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<h2 id="概述">概述<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#概述" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>**Requests 库的目标就是让 HTTP 请求变得简单而又 Pythonic。**它可以显著减少程序员发送 HTTP 请求的工作量。使用 Requests，你不必手动添加查询字符串到 URL 中，或 encode post 数据了。一切都自动完成。</p>
<h3 id="requests-vs-urllib">Requests Vs Urllib<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#requests-vs-urllib" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>Python 内置的 urllib 模块也可以发送网络请求，但其 API 不够优雅简洁。与 urllib 相比，Requests 更加 Pythonic，而且更简单易用。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用 urllib 获取一个网页的代码</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> urllib</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">request</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">response </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> urllib</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">request</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">urlopen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//www.python.org'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">html </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> response</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">read</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 使用 Requests 获取同一个页面的代码</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">response </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//www.python.org'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">html </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> response</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">text</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># Requests 允许使用 params 关键字传递参数，数据自动编码</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">payload </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'key1'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'value1'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'key2'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'value2'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">r </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/get'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， params</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">payload)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 而通过 urllib 则要手动编码</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> urllib</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">parse</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> urllib</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">request</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">url </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/get'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'?'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> urllib</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">parse</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">urlencode</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(payload)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">resp </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> urllib</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">request</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">urlopen</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(url)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>总之，Requests 相对于 urllib 更加简洁易用。</p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">对比项</th><th align="left">requests</th><th align="left">urllib</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">发送请求方法</td><td align="left">简洁的 requests.get()/post()</td><td align="left">较复杂的 urllib.request.urlopen()</td></tr><tr><td align="left">参数传递</td><td align="left">自动编码，直接传 dict</td><td align="left">需要手动 urlencode</td></tr><tr><td align="left">请求头</td><td align="left">直接传 dict 作为 headers</td><td align="left">通过 Request 类设置</td></tr><tr><td align="left">响应内容</td><td align="left">多属性访问 text/content/json/raw 等</td><td align="left">仅 response.read()</td></tr><tr><td align="left">编码支持</td><td align="left">自动编码</td><td align="left">需要手动编码</td></tr><tr><td align="left">连接池</td><td align="left">支持连接池和会话</td><td align="left">不支持</td></tr><tr><td align="left">异常处理</td><td align="left">提供多种请求相关异常</td><td align="left">仅 urllib.error 异常</td></tr><tr><td align="left">证书验证</td><td align="left">通过 verify 参数验证 SSL 证书</td><td align="left">通过 context 参数验证</td></tr><tr><td align="left">代理设置</td><td align="left">支持通过 proxies 参数</td><td align="left">较复杂的 ProxyHandler</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Cookies</td><td align="left">提供 cookie 参数</td><td align="left">通过 cookielib 模块管理</td></tr><tr><td align="left">重定向</td><td align="left">自动处理，可通过 max_redirects 配置</td><td align="left">需要手动处理</td></tr><tr><td align="left">基本认证</td><td align="left">通过 auth 参数</td><td align="left">通过 HTTPSHandler</td></tr><tr><td align="left">流请求</td><td align="left">内置支持</td><td align="left">需要自定义</td></tr><tr><td align="left">异步请求</td><td align="left">支持异步模式</td><td align="left">不支持异步</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 id="requests-的关键特性">Requests 的关键特性<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#requests-的关键特性" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>继承了 urllib 的所有特性</li>
<li>支持 HTTP 连接保持和连接池，提高效率</li>
<li>支持使用 cookie 跟踪会话</li>
<li>支持文件上传</li>
<li>支持自动解码内容</li>
<li>支持国际化的 URL 和 POST 数据自动编码</li>
<li>更加 Pythonic 的 API</li>
<li>连接超时设置</li>
<li>支持 HTTPS 请求，SSL 证书验证</li>
<li>自动解压</li>
<li>流下载</li>
<li>支持基本/摘要式的身份认证</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="基础用法">基础用法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基础用法" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="构造请求">构造请求<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#构造请求" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># requests.get 用于获取页面信息，</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">response </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//www.example.com'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># requests.post 用于提交 POST 请求。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">response </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">post</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/post'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> {</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'key'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">：</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'value'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">})</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="获取响应">获取响应<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#获取响应" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取响应的内容使用 text 属性</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">html </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> response</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">text</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取二进制响应内容使用 content 属性</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">png_data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> response</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">content</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取 JSON 响应使用 json() 方法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">json_data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> response</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">json</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="获取响应状态码">获取响应状态码<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#获取响应状态码" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>获取响应状态码，可以检查 response.status_code：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(response.status_code)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">200</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Requests 还提供了一个内置的状态码查询对象 requests.codes。例如：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(requests.codes.ok)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">200</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="请求参数">请求参数<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#请求参数" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>向请求中传入参数，有以下几种方法：</p>
