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<table><thead><tr><th>词性 (Parts of Speech)</th><th>简拼 (Abbreviation)</th><th>定义 (Definition)</th><th>功能 (Function)</th><th>例子 (Example)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>名词 (Nouns)</td><td>n.</td><td>表示人、地点、事物或概念。</td><td>作为主语或宾语。</td><td>book, China, happiness</td></tr><tr><td>动词 (Verbs)</td><td>v.</td><td>描述动作、状态或发生的事件。</td><td>构成句子的谓语,表示行为或状态。</td><td>run, think, is, have</td></tr><tr><td>形容词 (Adjectives)</td><td>adj.</td><td>用来描述或修饰名词。</td><td>位于名词前,提供额外信息,如大小、颜色、形状等。</td><td>beautiful, tall, red</td></tr><tr><td>副词 (Adverbs)</td><td>adv.</td><td>用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。</td><td>提供如何、何时、何地、何种程度等信息。</td><td>quickly, very, well</td></tr><tr><td>代词 (Pronouns)</td><td>pron.</td><td>用来替代名词,避免重复。</td><td>替代具体的名词。</td><td>she, they, it, ours</td></tr><tr><td>介词 (Prepositions)</td><td>prep.</td><td>表示事物之间的关系,常与名词或代词组合。</td><td>形成介词短语,表示时间、地点、方向、原因等。</td><td>in, on, at, from</td></tr><tr><td>连词 (Conjunctions)</td><td>conj.</td><td>用来连接单词、短语或句子。</td><td>连接句子成分,表示逻辑关系。</td><td>and, but, because, if</td></tr><tr><td>感叹词 (Interjections)</td><td>int.</td><td>用来表达强烈的情感或反应。</td><td>独立于句子结构,表达情感。</td><td>wow, ouch, hey</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 id="名词nouns-n">名词Nouns, n.<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#名词nouns-n" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>定义:表示人、地点、事物或概念。</li>
<li>例子:在句子“<strong>Tom</strong> loves <strong>coffee</strong>.”(<strong>汤姆</strong>喜欢<strong>咖啡</strong>“Tom”和“coffee”都是名词分别指一个人和一种饮料。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="动词verbs-v">动词Verbs, v.<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#动词verbs-v" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>定义:描述动作、状态或发生的事件。</li>
<li>例子“She <strong>runs</strong> every morning.”(她每天早上都去<strong>跑步</strong>这里“runs”是动词描述了她的动作。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="形容词adjectives-adj">形容词Adjectives, adj.<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#形容词adjectives-adj" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>定义:用来描述或修饰名词。</li>
<li>例子“The <strong>beautiful</strong> scenery.”(<strong>美丽的</strong>风景。“beautiful”是形容词修饰名词“scenery”。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="副词adverbs-adv">副词Adverbs, adv.<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#副词adverbs-adv" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>定义:用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。</li>
<li>例子“He speaks <strong>very</strong> clearly.”(他说话<strong>非常</strong>清楚。这里“very”是副词用来加强“clearly”这个副词。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="代词pronouns-pron">代词Pronouns, pron.<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#代词pronouns-pron" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>定义:用来替代名词,避免重复。</li>
<li>例子:“<strong>She</strong> is a writer.”(<strong></strong>是一名作家。“She”代替了某个具体的女性名词。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="介词prepositions-prep">介词Prepositions, prep.<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#介词prepositions-prep" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>定义:表示事物之间的关系,常与名词或代词组合。</li>
<li>例子“The book <strong>on</strong> the table.”桌子上的书。“on”是介词表示书和桌子之间的空间关系。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="连词conjunctions-conj">连词Conjunctions, conj.<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#连词conjunctions-conj" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>定义:用来连接单词、短语或句子。</li>
<li>例子“I like tea <strong>and</strong> coffee.”(我喜欢茶<strong></strong>咖啡。“and”是连词用来连接“tea”和“coffee”这两个词。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="感叹词interjections-int">感叹词Interjections, int.<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#感叹词interjections-int" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>定义:用来表达强烈的情感或反应。</li>
<li>例子:“<strong>Wow</strong>! This is amazing!”(<strong></strong>这太神奇了“Wow”是感叹词表达了惊讶的情感。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="句子成分elements-of-a-sentence">句子成分Elements Of a Sentence<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#句子成分elements-of-a-sentence" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<table><thead><tr><th>成分 (Element)</th><th>定义 (Definition)</th><th>功能 (Function)</th><th>例子 (Example)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>主语 (Subject)</td><td>句子谈论的主体,通常是名词或代词。</td><td>表明句子是关于谁或什么的。</td><td><strong>The cat</strong> sleeps.”(<strong></strong>在睡觉。)</td></tr><tr><td>谓语 (Predicate)</td><td>描述主语的动作或状态,通常包含动词。</td><td>说明主语做了什么或如何。</td><td>“The cat <strong>sleeps</strong>.”(猫<strong>在睡觉</strong>。)</td></tr><tr><td>宾语 (Object)</td><td>动作的接受者,通常跟在动词后面。</td><td>接受动作或与动作有关。</td><td>“She likes <strong>music</strong>.”(她喜欢<strong>音乐</strong>。)