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<p>Socket 是计算机网络中用于实现进程间通信的一种技术。简而言之，它是一个端点，用于发送或接收数据。这些数据可以在同一台计算机上的进程之间，或者在不同计算机上的进程之间进行传输。</p>
<p><code>socket</code> 是 Python 中的一个标准库，它提供了低级的网络通信功能。基于该库，开发者可以实现 TCP、UDP 以及其他类型的网络协议的客户端和服务端程序。</p>
<p><code>socket</code> 库的历史可以追溯到 Unix 操作系统的早期。在 Unix 中，socket 被用作进程间通信 (IPC) 的一种方式。随着互联网的发展，socket 逐渐被应用于网络通信。Python 的 <code>socket</code> 库提供了对这一功能的高级封装，使得开发网络应用变得更为简单。</p>
<h2 id="工作原理">工作原理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#工作原理" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p><code>socket</code> 网络通信最常见的模型是客户端 - 服务器模型。客户端是请求服务的实体，而服务器是提供服务的实体。Socket 允许这两个实体进行通信。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>客户端</strong>: 创建 Socket -> 连接到服务器 -> 交换数据 -> 关闭 Socket</li>
<li><strong>服务器</strong>: 创建 Socket -> 绑定到特定地址和端口 -> 监听连接 -> 接受客户端连接 -> 交换数据 -> 关闭 Socket</li>
</ul>
<p><code>socket</code> 主要被用于：</p>
<ul>
<li>创建网络服务器和客户端。</li>
<li>实现多种网络协议，如 TCP 和 UDP。</li>
<li>进行低级的网络通信，如发送原始套接字数据。</li>
</ul>
<p>它解决了开发者在进行网络通信时的底层细节问题，如地址转换、数据传输等。</p>
<h3 id="协议类型">协议类型<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#协议类型" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>流式 Socket (SOCK_STREAM)</strong>: 提供了一个可靠的、面向连接的字节流。这是最常用的 Socket 类型，TCP 协议就是基于这种 Socket。</li>
<li><strong>数据报 Socket (SOCK_DGRAM)</strong>: 提供了一种无连接的、不可靠的数据传输方式。UDP 协议就是基于这种 Socket。</li>
<li><strong>原始 Socket (SOCK_RAW)</strong>: 允许直接访问底层协议，通常用于开发新的通信协议。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="地址家族">地址家族<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#地址家族" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>AF_INET (IPv4)</strong>: 最常用的地址家族，用于 Internet 通信。</li>
<li><strong>AF_INET6 (IPv6)</strong>: 下一代 Internet 地址家族。</li>
<li><strong>AF_UNIX</strong>: 用于同一台机器上的进程间通信。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="生命周期">生命周期<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#生命周期" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR;
A[创建 Socket] --> B[绑定 Socket到地址和端口];
B --> C[开始监听传入的连接];
C --> D[接受连接请求];
D --> E[进行数据传输];
E --> F[关闭 Socket];
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li><strong>创建</strong>: 使用 <code>socket.socket()</code> 创建一个新的 Socket 对象。</li>
<li><strong>绑定</strong>: 使用 <code>bind()</code> 方法将 Socket 绑定到特定的地址和端口。</li>
<li><strong>监听</strong>: 使用 <code>listen()</code> 方法开始监听传入的连接。</li>
<li><strong>接受连接</strong>: 使用 <code>accept()</code> 方法接受一个连接。</li>
<li><strong>数据传输</strong>: 使用 <code>send()</code> 和 <code>recv()</code> 方法进行数据传输。</li>
<li><strong>关闭</strong>: 使用 <code>close()</code> 方法关闭 Socket。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="基础操作">基础操作<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基础操作" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>由于 <code>socket</code> 是 Python 的标准库，无需额外安装。</p>
<h3 id="支持协议">支持协议<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#支持协议" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><code>socket</code> 库支持多种协议，用于不同的网络通信场景。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 服务器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">bind</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">((</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'localhost'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">8080</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">listen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;服务器正在监听...&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> addr </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">accept</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;连接来自 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">addr</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">recv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1024</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;接收到的数据: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">data.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">decode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">send</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;谢谢你!&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">encode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 客户端</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">((</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'localhost'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">8080</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">send</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;你好，服务器!&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">encode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">recv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1024</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;接收到的数据: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">data.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">decode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="tcp-示例">TCP 示例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#tcp-示例" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
subgraph TCP服务器
A[创建Socket] --> B[绑定到地址和端口]
B --> C[监听连接请求]
C --> D[接受连接]
D --> E[接收数据]
E --> F[处理数据]
F --> G[发送响应]
G --> E
E --> H[关闭连接]
H --> D
end
subgraph TCP客户端
I[创建Socket] --> J[连接到服务器]
J --> K[发送数据]
K --> L[接收响应]
L --> M[处理响应]
M --> K
K --> N[关闭连接]
end
A --> I
</code></pre>
<h4 id="服务器">服务器<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#服务器" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤1：创建 TCP Socket</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤2：绑定 Socket 到一个特定的 IP 地址和端口</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_address </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> (</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'localhost'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">12345</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">bind</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(server_address)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤3：监听传入的连接请求</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">listen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;TCP 服务器启动，等待连接...&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">while</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">True</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤4：接受客户端的连接请求</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_address </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">accept</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;接受来自 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">client_address</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> 的连接&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤5：与客户端建立通信</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">while</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">True</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">recv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1024</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">not</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">break</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤6：接收和发送数据</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">decode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;接收到来自客户端的数据: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> response </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;你好，</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="客户端">客户端<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#客户端" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤1：创建 TCP Socket</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤2：连接到服务器的 IP 地址和端口</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_address </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> (</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'localhost'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">12345</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">connect</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(server_address)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">while</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">True</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤3：发送数据给服务器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> message </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">input</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;请输入要发送的消息 (输入 'exit' 退出): &quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> message </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'exit'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">break</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">send</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(message.