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<html><head><title>数据类型</title><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="数据类型"/><meta property="og:description" content="Python 的数据类型."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="Python 的数据类型."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><script async src="https://umami.7wate.com/script.js" data-website-id="c061efdc-95dd-4d21-9d04-a1ffda0a85b9"></script><script>
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<blockquote>
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<p>在 Python 中,变量可以被理解为一个标签(tag)或者标记,它是附着在特定对象上的名字。你可以将这个理念理解为在超市里的商品标签,标签告诉你这是什么商品,而商品是具体的物品。同样的,Python 的变量名就像是一个标签,它告诉我们这个变量指向的是什么对象,而对象是存储在内存中的具体数据。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="对象与类型">对象与类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#对象与类型" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
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<p>**在 Python 中,几乎所有的数据都可以被视为对象,每一个对象都有其相应的类型。**例如:</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">type</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">123</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># <class 'int'></span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">type</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">3.14</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># <class 'float'></span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">type</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'hello'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># <class 'str'></span></span></code></pre></div>
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<p>**Python 是动态类型语言,我们不需要预先声明变量的类型。**在程序运行过程中,变量的类型可以根据赋值而改变。例如:</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">x </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">123</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># x 是一个整数</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">type</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(x))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># <class 'int'></span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">x </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'hello'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># x 变成了一个字符串</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">type</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(x))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># <class 'str'></span></span></code></pre></div>
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<p>Python 中有两个内置函数 <code>id</code> 和 <code>type</code>。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>id(obj)</code> 函数:返回对象 <code>obj</code> 的唯一标识符,其实质上是该对象在内存中的地址。</li>
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<li><code>type(obj)</code> 函数:返回对象 <code>obj</code> 的类型。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="引用计数和垃圾收集">引用计数和垃圾收集<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#引用计数和垃圾收集" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>Python 不依赖存储期(即对象在内存中存在的时间)来管理变量和对象,而是<strong>使用引用计数。每个对象都会计算有多少个变量引用了它,当引用计数为 0 时,对象就会被垃圾收集器删除</strong>。可以使用内置的 <code>id</code> 函数获取对象的标识(这实际上是该对象的内存地址),使用 <code>type</code> 函数获取对象的类型。</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 引用计数和垃圾收集的例子:</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 在代码中,`sys.getrefcount(a)`可以获得对象`a`的引用计数。</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 当我们创建一个新的引用`b`时,`a`的引用计数增加1。</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 当我们删除`b`时,`a`的引用计数减少1。</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sys</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [] </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个空列表</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(sys.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getrefcount</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出:2,一个引用来自 a,一个来自 getrefcount 的参数</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">b </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 增加一个引用</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(sys.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getrefcount</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出:3,新增一个引用来自 b</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">b </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">None</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 删除一个引用</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(sys.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getrefcount</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出:2,b 不再引用</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<h3 id="可变类型不可变类型">可变类型、不可变类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#可变类型不可变类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>Python 中的数据类型可以分为两大类:可变类型与不可变类型。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>可变类型</strong>:值可以更改,如列表、字典和集合。</li>
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<li><strong>不可变类型</strong>:值不可更改,如数字、字符串、元组等。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>不可变类型的变量如果改变值,实际上是生成了一个新的对象,并使变量引用新的对象。Python 的赋值语句复制的是对象的引用,而不是对象的值。因此,Python 中的“变量”与其他编程语言中的“变量”不完全相同,将其翻译为“引用”可能更加合适。</p>
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<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 在代码中,`list1`是一个列表,是可变类型。</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 我们可以通过`append`方法修改`list1`,但是`list1`的`id`并未改变,说明`list1`还是同一个对象。</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># `x`是一个整数,是不可变类型。当我们改变`x`的值时,`x`的`id`改变了,说明`x`现在是一个新的对象。</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 可变类型:列表</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">list1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">id</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(list1))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 list1 的 id</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">list1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">append</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">4</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 修改 list1</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">id</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(list1))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># id 没有改变</span></span>