</td></tr><tr><td>定语 (Attribute)</td><td>修饰或描述名词的词或短语。</td><td>描述或限定名词。</td><td>“The <strong>red</strong> apple.”(<strong>红色的</strong>苹果。)</td></tr><tr><td>状语 (Adverbial)</td><td>提供关于动作发生的时间、地点、方式或原因的信息。</td><td>修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。</td><td>“He sings <strong>loudly</strong>.”(他<strong>大声地</strong>唱歌。)</td></tr><tr><td>补语 (Complement)</td><td>提供关于主语或宾语的额外信息。</td><td>完成、解释或补充主语或宾语。</td><td>“He is <strong>a teacher</strong>.”(他是<strong>一名教师</strong>。)</td></tr><tr><td>同位语 (Appositive)</td><td>通常紧跟在名词后面,对名词进行解释或补充。</td><td>详细说明或强调前面的名词。</td><td>“My brother <strong>Tom</strong> is a teacher.”(我的兄弟<strong>汤姆</strong>是一名教师。)</td></tr><tr><td>表语 (Predicative)</td><td>位于系动词(如 be, become, seem 等)之后,用于对主语进行说明或补充。</td><td>对主语进行补充说明,说明主语的性质或状态。</td><td>“The sky becomes <strong>dark</strong>.”(天空变得<strong>暗淡</strong>。)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="句子结构sentence-structure">句子结构Sentence Structure<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#句子结构sentence-structure" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
A[句子 Sentence] --> B[主语 Subject]
A --> C[谓语 Predicate]
C --> D[动词 Verb]
C --> E[宾语 Object]
C --> F[补语 Complement]
B --> G[定语 Attribute]
C --> H[状语 Adverbial]
B --- I((名词或代词 Noun or Pronoun))
E --- J((名词或代词 Noun or Pronoun))
G --- K((形容词或短语 Adjective or Phrase))
H --- L((副词或短语 Adverb or Phrase))
</code></pre>
<h3 id="基本句型basic-sentence-structures">基本句型Basic Sentence Structures<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基本句型basic-sentence-structures" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<h4 id="简单句simple-sentences">简单句Simple Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#简单句simple-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>简单句包含一个主语和一个谓语,表达一个完整的思想。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;The dog barks.&quot;</code>(狗在叫。)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
A[简单句 Simple Sentence] --> B[主语 Subject]
A --> C[谓语 Predicate]
B --> D[名词 Noun]
C --> E[动词 Verb]
D --> F[&quot;The dog&quot;(狗)]
E --> G[&quot;barks&quot;(叫)]
</code></pre>
<h4 id="并列句compound-sentences">并列句Compound Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#并列句compound-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>并列句由两个或更多的简单句通过并列连词(如 and, but连接。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;The dog barks, and the cat meows.&quot;</code>(狗在叫,而猫在喵喵叫。)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
A[并列句 Compound Sentence] --> B[简单句 Simple Sentence 1]
A -->|并列连词 Conjunction| C[简单句 Simple Sentence 2]
B --> D[&quot;The dog barks&quot;(狗在叫)]
C --> E[&quot;The cat meows&quot;(猫在喵喵叫)]
</code></pre>
<h4 id="复合句complex-sentences">复合句Complex Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#复合句complex-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>复合句包含一个主句和至少一个从句。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;When the dog barks, the cat hides.&quot;</code>(当狗叫时,猫就躲起来。)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
A[复合句 Complex Sentence] --> B[主句 Main Clause]
A --> C[从句 Subordinate Clause]
B --> D[&quot;The cat hides&quot;(猫躲起来)]
C --> E[&quot;When the dog barks&quot;(当狗叫时)]
</code></pre>
<h4 id="复合并列句compound-complex-sentences">复合并列句Compound-Complex Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#复合并列句compound-complex-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>复合并列句包含至少两个主句和至少一个从句。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;The dog barks, the cat hides, and the mouse runs away.&quot;</code>(狗在叫,猫躲起来,老鼠逃跑了。)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
A[复合并列句 Compound-Complex Sentence] --> B[主句 Main Clause 1]
A --> C[主句 Main Clause 2]
A --> D[从句 Subordinate Clause]
B --> E[&quot;The dog barks&quot;(狗在叫)]
C --> F[&quot;the cat hides&quot;(猫躲起来)]
D --> G[&quot;the mouse runs away&quot;(老鼠逃跑了)]
</code></pre>
<h3 id="从句类型types-of-clauses">从句类型Types Of Clauses<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#从句类型types-of-clauses" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>句型类型</th><th>定义</th><th>能否独立存在</th><th>类型</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>主句Main Clause</strong></td><td>能够独立存在,表达完整的意思。</td><td></td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td><strong>从句Subordinate Clause</strong></td><td>不能独立存在,依赖主句来表达完整的意思。</td><td></td><td>名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4 id="名词性从句noun-clauses">名词性从句Noun Clauses<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#名词性从句noun-clauses" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>名词性从句Noun Clauses在句子中充当名词的角色。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;What you said is interesting.&quot;</code>(你所说的很有趣。)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
A[名词性从句 Noun Clause] --> B[主句 Main Clause]
B --> C[&quot;is interesting&quot;(很有趣)]