<ol>
<li>通过 params 参数传入键值对</li>
</ol>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">payload </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'key1'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'value1'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'key2'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'value2'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">r </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/get'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， params</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">payload)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span></code></pre></div>
<ol>
<li>通过字典直接作为 params 参数传入</li>
</ol>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">params </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'key1'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'value1'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'key2'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'value2'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">r </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/get'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， params)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ol>
<li>通过 url 中的查询字符串传递参数</li>
</ol>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">url </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/get?key1=val1&amp;key2=val2'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">r </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(url)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="设置请求头">设置请求头<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#设置请求头" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>可以通过 headers 参数设置 HTTP 请求头，例如：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">url </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/get'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">headers </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'user-agent'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'my-app/0.0.1'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">r </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(url， headers</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">headers)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="响应内容">响应内容<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#响应内容" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>对于响应内容，有多种属性供访问：</p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">属性</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">r.text</td><td align="left">字符串形式的响应体，会自动解码</td></tr><tr><td align="left">r.content</td><td align="left">字节形式的响应体，可迭代</td></tr><tr><td align="left">r.json()</td><td align="left">将 JSON 响应转换为字典</td></tr><tr><td align="left">r.raw</td><td align="left">原始响应体，需要自行解码</td></tr><tr><td align="left">r.encoding</td><td align="left">响应体编码方式</td></tr><tr><td align="left">r.status_code</td><td align="left">HTTP 响应状态码</td></tr><tr><td align="left">r.headers</td><td align="left">响应头部的字典</td></tr><tr><td align="left">r.request</td><td align="left">请求的 Request 对象</td></tr><tr><td align="left">r.url</td><td align="left">请求的 URL</td></tr><tr><td align="left">r.history</td><td align="left">请求的重定向信息</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>例如：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">r </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//api.github.com'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(r.text)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 字符串形式的响应体</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(r.content)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 字节形式的响应体，可迭代 </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(r.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">json</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">())</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># JSON格式转换为字典 </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(r.raw)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 返回原始响应体</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="高级用法">高级用法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#高级用法" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>Requests 还提供了很多高级功能，极大地丰富了这一模块的使用场景。</p>
<h3 id="会话维持">会话维持<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#会话维持" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>Requests 提供了 session 对象，用于实现会话维持：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'http：//httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">r </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;http：//httpbin.org/cookies&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(r.text)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># '{&quot;cookies&quot;： {&quot;sessioncookie&quot;： &quot;123456789&quot;}}'</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>默认的 requests 函数并不会在同一个 session 中保持 cookie</strong>，所以它不会在跨请求保持状态。要保持会话，就需要使用 session 对象。</p>
<h3 id="ssl-证书验证">SSL 证书验证<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#ssl-证书验证" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>Requests 可以验证 SSL 证书，你可以指定一个本地证书用作客户端证书，以完成客户端验证：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">resp </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//example.com'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， verify</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'path/to/certfile'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>或者你也可以指定一个本地证书作为 CA 证书 BUNDLE，来验证请求的 TLS 服务端证书：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">resp </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//example.com'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， verify</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'path/to/cacert.pem'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="代理设置">代理设置<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#代理设置" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>使用代理也很简单：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">proxies </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;http&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;http：//10.10.1.10：3128&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">，</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;https&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;http：//10.10.1.10：1080&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">，</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;http：//example.org&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， proxies</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">proxies)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>你也可以通过环境变量 HTTP_PROXY 和 HTTPS_PROXY 配置代理。</p>
<h3 id="超时设置">超时设置<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#超时设置" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>通过 timeout 参数，可以告诉 requests 等待服务器响应的超时时间，以秒为单位：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//github.com'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， timeout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">0.001</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>分别为连接超时 connect timeou t 和读取超时 read timeout：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//github.com'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， timeout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">3.05</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">10</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">))</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>好的，文章继续：</p>
<h3 id="异常处理">异常处理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#异常处理" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>Requests 的异常类型主要分为以下几类：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>连接异常</strong>：包括 RequestsConnectionError 和 ConnectTimeout，表示与远程服务器的连接发生错误。</li>