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<span data-line> </span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 不可变类型:整数</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">x </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">id</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(x))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出 x 的 id</span></span>
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">x </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> x </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 修改 x</span></span>
|
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">id</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(x))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># id 改变了</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
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<h2 id="python3-内置类型">Python3 内置类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#python3-内置类型" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
|||
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<p>Python 3 内置了多种数据类型,同时还内建了许多其他类型,如上下文管理器类型、模块、方法、代码对象、类型对象、内部对象等。</p>
|
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<h3 id="数字类型">数字类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数字类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
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<p>数字类型主要用于存储和处理数值。这包括整数、浮点数、复数和布尔类型。</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>int</td><td>整数,无论大小都可以是正数或负数。</td><td><code>123</code>, <code>-456</code>, <code>0</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>float</td><td>浮点数,包含小数部分的数字。</td><td><code>3.14</code>, <code>-0.01</code>, <code>9.0</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>complex</td><td>复数,包含实部和虚部的数字。</td><td><code>1+2j</code>, <code>3-4j</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
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<h3 id="布尔类型">布尔类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#布尔类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
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<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>bool</td><td>布尔,表示真或假的值。</td><td><code>True</code>, <code>False</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
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<h3 id="序列类型">序列类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#序列类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
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<p>序列类型是一种有序的元素集合,包括字符串、列表和元组。每个元素都有一个相应的索引,可以通过索引来访问。</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>str</td><td>字符串,由零个或多个字符组成的文本。</td><td><code>'hello'</code>, <code>"world"</code>, <code>''</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>list</td><td>列表,由一系列按特定顺序排列的元素组成。</td><td><code>[1, 'two', 3.0]</code></td><td>可变</td></tr><tr><td>tuple</td><td>元组,类似于列表,但元素不可更改。</td><td><code>(1, 'two', 3.0)</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
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<h3 id="集合类型">集合类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#集合类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
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<p>集合类型是一个无序的元素集合,其中的元素都是唯一的。这包括集合和冻结集合。</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>set</td><td>集合,一组无序的、不重复的元素。</td><td><code>{1, 'two', 3.0}</code></td><td>可变</td></tr><tr><td>frozenset</td><td>不可变集合,类似于集合,但元素不可更改。</td><td><code>frozenset({1, 'two', 3.0})</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
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<h3 id="映射类型">映射类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#映射类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
|||
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<p>映射类型是一个存储键值对的元素集合,其中的键是唯一的。字典就是一个映射类型。</p>
|
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<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>dict</td><td>字典,包含键值对的数据结构。</td><td><code>{'name': 'John', 'age': 25}</code></td><td>可变</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
|||
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<h3 id="特殊类型">特殊类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#特殊类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
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<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>NoneType</td><td>表示 None 的特殊类型。</td><td><code>None</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>EllipsisType</td><td>表示省略的特殊类型,主要在切片和 NumPy 库中使用。</td><td><code>Ellipsis</code> 或 <code>...</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>NotImplementedType</td><td>表示未实现方法的特殊类型,主要在自定义比较方法中使用。</td><td><code>NotImplemented</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
|||
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<h3 id="二进制类型">二进制类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#二进制类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
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<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>bytes</td><td>字节,包含零个或多个范围为 0<=x<256 的整数的不可变序列。</td><td><code>b'hello'</code>, <code>b'\x01\x02'</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>bytearray</td><td>字节数组,包含零个或多个范围为 0<=x<256 的整数的可变序列。</td><td><code>bytearray(b'hello')</code></td><td>可变</td></tr><tr><td>memoryview</td><td>内存查看,用于访问其他二进制序列、打包的数组和缓冲区的内部数据。</td><td><code>memoryview(b'hello')</code></td><td>依据所查看对象</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
|||
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<h3 id="类实例和异常">类、实例和异常<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#类实例和异常" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
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<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>object</td><td>对象,所有类的基类。</td><td><code>obj = object()</code></td><td>依据具体类</td></tr><tr><td>exception</td><td>异常,程序运行时的错误。</td><td><code>raise Exception('Error!')</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="其他内置类型">其他内置类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#其他内置类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
|