A --> D[&quot;What you said&quot;(你所说的)]
</code></pre>
<h4 id="形容词性从句adjective-clauses">形容词性从句Adjective Clauses<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#形容词性从句adjective-clauses" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>形容词性从句Adjective Clauses在句子中充当形容词的角色通常跟随并修饰名词。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;The book that I read was fascinating.&quot;</code>(我读的那本书很吸引人。)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
A[形容词性从句 Adjective Clause] --> B[被修饰的名词 Modified Noun]
B --> C[&quot;The book&quot;(那本书)]
A --> D[&quot;that I read&quot;(我读的)]
</code></pre>
<h4 id="副词性从句adverbial-clauses">副词性从句Adverbial Clauses<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#副词性从句adverbial-clauses" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>副词性从句Adverbial Clauses在句子中充当副词的角色说明时间、地点、原因等。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;I will call you when I arrive.&quot;</code>(我到达时会给你打电话。)</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TD
A[副词性从句 Adverbial Clause] --> B[主句 Main Clause]
B --> C[&quot;I will call you&quot;(我会给你打电话)]
A --> D[&quot;when I arrive&quot;(当我到达时)]
</code></pre>
<h3 id="特殊语句">特殊语句<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#特殊语句" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<h4 id="感叹句exclamatory-sentences">感叹句Exclamatory Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#感叹句exclamatory-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>感叹句用来表达强烈的感情或情绪,如惊讶、兴奋、快乐等。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;What a beautiful day!&quot;</code>(多么美丽的一天啊!)</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="祈使句imperative-sentences">祈使句Imperative Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#祈使句imperative-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>祈使句用来发出命令、请求或建议。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;Please close the door.&quot;</code>(请关门。)</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="疑问句interrogative-sentences">疑问句Interrogative Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#疑问句interrogative-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>疑问句用来提问或询问信息。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;Are you coming to the party?&quot;</code>(你会来参加派对吗?)</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="倒装句inverted-sentences">倒装句Inverted Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#倒装句inverted-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>倒装句中,主语和谓语的正常顺序被颠倒或改变。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;Rarely have I seen such bravery.&quot;</code>(我很少见到这样的勇敢。)</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="省略句elliptical-sentences">省略句Elliptical Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#省略句elliptical-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>省略句中省略了某些成分,但意思仍然清晰。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;I can play piano, and she can too.&quot;</code>(我会弹钢琴,她也会。)</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="条件句conditional-sentences">条件句Conditional Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#条件句conditional-sentences" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>条件句表达假设的情况及其可能的结果。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&quot;If it rains, we will stay home.&quot;</code>(如果下雨,我们就待在家里。)</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="语序word-order">语序Word Order<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#语序word-order" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>定义:标准的英语语序是主语 - 谓语 - 宾语SVO</li>
<li>例子:<code>&quot;She (S) loves (V) music (O).&quot;</code>(她喜欢音乐。)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="时态和语态tenses-and-voice">时态和语态Tenses And Voice<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#时态和语态tenses-and-voice" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<table><thead><tr><th>时态</th><th>结构</th><th>用途</th><th>例子</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>现在简单时</strong></td><td>do/does + 基本形式</td><td>表达习惯性动作、普遍真理</td><td>She writes every day.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>现在进行时</strong></td><td>am/is/are + 现在分词</td><td>表达正在进行的动作</td><td>She is writing a letter now.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>现在完成时</strong></td><td>have/has + 过去分词</td><td>表达过去发生的动作对现在的影响</td><td>She has written a letter.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>现在完成进行时</strong></td><td>have/has + been + 现在分词</td><td>表达从过去开始持续到现在的动作</td><td>She has been writing a letter.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>过去简单时</strong></td><td>did + 基本形式</td><td>表达过去某一具体时间的动作或状态</td><td>She wrote a letter yesterday.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>过去进行时</strong></td><td>was/were + 现在分词</td><td>表达过去某一时刻正在进行的动作</td><td>She was writing a letter when I called.