2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
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---
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title: Vim 快速入门
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2024-08-08 15:49:06 +08:00
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description: Vim 是一个功能强大的文本编辑器，此文档提供了快速入门指南，包括基础操作、模式切换、文本编辑技巧等。
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2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
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keywords:
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2024-04-26 21:42:22 +08:00
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- Vim
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- 入门
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2024-08-08 15:49:06 +08:00
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- 编辑器
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- 基础操作
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- 模式
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- 文本编辑
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2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
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tags:
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2024-04-26 21:42:22 +08:00
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- Vim
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- 技术/入门
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2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
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author: 7Wate
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2024-08-08 15:49:06 +08:00
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date: 2024-08-08
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2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
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---
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[Vim](http://www.vim.org/) 8.2 快速参考备忘单的有用集合，可帮助您更快地学习 vim 编辑器。
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## 入门
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### 运动图
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```vim
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▼/▶ 光标 ▽/▷ 目标
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```
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#### 左右动作
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```vim
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╭┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ |
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├┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ 0 $ ┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈╮
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┆ ╭┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ ^ fe ┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈╮ ┆
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┆ ┆ ╭┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ Fo te ┈┈┈┈┈┈┈╮┆ ┆
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┆ ┆ ┆╭┈┈┈┈┈┈ To 30| ┈┈┈╮ ┆┆ ┆
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┆ ┆ ┆┆ ╭┈┈┈┈ ge w ┈┈┈╮ ┆ ┆┆ ┆
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┆ ┆ ┆┆ ┆ ╭┈┈ b e ┈╮ ┆ ┆ ┆┆ ┆
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┆ ┆ ┆┆ ┆ ┆ ╭h l╮ ┆ ┆ ┆ ┆┆ ┆
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▽ ▽ ▽▽ ▽ ▽ ▽▼ ▼▽ ▽ ▽ ▽ ▽▽ ▽
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echo "A cheatsheet from quickReference"
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```
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#### 上下动作
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```vim
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- SCREEN 1 START
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╭┈┬┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈▷ #!/usr/bin/python
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┆ ┆ ╭┈┈┈▷
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┆ ┆ ┆ print("Hello")
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┆ ┆ { } ▶ print("Vim")
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┆ ┆ ┆ print("!")
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┆ ┆ └┈▷
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┆ ┆ ╭┈┈┈┬┈┈┈▷ print("Welcome")
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G gg H M L k j ▶ print("to")
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┆ ┆ └┈▷ print("Quick Reference")
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┆ ┆ print("/vim")
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┆ ┆
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┆ ╰┈┈┈┈┈▷
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┆ - SCREEN 1 END
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╰┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈▷ print("SCREEN 2")
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```
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### 动作
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| --------------------- | ------------- |
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| `h` | `j` | `k` | `l` | 方向键 |
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| `<C-u>` */* `<C-d>` | 上/下半页 |
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| `<C-b>` */* `<C-f>` | 向上/向下翻页 |
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2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
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#### 字 (词)
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| ------------ | ----------------- |
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| `b` */* `w` | 上一个/下一个单词 |
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| `ge` */* `e` | 上一个/下一个词尾 |
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#### 行
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------------------- | ----------------- |
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| `0` *(zero)* */* `$` | 行的开始/结束 |
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| `^` | 行开头 *(非空白)* |
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#### 字符串
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| ------------- | ------------------------------- |
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| `Fe` */* `fe` | 移动到上一个/下一个 `e` |
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| `To` */* `to` | 在上一个/下一个 `o` 之前/之后移动 |
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| `|` */* `n|` | 转到第一个/`n` 列 |