<li><strong>超时异常</strong>：RequestsTimeout 表示请求超时。可以分为连接超时和读取超时。</li>
<li><strong>TooManyRedirects</strong>：表示重定向次数超过了最大限制（默认为 30 次）。</li>
<li><strong>HTTP 错误</strong>：HTTPError 表示 HTTP 错误响应，例如 404 或者 500 等。Requests 会自动为其封装异常。</li>
<li><strong>请求异常</strong>：RequestException 是 Requests 库自身的异常基类。</li>
<li><strong>SSL 错误</strong>：SSLError 表示 SSL 证书验证错误。</li>
<li><strong>代理错误</strong>：ProxyError 表示代理连接失败。</li>
<li><strong>数据解析错误</strong>：JSONDecodeError 和 DecodeError 表示响应数据解析错误。</li>
<li><strong>其他</strong>：ConnectionError、InvalidURL 等其他异常。</li>
</ul>
<p>可以通过 try except 语句捕获这些 <a href="../../../../../Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/异常处理" class="internal" data-slug="Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/异常处理">异常</a>：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">try</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> response </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/delay/10'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， timeout</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ConnectTimeout：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Connection timed out'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ConnectionError：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Connection error'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>如果不捕获异常，程序会中断并抛出异常。</p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">异常类型</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">RequestsConnectionError</td><td align="left">网络连接错误</td></tr><tr><td align="left">ConnectTimeout</td><td align="left">连接超时错误</td></tr><tr><td align="left">RequestsTimeout</td><td align="left">请求超时错误</td></tr><tr><td align="left">TooManyRedirects</td><td align="left">重定向次数超限</td></tr><tr><td align="left">HTTPError</td><td align="left">HTTP 错误响应</td></tr><tr><td align="left">RequestException</td><td align="left">请求异常基类</td></tr><tr><td align="left">SSLError</td><td align="left">SSL 证书验证错误</td></tr><tr><td align="left">ProxyError</td><td align="left">代理连接错误</td></tr><tr><td align="left">JSONDecodeError</td><td align="left">JSON 解析错误</td></tr><tr><td align="left">ConnectionError</td><td align="left">连接错误</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 id="流式下载">流式下载<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#流式下载" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>对于大文件下载，可以使用流模式节省内存：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'http：//httpbin.org/stream/100'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， stream</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">True</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> r：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> chunk </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> r</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">iter_content</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(chunk_size</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1024</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(chunk)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>该模式仅当你在迭代时才会持续下载响应体部分，如果你要多次读取响应，必须使用 r.content 访问内容。</p>
<h3 id="连接重试">连接重试<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#连接重试" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>可以通过设置 retries 参数，让请求在遇到连接错误时自动重试指定次数：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">adapters </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> HTTPAdapter</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">retries </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Retry</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(total</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， backoff_factor</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， status_forcelist</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">502</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">503</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">504</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">])</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">mount</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'http：//'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">HTTPAdapter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(max_retries</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">retries))</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>如果响应状态码是 502/503/504，该请求会重试最多 5 次。</p>
<h2 id="实践技巧">实践技巧<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#实践技巧" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="文件上传">文件上传<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#文件上传" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>Requests 使得文件上传变得极其简单：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">url </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/post'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">files </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'file'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'report.pdf'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'rb'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">r </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">post</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(url， files</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">files)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>我们只需要在传递的字典中设置好文件名和文件对象即可，Requests 会帮你正确编码并发送。</p>
<h3 id="获取图片">获取图片<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#获取图片" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>由于图片也是一种二进制数据，所以获取图片可以这么写：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">url </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//images.pexels.com/photos/1562477/pexels-photo-1562477.jpeg'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">r </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(url)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'image.jpeg'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'wb'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> f：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">write</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(r.content)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>图片内容保存在 r.content 中，我们可以直接 write 到文件。</p>
<h3 id="prepared-request">Prepared Request<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#prepared-request" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>如果要一次构造同一个请求发送多次，可以使用 Prepared Request：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">url </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//httpbin.org/post'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">data </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'key'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">：</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'value'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">headers </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'User-Agent'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">： </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'my-app'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">request </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Request</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'POST'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">， url， data</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">data， headers</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">headers)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">prepared_request </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> request</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">prepare</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">s </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">response </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">send</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(prepared_request)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="异步-requests">异步 