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">encode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤4：接收来自服务器的响应数据</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">recv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1024</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤5：处理服务器的响应数据</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">decode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;接收到服务器的响应: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤6：关闭与服务器的连接</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="udp-示例">UDP 示例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#udp-示例" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph LR
subgraph UDP服务器
A[创建Socket] --> B[绑定到地址和端口]
B --> C[接收数据]
C --> D[处理数据]
D --> E[发送响应]
E --> C
end
subgraph UDP客户端
F[创建Socket] --> G[发送数据]
G --> H[接收响应]
H --> I[处理响应]
I --> G
end
A --> F
</code></pre>
<h4 id="服务端">服务端<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#服务端" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤1：创建 UDP Socket</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤2：绑定 Socket 到一个特定的 IP 地址和端口</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_address </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> (</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'localhost'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">12345</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">bind</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(server_address)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;UDP 服务器启动，等待数据...&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">while</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">True</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤3：接收客户端发送的数据</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_address </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">recvfrom</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1024</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤4：处理客户端数据</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">decode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;接收到来自 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">client_address</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> 的数据: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤5：为客户端发送响应（如果需要）</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> response </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;你好，客户端！你发送了：</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sendto</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(response.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">encode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">), client_address)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤6：关闭 Socket（这里永远不会执行到）</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="客户端-1">客户端<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#客户端-1" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤1：创建 UDP Socket</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 服务器地址和端口</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">server_address </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> (</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'localhost'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">12345</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">while</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">True</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤2：发送数据给服务器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> message </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">input</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;请输入要发送的消息 (输入 'exit' 退出): &quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> message </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'exit'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">break</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">sendto</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(message.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">encode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">), server_address)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤3：接收来自服务器的响应数据</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> server_address </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">recvfrom</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1024</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤4：处理服务器的响应数据</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">decode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'utf-8'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;接收到服务器的响应: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 步骤5：关闭 Socket</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">client_socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">close</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="常用方法">常用方法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#常用方法" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<table><thead><tr><th>方法</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>socket()</td><td>创建一个新的 socket</td></tr><tr><td>bind()</td><td>绑定到一个地址和端口</td></tr><tr><td>listen()</td><td>开始监听连接</td></tr><tr><td>accept()</td><td>接受一个新的连接</td></tr><tr><td>connect()</td><td>连接到一个服务器</td></tr><tr><td>send()</td><td>发送数据</td></tr><tr><td>recv()</td><td>接收数据</td></tr><tr><td>close()</td><td>关闭 socket</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="深入探索">深入探索<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#深入探索" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="高级功能">高级功能<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#高级功能" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<h4 id="非阻塞-sockets">非阻塞 Sockets<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#非阻塞-sockets" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">socket</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setblocking</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">False</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="套接字选项">套接字选项<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#套接字选项" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setsockopt</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="超时">超时<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#超时" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">settimeout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5.0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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