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2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
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#### 文档
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| ------------ | ----------------- |
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| `gg` */* `G` | 第一行/最后一行 |
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| `:n` | `nG` | 转到第 `n` 行 |
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| `}` */* `{` | 下一个/上一个空行 |
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#### 窗口
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| ---------------------- | -------------- |
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| `H` */* `M` */* `L` | 上/中/下屏幕 |
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| `zt` */* `zz` */* `zb` | 上/中/下这条线 |
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### 插入模式
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| ---------------------- | -------------------- |
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| `i` */* `a` | 在光标之前/之后插入 |
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| `I` */* `A` | 插入行的开始/结束 |
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| `o` */* `O` *(letter)* | 在下方/上方插入新行 |
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| `s` */* `S` | 删除字符/行并插入 |
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| `C` */* `cc` | 更改到/当前行的结尾 |
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| `gi` | 在最后一个插入点插入 |
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| `Esc` | `<C-[>` | 退出插入模式 |
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### 保存和退出
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| ------------------- | ------------------- |
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| `:w` | 保存 |
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| `:q` | 关闭文件 |
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| `:wq` | `:x` | `ZZ` | 保存并退出 |
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| `:wqa` | 保存并退出所有文件 |
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| `:q!` | `ZQ` | 强制退出 |
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| `:qa` | 关闭所有文件 |
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| `:qa!` | 强制退出所有文件 |
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2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
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| `:w` new.txt | 写入 `new.txt` |
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| `:sav` new.txt | 保存并编辑 `new.txt` |
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2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
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| `:w` !sudo tee % | 写入只读文件 |
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### 正常模式
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| --------------------- | ----------------- |
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| `r` | 替换一个字符 |
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| `R` | 进入替换模式 |
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| `u` */* `3u` | 撤消更改 `1`/`3` 次 |
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| `U` | 在一行上撤消更改 |
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| `J` | 加入下一行 |
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| `<C-r>` */* 5 `<C-r>` | 重做更改 `1`/`5` 次 |
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### 剪切和粘贴
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| ------------- | ------------------- |
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| `x` | 删除字符 *(剪切)* |
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| `p` */* `P` | 在之后/之前粘贴 |
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| `xp` | 交换两个字符 |
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| `D` | 删除到行尾 *(剪切)* |
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| `dw` | 删除单词 *(剪切)* |
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| `dd` | 删除线 *(剪切)* |
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| `ddp` | 交换两条线 |
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| `yy` | 拉线 *(复制)* |
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| `"*p` | `"+p` | 从系统剪贴板粘贴 |
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| `"*y` | `"+y` | 粘贴到系统剪贴板 |
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#### 在可视化模式下
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| ----------- | ------------------ |
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| `d` *|* `x` | 删除选择 *(剪切)* |
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| `s` | 替换选择 |
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| `y` | Yank 选择 *(复制)* |
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### 重复
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------- | -------------------------------- |
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| `.` | 重复上一个命令 |
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| `;` | 重复最新的 `f`、`t`、`F` 或 `T` |
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2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
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| `,` | 重复最新的 `f`、`t`、`F` 或 `T` 颠倒 |
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| `&` | 重复最后一个 `:s` |
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| `@:` | 重复命令行命令 |
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### 可视化模式
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| ----------- | ------------------ |
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| `v` | 进入可视化模式 |
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| `V` | 进入视线模式 |
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| `<C-v>` | 进入可视化阻挡模式 |
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| `ggVG` | 选择所有文本 |
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| `>` */* `<` | 向右/向左移动文本 |
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### 宏
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| :- | - |
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| ----- | --------------- |
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| `qi` | 录制宏 `i` |
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| `q` | 停止录制宏 |
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| `@i` | 运行宏 `i` |
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| `7@i` | 运行宏 `i` 7 次 |
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| `@@` | 重复上一个宏 |
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您可以为任何字母保存宏，而不仅仅是 `i`
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## Vim 运算符
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### 用法