Requests<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#异步-requests" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="基于-gevent-的异步">基于 Gevent 的异步<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基于-gevent-的异步" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> gevent</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">from</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> gevent </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> monkey</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">monkey</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">patch_all</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">urls </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//www.python.org'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">，</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//www.mi.com'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">，</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'https：//www.baidu.com'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">jobs </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [gevent</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">spawn</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(requests.get， url)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> url </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> urls]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">gevent</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">joinall</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(jobs)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">([job.value.text </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> job </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);"> jobs])</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="基于-asyncio-的异步">基于 Asyncio 的异步<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基于-asyncio-的异步" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> asyncio</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">async</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">download_site</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(url， </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">)：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">async</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">get</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(url)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> response：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;Read </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">len</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(response.content)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> from </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">url</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">async</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">download_all_sites</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">sites</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">)：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">async</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> requests</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Session</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> session：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> tasks </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> []</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> url </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sites：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> task </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> asyncio</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">ensure_future</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">download_site</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(url， session))</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> tasks</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">append</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(task)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">await</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> asyncio</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">gather</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">*</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">tasks)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__name__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">：</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> sites </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;https：//www.jython.org&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">，</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;http：//olympus.realpython.org/dice&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">，</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> ] </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">*</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">80</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> asyncio</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">run</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">download_all_sites</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(sites))</span></span></code></pre></div></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#概述" data-for="概述">概述</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#requests-vs-urllib" data-for="requests-vs-urllib">Requests Vs Urllib</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#requests-的关键特性" data-for="requests-的关键特性">Requests 的关键特性</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#基础用法" data-for="基础用法">基础用法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#构造请求" data-for="构造请求">构造请求</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#获取响应" data-for="获取响应">获取响应</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#获取响应状态码" data-for="获取响应状态码">获取响应状态码</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#请求参数" data-for="请求参数">请求参数</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#设置请求头" data-for="设置请求头">设置请求头</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#响应内容" data-for="响应内容">响应内容</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#高级用法" data-for="高级用法">高级用法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#会话维持" data-for="会话维持">会话维持</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#ssl-证书验证" data-for="ssl-证书验证">SSL 证书验证</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#代理设置" data-for="代理设置">代理设置</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#超时设置" data-for="超时设置">超时设置</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#异常处理" data-for="异常处理">异常处理</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#流式下载" data-for="流式下载">流式下载</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#连接重试" data-for="连接重试">连接重试</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#实践技巧" data-for="实践技巧">实践技巧</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#文件上传" data-for="文件上传">文件上传</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#获取图片" data-for="获取图片">获取图片</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#prepared-request" data-for="prepared-request">Prepared Request</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#异步-requests" data-for="异步-requests">异步 Requests</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基于-gevent-的异步" data-for="基于-gevent-的异步">基于 Gevent 的异步</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#基于-asyncio-的异步" data-for="基于-asyncio-的异步">基于 Asyncio 的异步</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li><a href="../../../../../Tech/programming-language/Python/进阶/异常处理" class="internal">异常处理</a></li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Basics&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Basics/english&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Blog&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/个人成长&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/医学健康&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot
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