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>过去完成时</strong></td><td>had + 过去分词</td><td>表达在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作</td><td>She had written the letter by then.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>过去完成进行时</strong></td><td>had + been + 现在分词</td><td>表达在过去某一时间点之前开始并持续的动作</td><td>She had been writing a letter for an hour.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>将来简单时</strong></td><td>will + 基本形式</td><td>表达将来的动作或状态</td><td>She will write a letter tomorrow.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>将来进行时</strong></td><td>will be + 现在分词</td><td>表达将来某一时刻正在进行的动作</td><td>She will be writing a letter at 8 PM.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>将来完成时</strong></td><td>will have + 过去分词</td><td>表达在将来某一时间点之前已经完成的动作</td><td>She will have written the letter by noon.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>将来完成进行时</strong></td><td>will have been + 现在分词</td><td>表达在将来某一时间点之前开始并持续的动作</td><td>She will have been writing a letter for two hours.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 id="语态">语态<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#语态" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>语态</th><th>结构</th><th>用途</th><th>例子</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>主动语态</strong></td><td>主语 + 动词 + 宾语</td><td>表达主语执行动作</td><td>She writes a letter.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>被动语态</strong></td><td>主语 + be动词 + 过去分词 + 由…进行</td><td>表达主语接受动作</td><td>A letter is written by her.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="直接与间接引语direct-and-indirect-speech">直接与间接引语Direct And Indirect Speech<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#直接与间接引语direct-and-indirect-speech" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>直接引语和间接引语是英语中报告他人话语的两种方式,它们在使用时有明显的区别和转换规则。</p>
<h3 id="直接引语direct-speech">直接引语Direct Speech<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#直接引语direct-speech" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>定义</strong>:原样引用说话人的原话,通常放在引号内。</li>
<li><strong>用法</strong>:用于报告说话人的具体言辞,保留原话的时态、人称和地点时间指示词。</li>
<li>**例子:**She said, “I am writing a letter.”</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="间接引语indirect-speech">间接引语Indirect Speech<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#间接引语indirect-speech" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>定义</strong>:转述说话人的话,不使用引号,并根据上下文调整时态、人称和指示词。</li>
<li><strong>用法</strong>:用于报告说话内容的概述,需要根据主句的时态对从句的时态进行相应调整。</li>
<li><strong>转换规则:</strong>
<ul>
<li>时态后移(直接引语的现在时变为间接引语的过去时,过去时变为过去完成时等)。</li>
<li>人称调整(根据上下文将第一人称转换为第三人称,第二人称根据情况转换)。</li>
<li>指示词调整如“today”变为“that day”“now”变为“then”等</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>例子:</strong>
<ul>
<li>Direct: He said, “I will visit Paris tomorrow.”</li>
<li>Indirect: He said that he would visit Paris the next day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="条件句conditional-sentences-1">条件句Conditional Sentences<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#条件句conditional-sentences-1" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>条件句用于表达一个条件以及该条件的结果。它们主要分为四种类型,每种类型用于表达不同程度的可能性。</p>
<h3 id="零条件句zero-conditional">零条件句Zero Conditional<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#零条件句zero-conditional" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>用途</strong>:表达普遍真理或自然规律。</li>
<li><strong>结构</strong>if + 现在简单时, 现在简单时。</li>
<li><strong>例子</strong>If water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="第一条件句first-conditional">第一条件句First Conditional<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#第一条件句first-conditional" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>用途</strong>:表达将来可能发生的情况及其结果。</li>
<li><strong>结构</strong>if + 现在简单时, 将来简单时will + 动词原形)。</li>
<li><strong>例子</strong>If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the trip.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="第二条件句second-conditional">第二条件句Second Conditional<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#第二条件句second-conditional" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>用途</strong>:表达不太可能发生的假设情况及其假设结果。</li>
<li><strong>结构</strong>if + 过去简单时, would + 动词原形。</li>
<li><strong>例子</strong>If I were a millionaire, I would buy a mansion.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="第三条件句third-conditional">第三条件句Third Conditional<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#第三条件句third-conditional" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>用途</strong>:表达过去未发生的假设情况及其假设结果。</li>
<li><strong>结构</strong>if + 过去完成时, would have + 过去分词。</li>
<li><strong>例子</strong>If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.</li>
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