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------- | ---- |
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| `d` | w |
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| 运算符 | 动作 |
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将 [可用运算符](https://github.com/jaywcjlove/reference/blob/main/docs/vim.md#可用运算符) 与 [动作](https://github.com/jaywcjlove/reference/blob/main/docs/vim.md#动作) 结合使用以使用它们
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### 可用运算符
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------- | --------------------- |
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| `d` | 删除 |
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| `y` | Yank *(复制)* |
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| `c` | 更改 *(删除然后插入)* |
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| `p` | 粘贴 |
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| `=` | 格式代码 |
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| `g~` | 切换案例 |
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| `gU` | 大写 |
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| `gu` | 小写 |
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| `>` | 右缩进 |
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| `<` | 左缩进 |
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| `!` | 通过外部程序过滤 |
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### 例子
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| 组合 | 说明 |
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| --------- | ----------------------- |
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| `d`d | 删除当前行 |
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| `d`j | 删除两行 |
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| `d`w | 删除到下一个单词 |
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| `d`b | 删除到单词的开头 |
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| `d`fa | 删除直到 `a` 字符 |
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| `d`/hello | 删除直到 `hello` |
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| `c`c | 更改当前行，与 `S` 同义 |
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| `y`y | 复制当前行 |
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| `>`j | 缩进 2 行 |
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| gg`d`G | 删除完整的文档 |
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| gg`=`G | 缩进一个完整的文档 |
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| gg`y`G | 复制整个文档 |
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### 计数
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```vim
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[数字] <运算符> <动作>
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<运算符> [数字] <动作>
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```
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------
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| 组合 | 说明 |
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| ----- | --------------- |
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| 2`d`d | 删除 `2` 行 |
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| 6`y`y | 复制 `6` 行 |
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| `d`3w | 删除 `3` 字 |
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| `d`5j | 向下删除 `5` 行 |
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| `>`4k | 向上缩进 `4` 行 |
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## Vim 文本对象
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### 用法
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------- | ---------------------------- |
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| `v` | i */* a |
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| Operator | inner(内部) */* around(周围) |
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文本块内部或周围使用 [operator](https://github.com/jaywcjlove/reference/blob/main/docs/vim.md#可用运算符) 进行操作
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### 文本对象
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------- | ------------------- |
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| p | 段落 |
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| w | 单词 |
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| W | WORD *(被空格包围)* |
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| s | 句子 |
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| [ ( { < | []、() 或 {} 块 |
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| ] ) } > | []、() 或 {} 块 |
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| ' " ` | 带引号的字符串 |
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| b | 一个块 [( |
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| B | [{中的一个块 |
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| t | 一个 HTML 标签块 |
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查看 `:help text-objects`
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### 删除
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------- | --------------------- |
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| `d`iw | 删除内词 |
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| `d`is | 删除内句 |
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| `d`i" | 引号中删除 |
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| `d`a" | 删除引号 *(包括引号)* |
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| `d`ip | 删除段落 |
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### 选择
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------- | ------------------------------ |
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| `v`i" | 选择内引号“`...`{.underline}” |
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| `v`a" | 选择引号 `"..."`{.underline} |
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| `v`i[ | 选择内括号 [`...`{.underline}] |
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| `v`a[ | 选择括号 `[...]`{.underline} |
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| `v`iw | 选择内词 |
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| `v`ip | 选择内部段落 |
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| `v`ipip | 选择更多段落 |
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### 杂项
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------- | ------------------------ |
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| `c`iw | 换内字 |
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| `c`i" | 更改内部引号 |
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| `c`it | 更改内部标签 (HTML) |
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| `c`ip | 更改内部段落 |
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| `y`ip | Yank 段落 |
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| `y`ap | Yank 段落 *(包括换行符)* |