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<table><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th><th>可变性</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>function</td><td>函数,包含一系列指令的代码块。</td><td><code>def greet(): print('Hello!')</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>type</td><td>类型,表示对象的类型。</td><td><code>type(123)</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr><tr><td>generator</td><td>生成器,一种可迭代的对象,由函数定义并使用 <code>yield</code> 产生值。</td><td><code>(x**2 for x in range(10))</code></td><td>不可变</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="类型转换">类型转换<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#类型转换" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>Python 提供了多种函数,用于在不同类型之间进行转换:</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="Python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="Python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">x = "123" # 这是一个字符串</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">print(type(x)) # <class 'str'></span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"></span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">x = int(x) # 将字符串转为整数</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">print(type(x)) # <class 'int'></span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"></span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">x = float(x) # 将整数转为浮点数</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">print(type(x)) # <class 'float'></span></span></code></pre></div>
|
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<table><thead><tr><th align="left">函数</th><th align="left">描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">int(x [,base])</td><td align="left">将 x 转换为一个整数</td></tr><tr><td align="left">float(x)</td><td align="left">将 x 转换到一个浮点数</td></tr><tr><td align="left">complex(real [,imag])</td><td align="left">创建一个复数</td></tr><tr><td align="left">str(x)</td><td align="left">将对象 x 转换为字符串</td></tr><tr><td align="left">repr(x)</td><td align="left">将对象 x 转换为表达式字符串</td></tr><tr><td align="left">eval(str)</td><td align="left">用来计算在字符串中的有效 Python 表达式,并返回一个对象</td></tr><tr><td align="left">tuple(s)</td><td align="left">将序列 s 转换为一个元组</td></tr><tr><td align="left">list(s)</td><td align="left">将序列 s 转换为一个列表</td></tr><tr><td align="left">set(s)</td><td align="left">转换为可变集合</td></tr><tr><td align="left">dict(d)</td><td align="left">创建一个字典。d 必须是一个 (key, value) 元组序列</td></tr><tr><td align="left">frozenset(s)</td><td align="left">转换为不可变集合</td></tr><tr><td align="left">chr(x)</td><td align="left">将一个整数转换为一个字符</td></tr><tr><td align="left">ord(x)</td><td align="left">将一个字符转换为它的整数值</td></tr><tr><td align="left">hex(x)</td><td align="left">将一个整数转换为一个十六进制字符串</td></tr><tr><td align="left">oct(x)</td><td align="left">将一个整数转换为一个八进制字符串</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="运算符">运算符<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#运算符" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>在实际开发中,如果搞不清楚运算符的优先级,可以<strong>使用括号来确保运算的执行顺序</strong>。</p>
|
|||
|
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 运算符</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">b </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">20</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> b)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 加法,输出: 30</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">-</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> b)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 减法,输出: -10</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">*</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> b)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 乘法,输出: 200</span></span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">/</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> b)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 除法,输出: 0.5</span></span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">**</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 幂运算,输出: 100</span></span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">%</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">3</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 取模,输出: 1</span></span>
|
|||
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<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 逻辑运算符</span></span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">></span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> b)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 大于,输出: False</span></span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);"><</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> b)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 小于,输出: True</span></span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> b)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 等于,输出: False</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(a </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">!=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> b)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 不等于,输出: True</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line> </span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 成员运算符</span></span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Hello World'</span></span>
|
|||
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<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'World'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> s)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出: True</span></span>
|
|||
|
