有必要去找到那个终极的第一性原理,所有比我们想要推导的理性系统范围更大、层级更高的母系统,其中心思想或者推导结论都可以作为子系统第一性原理的来源。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>“道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物”。问问自己的“一”是什么?只有找到并践行属于自己的“一”,我们才能很幸福、很笃定、很踏实地生活和工作。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>这个角度来讲,马斯克提出这个假设充分地说明了他能够站在系统之外看问题,所以他才能顺理成章地提出打破群体认知的假设</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="笔记">笔记<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#笔记" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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<p>我们突然发现,已经适应的环境突然改变,脚下赖以生存的根基正在坍塌,要想生存下来,只有两条路可以选:一是在原有的基础上,加固即将坍塌的根基,这一条路相对容易一些,这也是大多数人的选择;二是找到新地基。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>💭 一定要学会拥抱变化,迎接未来!</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>我想起了英国前首相丘吉尔的一句话:“永远不要浪费一场好危机。”也许脚底的根基坍塌了未必是件坏事,</p>
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</blockquote>
|
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<p>💭 风险与机遇往往是并存的</p>
|
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>软件方面,Space X“猎鹰9号”和龙飞船用的都是Intel双核的X86处理器,操作系统用的是Linux,还有LabView和Matlab;此外,它的软件开发基础语言是C++,偶尔也用Python,并且整个主控程序只有几十万行代码。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>💭 我……</p>
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<blockquote>
|
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<p>基于第一性原理的第一创新,是将同一种思维方式运用于不同的领域。</p>
|
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</blockquote>
|
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<p>💭 打破常规</p>
|
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<h2 id="书评">书评<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#书评" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<h2 id="点评">点评<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#点评" class="internal"> §</a></h2></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#简介" data-for="简介">简介</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#概述" data-for="概述">概述</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#划线" data-for="划线">划线</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#笔记" data-for="笔记">笔记</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#书评" data-for="书评">书评</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#点评" data-for="点评">点评</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Basics","collapsed":true},{"path":"Basics/english","collapsed":true},{"path":"Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化/规范","collapsed":true},{"path":"Culture","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/标准","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/法律","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W34","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W35","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W36","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W37","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W38","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W39","collapsed":true},{"path&quo
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