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## Vim 多个文件
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### Buffers (缓冲器)
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| :- | - |
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| ---------- | ------------------------ |
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| `:e file` | 在新缓冲区中编辑文件 |
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| `:bn` | 转到下一个缓冲区 |
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| `:bp` | 转到上一个缓冲区 |
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| `:bd` | 从缓冲区列表中删除文件 |
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| `:b 5` | 打开缓冲区 #5 |
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| `:b file` | 按文件转到缓冲区 |
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| `:ls` | 列出所有打开的缓冲区 |
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| `:sp file` | 打开和拆分窗口 |
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| `:vs file` | 打开和垂直拆分窗口 |
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| `:hid` | 隐藏此缓冲区 |
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| `:wn` | 写入文件并移至下一个 |
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| `:tab ba` | 将所有缓冲区编辑为选项卡 |
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### 窗口
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| :- | - |
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| ------------------- | ---------------- |
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| `<C-w>` `s` | 拆分窗口 |
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| `<C-w>` `v` | 垂直拆分窗口 |
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| `<C-w>` `w` | 切换窗口 |
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| `<C-w>` `q` | 退出一个窗口 |
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| `<C-w>` `T` | 拆分成一个新标签 |
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| `<C-w>` `x` | 用下一个交换当前 |
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| `<C-w>` `-` */* `+` | 减少/增加高度 |
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| `<C-w>` `<` */* `>` | 减少/增加宽度 |
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| `<C-w>` `|` | 最大宽度 |
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| `<C-w>` `=` | 同样高和宽 |
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| `<C-w>` `h` */* `l` | 转到左/右窗口 |
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| `<C-w>` `j` */* `k` | 转到上/下窗口 |
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### 选项卡
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| `:tabe [file]` | E 在新选项卡中编辑文件 |
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| `:tabf [file]` | 如果在新选项卡中存在则打开 |
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| `:tabc` | C 失去当前选项卡 |
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| `:tabo` | 关闭 o 其他选项卡 |
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| `:tabs` | 列出所有标签 |
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| `:tabr` | 转到第一个 r 标签 |
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| `:tabl` | 转到 last 选项卡 |
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| `:tabm 0` | 我转到位置 `0` |
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| `:tabn` | 转到 next 选项卡 |
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| `:tabp` | 转到 p 上一个标签 |
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#### 正常模式
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| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
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| -------- | ---------------- |
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| `gt` | 转到 next 选项卡 |
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| `gT` | 转到 p 上一个标签 |
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| `2gt` | 转到标签编号 `2` |
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## Vim 搜索和替换
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### 搜索
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| :- | - |
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| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `/foo` | 向前搜索 |
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| `/foo\c` | 向前搜索 *(不区分大小写)* |
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| `?foo` | 向后搜索 |
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| `/\v\d+` | 使用 [regex](https://github.com/jaywcjlove/reference/blob/main/docs/regex.md) 搜索 |
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| `n` | 下一个匹配的搜索模式 |
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| `N` | 上一个匹配的搜索 |
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| `*` | 向前搜索当前单词 |
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| `#` | 向后搜索当前单词 |
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### 更换行
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```vim
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:[range]s/{pattern}/{str}/[flags]
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```
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------
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| :- | - |
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| ----------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `:s/old/new` | 先更换 |
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| `:s/old/new/g` | 全部替换 |
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| `:s/\vold/new/g` | 全部替换为 [regex](https://github.com/jaywcjlove/reference/blob/main/docs/regex.md) |
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2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
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| `:s/old/new/gc` | 全部替换 *(确认)* |
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| `:s/old/new/i` | 先忽略大小写替换 |
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| `:2,6s/old/new/g` | 在 `2`-`6` 行之间替换 |
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### 替换文件
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```vim
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:%s/{pattern}/{str}/[flags]
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```
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------
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| :- | - |
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| ----------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `:%s/old/new` | 先更换 |
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| `:%s/old/new/g` | 全部替换 |
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| `:%s/old/new/gc` | 全部替换 *(确认)* |
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| `:%s/old/new/gi` | 全部替换 *(忽略大小写)* |