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Python'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">not</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> s)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 输出: True</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<table><thead><tr><th>运算符</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>[]</code> <code>[:]</code></td><td>下标,切片</td></tr><tr><td><code>**</code></td><td>指数</td></tr><tr><td><code>~</code> <code>+</code> <code>-</code></td><td>按位取反, 正负号</td></tr><tr><td><code>*</code> <code>/</code> <code>%</code> <code>//</code></td><td>乘,除,模,整除</td></tr><tr><td><code>+</code> <code>-</code></td><td>加,减</td></tr><tr><td><code>>></code> <code><<</code></td><td>右移,左移</td></tr><tr><td><code>&</code></td><td>按位与</td></tr><tr><td><code>^</code> `</td><td>`</td></tr><tr><td><code><=</code> <code><</code> <code>></code> <code>>=</code></td><td>小于等于,小于,大于,大于等于</td></tr><tr><td><code>==</code> <code>!=</code></td><td>等于,不等于</td></tr><tr><td><code>is</code> <code>is not</code></td><td>身份运算符</td></tr><tr><td><code>in</code> <code>not in</code></td><td>成员运算符</td></tr><tr><td><code>not</code> <code>or</code> <code>and</code></td><td>逻辑运算符</td></tr><tr><td><code>=</code> <code>+=</code> <code>-=</code> <code>*=</code> <code>/=</code> <code>%=</code> <code>//=</code> <code>**=</code> <code>&=</code> `</td><td>=<code>^=</code>>>=“<<=`</td></tr></tbody></table></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
|
|||
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s-3.542,0.634-4.898,1.688l-7.669-7.669C16.785,10.424,17,9.74,17,9c0-2.206-1.794-4-4-4S9,6.794,9,9s1.794,4,4,4
|
|||
|
c0.74,0,1.424-0.215,2.019-0.567l7.669,7.669C21.634,21.458,21,23.154,21,25s0.634,3.542,1.688,4.897L10.024,42.562
|
|||
|
C8.958,41.595,7.549,41,6,41c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6s2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-1.035-0.263-2.009-0.726-2.86l12.829-12.829
|
|||
|
c1.106,0.86,2.44,1.436,3.898,1.619v10.16c-2.833,0.478-5,2.942-5,5.91c0,3.309,2.691,6,6,6s6-2.691,6-6c0-2.967-2.167-5.431-5-5.91
|
|||
|
v-10.16c1.458-0.183,2.792-0.759,3.898-1.619l7.669,7.669C41.215,39.576,41,40.26,41,41c0,2.206,1.794,4,4,4s4-1.794,4-4
|
|||
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s-1.794-4-4-4c-0.74,0-1.424,0.215-2.019,0.567l-7.669-7.669C36.366,28.542,37,26.846,37,25s-0.634-3.542-1.688-4.897l9.665-9.665
|
|||
|
C46.042,11.405,47.451,12,49,12c3.309,0,6-2.691,6-6S52.309,0,49,0z M11,9c0-1.103,0.897-2,2-2s2,0.897,2,2s-0.897,2-2,2
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|||
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S11,10.103,11,9z M6,51c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S8.206,51,6,51z M33,49c0,2.206-1.794,4-4,4s-4-1.794-4-4
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|||
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s1.794-4,4-4S33,46.794,33,49z M29,31c-3.309,0-6-2.691-6-6s2.691-6,6-6s6,2.691,6,6S32.309,31,29,31z M47,41c0,1.103-0.897,2-2,2
|
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#对象与类型" data-for="对象与类型">对象与类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#引用计数和垃圾收集" data-for="引用计数和垃圾收集">引用计数和垃圾收集</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#可变类型不可变类型" data-for="可变类型不可变类型">可变类型、不可变类型</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#python3-内置类型" data-for="python3-内置类型">Python3 内置类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#数字类型" data-for="数字类型">数字类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#布尔类型" data-for="布尔类型">布尔类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#序列类型" data-for="序列类型">序列类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#集合类型" data-for="集合类型">集合类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#映射类型" data-for="映射类型">映射类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#特殊类型" data-for="特殊类型">特殊类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#二进制类型" data-for="二进制类型">二进制类型</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#类实例和异常" data-for="类实例和异常">类、实例和异常</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#其他内置类型" data-for="其他内置类型">其他内置类型</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#类型转换" data-for="类型转换">类型转换</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#运算符" data-for="运算符">运算符</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Basics","collapsed":true},{"path":"Basics/english","collapsed":true},{"path":"Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化","collapsed&
|
|||
|
function toggleCallout() {
|
|||
|
const outerBlock = this.parentElement;
|
|||
|
outerBlock.classList.toggle(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const collapsed = outerBlock.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const height = collapsed ? this.scrollHeight : outerBlock.scrollHeight;
|
|||
|
outerBlock.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
|
|||
|
let current = outerBlock;
|
|||
|
let parent = outerBlock.parentElement;
|
|||
|
while (parent) {
|
|||
|
if (!parent.classList.contains(`callout`)) {
|
|||
|
return;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
const collapsed2 = parent.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const height2 = collapsed2 ? parent.scrollHeight : parent.scrollHeight + current.scrollHeight;
|
|||
|
parent.style.maxHeight = height2 + `px`;
|
|||
|
current = parent;
|
|||
|
parent = parent.parentElement;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
function setupCallout() {
|
|||
|
const collapsible = document.getElementsByClassName(
|
|||
|
`callout is-collapsible`
|
|||
|
);
|
|||
|
for (const div of collapsible) {
|
|||
|
const title = div.firstElementChild;
|
|||
|
if (title) {
|
|||
|
title.removeEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
|
|||
|
title.addEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
|
|||
|
const collapsed = div.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
|
|||
|
const height = collapsed ? title.scrollHeight : div.scrollHeight;
|
|||
|
div.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
document.addEventListener(`nav`, setupCallout);
|
|||
|
window.addEventListener(`resize`, setupCallout);
|
|||
|
</script><script type="module">
|
|||
|
import mermaid from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid/dist/mermaid.esm.min.mjs';
|
|||
|
const darkMode = document.documentElement.getAttribute('saved-theme') === 'dark'
|
|||
|
mermaid.initialize({
|
|||
|
startOnLoad: false,
|
|||
|
securityLevel: 'loose',
|
|||
|
theme: darkMode ? 'dark' : 'default'
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
document.addEventListener('nav', async () => {
|
|||
|
await mermaid.run({
|
|||
|
querySelector: '.mermaid'
|
|||
|
})
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
</script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.7/dist/contrib/copy-tex.min.js" type="application/javascript"></script><script src="../../../../postscript.js" type="module"></script></html>
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