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| `:%s/\vold/new/g` | 全部替换为 [regex](https://github.com/jaywcjlove/reference/blob/main/docs/regex.md) |
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### 范围
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| :- | - |
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| ------- | --------------------- |
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| `%` | 整个文件 |
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| `’<,’>` | 当前选择 |
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| `5` | 第 `5` 行 |
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| `5,10` | 第 `5` 行到第 `10` 行 |
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| `$` | 最后一行 |
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| `2,$` | 第 `2` 行到最后 |
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| `.` | 当前行 |
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| `,3` | 接下来的 `3` 行 |
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| `-3,` | 转发 `3` 行 |
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### 全局命令
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```vim
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:[range]g/{pattern}/[command]
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```
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------
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| :- | - |
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| ------------ | --------------------------- |
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| `:g/foo/d` | 删除包含 `foo` 的行 |
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| `:g!/foo/d` | 删除不包含 `foo` 的行 |
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| `:g/^\s*$/d` | 删除所有空行 |
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| `:g/foo/t$` | 将包含 `foo` 的行复制到 EOF |
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| `:g/foo/m$` | 将包含 `foo` 的行移动到 EOF |
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| `:g/^/m0` | 反转文件 |
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| `:g/^/t.` | 复制每一行 |
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### Inverse(逆) :g
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```vim
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:[range]v/{pattern}/[command]
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```
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------
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| :- | - |
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| ---------- | --------------------------------------- |
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2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
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| `:v/foo/d` | 删除不包含 `foo` 的行 *(还有 `:g!/foo/d`)* |
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2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
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### Flags(标志)
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| :- | - |
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| ---- | -------------- |
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| `g` | 替换所有出现 |
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| `i` | 忽略大小写 |
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| `I` | 不要忽略大小写 |
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| `c` | 确认每个替换 |
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### 替换表达式（魔术）
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| :- | - |
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| ------------ | ------------------------------- |
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| `&` *|* `\0` | 替换为整个匹配的 |
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| `\1`...`\9` | 替换为 0-9 组 |
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| `\u` | 大写下一个字母 |
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| `\U` | 后面的大写字符 |
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| `\l` | 小写下一个字母 |
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| `\L` | 后面的字符小写 |
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| `\e` | `\u`、`\U`、`\l` 和 `\L` 的结尾 |
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| `\E` | `\u`、`\U`、`\l` 和 `\L` 的结尾 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 例子
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
:s/a\|b/xxx\0xxx/g # 将 "a b" 修改为 "xxxaxxx xxxbxxx"
|
|
|
|
|
|
:s/test/\U& file/ # 将 "test" 修改为 "TEST FILE"
|
|
|
|
|
|
:s/\(test\)/\U\1\e file/ # 将 "test" 修改为 "TEST file"
|
|
|
|
|
|
:s/\v([abc])([efg])/\2\1/g # 将 "af fa bg" 修改为 "fa fa gb"
|
|
|
|
|
|
:s/\v\w+/\u\0/g # 将 "bla bla" 修改为 "Bla Bla"
|
|
|
|
|
|
:s/\v([ab])|([cd])/\1x/g # 将 "a b c d" 修改为 "ax bx x x"
|
|
|
|
|
|
:%s/.*/\L&/ # 将 "HTML" 修改为 "html"
|
|
|
|
|
|
:s/\v<(.)(\w*)/\u\1\L\2/g # 将单词的每个首字母大写
|
|
|
|
|
|
:%s/^\(.*\)\n\1/\1/ # 删除重复行
|
|
|
|
|
|
:%s/<\/\=\(\w\+\)\>/\U&/g # 将 HTML 标记转换为大写
|
|
|
|
|
|
:g/^pattern/s/$/mytext # 查找文本并将其附加到末尾
|
|
|
|
|
|
:g/pattern/norm! @i # 在匹配行上运行宏
|
|
|
|
|
|
/^\(.*\)\(\r\?\n\1\)\+$ # 查看重复行
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\v^(.*)(\r?\n\1)+$ # 查看重复行（非常神奇）
|
|
|
|
|
|
:v/./,/./-j # 将空行压缩成空行
|
|
|
|
|
|
:g/<p1>/,/<p2>/d # 从 <p1> 到 <p2> 包含删除
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Vimdiff
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 用法
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
vimdiff file1 file2 [file3]
|
|
|
|
|
|
vim -d file1 file2 [file3]
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 编辑
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
:[range]diffget [bufspec]
|
|
|
|
|
|
:[range]diffput [bufspec]
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------------------- | --------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `do` */* `:diffget` | 获取（get）差异 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `dp` */* `:diffput` | 放差价 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:dif` | 重新扫描差异 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:diffo` | 关闭差异模式 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:1,$+1diffget` | 获取所有差异 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ZQ` | 不做改动就退出 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
请参阅：[范围](https://github.com/jaywcjlove/reference/blob/main/docs/vim.md#范围)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 折叠
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------------- | -------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `zo` */* `zO` | 打开 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `zc` */* `zC` | 关 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `za` */* `zA` | 切换 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `zv` | 这条线的打开折叠 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `zM` | 关闭所有 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `zR` | 打开所有 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `zm` | 折叠更多 *(折叠级别 += 1)* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `zr` | 少折叠 *(折叠级别 -= 1)* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `zx` | 更新折叠 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 跳跃
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -------- | ---------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `]c` | 下一个区别 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `[c` | 以前的区别 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 各种各样的
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Case
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -------------- | --------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `vU` | *大写* 字母 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `vu` | *小写* 字符 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `~` | *切换案例* 字符 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `viw` `U` | *大写* 字 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `viw` `u` | *小写* 字 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `viw` `~` | *切换案例* 字 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VU` */* `gUU` | *大写* 行 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `Vu` */* `guu` | *小写* 行 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `V~` */* `g~~` | *切换案例* 线 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `gggUG` | *大写* 所有文本 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ggguG` | *小写* 所有文本 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ggg~G` | *切换大小写* 所有文本 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 跳跃
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -------- | --------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-o>` | 返回上一个 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-i>` | 向前 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `gf` | 转到光标中的文件 |
|
2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| `ga` | 显示十六进制、ASCII 值 |
|
2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 其他命令行
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| :- | - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -------------- | ------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:h` | 帮助打开帮助视图 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:edit!` | 重新加载当前文件 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:2,8m0` | 将行 `2`-`8` 移动到 `0` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:noh` | 清除搜索亮点 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:sort` | 排序行 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:ter` | 打开终端窗口 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:set paste` | 启用插入粘贴子模式 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:set nopaste` | 禁用插入粘贴子模式 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:cq` | 退出并出现错误 *(正在中止 Git)* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 导航
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------------- | ------------------- |
|
2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| `%` | 最近/匹配的 `{[()]}` |
|
2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| `[(` *|* `[{` | 上一个 `(` 或 `{` |
|
2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| `])` *|* `]{` | 下一个 `)` 或 `}` |
|
2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| `[m` | 上一个方法开始 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `[M` | 上一个方法结束 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 计数器
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -------- | -------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-a>` | 增加数量 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-x>` | 减少数量 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 选项卡
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -------------------- | --------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:tag Classname` | 跳转到 Classname 的第一个定义 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-]>` | 跳转到定义 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `g]` | 查看所有定义 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-t>` | 回到最后一个标签 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-o> <C-i>` | 后退前进 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:tselect Classname` | 查找类名的定义 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:tjump Classname` | 查找类名的定义 *(自动选择第一个)* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 格式化
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| :- | - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------- | ------------------ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:ce 8` | `8` 列之间的中心线 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:ri 4` | 在 `4` 列右对齐行 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:le` | 左对齐线 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
查看 `:help formatting`
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 标记
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ----------- | ------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ``^` | 插入模式下光标的最后位置 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ``.` | 当前缓冲区的最后更改 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ``"` | 最后退出的当前缓冲区 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ``0` | 在上次编辑的文件中 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `''` | 返回当前缓冲区中跳出的行 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ```` | 返回当前缓冲区中跳转的位置 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ``[` | 到先前更改或拉出的文本的开头 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ``]` | 到之前更改或拉出的文本的结尾 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ``<` | 到最后一个可视化选择的开始 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ``>` | 到最后一个可视化选择的结尾 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ma` | 将此光标位置标记为`a` |
|
2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| ``a` | 跳转到光标位置 `a` |
|
2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| `'a` | 跳转到位置为 `a` 的行首 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `d'a` | 从当前行删除到标记 `a` 的行 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `d`a` | 从当前位置删除到标记 `a` 的位置 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `c'a` | 将文本从当前行更改为 `a` 行 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `y`a` | 将文本从当前位置拉到 `a` 的位置 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:marks` | 列出所有当前标记 |
|
2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| `:delm a` | 删除标记 `a` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:delm a-d` | 删除标记 `a`、`b`、`c`、`d` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:delm abc` | 删除标记 `a`、`b`、`c` |
|
2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 计算器
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ---------------- | -------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-r>` `=` 7*7 | 显示结果 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-r>` `=` 10/2 | 显示结果 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在 INSERT 模式下执行此操作
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| :- | - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------------ | ---------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:!<shell>` | 解释 Shell 命令 |
|
2024-04-26 22:10:54 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| `:r!<shell>` | 读入 shell 的输出 |
|
2022-11-16 16:29:48 +08:00
|
|
|
|
| `:r!date` | 插入日期 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:!!date` | 用日期替换当前行 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 命令行
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 快捷方式 | 说明 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------------ | ------------------------ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-r><C-w>` | 将当前单词插入命令行 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-r>"` | 从 `注册` 粘贴 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `<C-x><C-f>` | 在插入模式下自动完成路径 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 技巧
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
删除重复行
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
:sort | %!uniq -u
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
对文件中的行进行编号
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
:%!cat -n
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
将整个文档复制到剪贴板
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
:%w !pbcopy # Mac OS X
|
|
|
|
|
|
:%w !xclip -i -sel c # GNU/Linux
|
|
|
|
|
|
:%w !xsel -i -b # GNU/Linux
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 理解 Vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 动词理解
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
d # 表示删除delete
|
|
|
|
|
|
r # 表示替换replace
|
|
|
|
|
|
c # 表示修改change
|
|
|
|
|
|
y # 表示复制yank
|
|
|
|
|
|
v # 表示选取visual select
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
动词代表了我们打算对文本进行什么样的操作
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 名词理解
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
w # 表示一个单词word
|
|
|
|
|
|
s # 表示一个句子sentence
|
|
|
|
|
|
p # 表示一个段落paragraph
|
|
|
|
|
|
t # 表示一个 HTML 标签tag
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
名词代表了我们即将处理的文本。引号或者各种括号所包含的文本称作一个文本块。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 介词理解
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```vim
|
|
|
|
|
|
i # 表示在...之内 inside
|
|
|
|
|
|
a # 表示环绕... around
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t # 表示到...位置前 to
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f # 表示到...位置上 forward
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```
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介词界定了待编辑文本的范围或者位置。
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### 数词理解
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数词指定了待编辑文本对象的数量，从这个角度而言，数词也可以看作是一种介词。引入数词之后，文本编辑命令的语法就升级成了下面这样：
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```vim
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动词 介词/数词 名词
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```
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下面是几个例子：
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```vim
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c3w # 修改三个单词：change three words
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d2w # 删除两个单词：delete two words
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```
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另外，数词也可以修饰动词，表示将操作执行 `n` 次。于是，我们又有了下面的语法：
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```vim
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数词 动词 名词
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```
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示例
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```vim
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2dw # 两次删除单词(等价于删除两个单词): twice delete word
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3x # 三次删除字符(等价于删除三个字符): three times delete character
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```
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### 组词为句理解
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有了这些基本的语言元素，我们就可以着手构造一些简单的命令了。文本编辑命令的基本语法如下：
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```vim
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动词 介词 名词
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```
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下面是一些例子
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```vim
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dip # 删除一个段落: delete inside paragraph
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vis # 选取一个句子: visual select inside sentence
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ciw # 修改一个单词: change inside word
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caw # 修改一个单词: change around word
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dtx # 删除文本直到字符“x”(不包括字符“x”): delete to x
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dfx # 删除文本直到字符“x”(包括字符“x”): delete forward x
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```
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## 另见
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- [搞得像IDE一样的 Vim](https://jaywcjlove.github.io/vim-web) *(github.io)*
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- [Vim 官方网站](http://www.vim.org/) *(vim.org)*
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- [Devhints](https://devhints.io/vim) *(devhints.io)*
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- [Vim cheatsheet](https://vim.rtorr.com/lang/zh_cn/) *(vim.rotrr.com)*
|
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- [Vim documentation](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/) *(vimdoc.sourceforge.net)*
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- [Interactive Vim tutorial](http://openvim.com/) *(openvim.com)*
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> 来源：[Vim 备忘清单 & vim cheatsheet & Quick Reference](https://wangchujiang.com/reference/docs/vim.html)；仅学术引用，著作权归作者所有。
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