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<p>**logging 模块是 Python 标准库里提供的日志功能组件，它是在开发过程中实现日志记录的推荐方式。**logging 模块主要包含四个组件：Logger、Handler、Filter 和 Formatter。通过它们的协作可以快速实现对日志的控制和处理。</p>
<h2 id="组件">组件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#组件" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="logger">Logger<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#logger" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>**Logger 是日志模块中最基本的组件，它负责生成和分类日志。**在应用代码中，我们可以通过 getLogger 方法获取 Logger 对象，主要有两种获取方式：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 1. 不指定 Logger 名称，返回 root Logger </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger1 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getLogger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 2. 指定名称获取 Logger </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger2 </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getLogger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'test'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="handler">Handler<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#handler" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><strong>Handler 用于指定 Logger 生成的日志消息应发送到哪个目标输出</strong>，常用的 Handler 有两种：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>StreamHandler</strong>：输出到流，如 sys.stdout、sys.stderr</li>
<li><strong>FileHandler</strong>：输出到文件</li>
</ul>
<p>我们可以通过 Logger 对象的 addHandler 方法将 Handler 与 Logger 关联起来：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getLogger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'test'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个 Handler，用于写入日志文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">fh </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">FileHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'test.log'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 给 logger 添加 Handler</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">addHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(fh)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="filter">Filter<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#filter" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>**Filter 用于提供复杂的日志过滤功能，可以用来过滤 INFO、DEBUG 等不同级别的日志。**根据需求，我们可以通过 logger.addFilter 将过滤器加到 logger 或者 handler 里。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 只记录 ERROR 及以上级别的日志</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">class</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">ErrorFilter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Filter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">def</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">filter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">self</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-parameter);">record</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">return</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> record</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">levelno </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">>=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ERROR</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">addFilter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">ErrorFilter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">())</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="formatter">Formatter<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#formatter" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>**Formatter 用于控制日志信息的最终输出格式。**我们可以指定日志不同部分的显示格式，如时间、代码位置、日志消息等。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 指定日志格式</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">formatter </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Formatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(levelname)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">] </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(asctime)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(message)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">handler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setFormatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(formatter)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="基础配置">基础配置<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基础配置" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>我们可以通过字典或文件的方式配置 logging 模块。</p>
<h3 id="dictconfig-配置">dictConfig 配置<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#dictconfig-配置" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">config</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">config_dict </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'version'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'formatters'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'simple'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'format'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(levelname)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">] </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(asctime)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(message)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">},</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'handlers'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'console'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'class'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'logging.StreamHandler'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'level'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'DEBUG'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'formatter'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'simple'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">},</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'file'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'class'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'logging.FileHandler'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'filename'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'test.log'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'formatter'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'simple'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">},</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'root'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'level'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'DEBUG'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'handlers'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'console'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'file'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">config</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">dictConfig</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(config_dict)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="fileconfig-配置">fileConfig 配置<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#fileconfig-配置" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>将配置字典写入 json 或 yaml 文件，通过 fileConfig 函数加载：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">config</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">config</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">fileConfig</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'config.yaml'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="配置参数">配置参数<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#配置参数" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>logging 模块的配置参数较多，主要包括以下方面：</p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">参数</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">version</td><td align="left">配置字典的版本，目前为 1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">disable_existing_loggers</td><td align="left">是否禁用已存在的其他日志器，默认 False</td></tr><tr><td align="left">formatters</td><td align="left">定义日志信息的格式化样式</td></tr><tr><td align="left">filters</td><td align="left">定义过滤日志信息的过滤器</td></tr><tr><td align="left">handlers</td><td align="left">定义日志的处理方法以及目标位置</td></tr><tr><td align="left">loggers</td><td align="left">定义具体的日志器并绑定处理器和过滤器</td></tr><tr><td align="left">root</td><td align="left">根日志器配置，其配置会应用到所有日志器上</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>loggers 配置参数：</p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">参数</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">level</td><td align="left">日志器接收的日志级别</td></tr><tr><td align="left">handlers</td><td align="left">绑定的日志处理器</td></tr><tr><td align="left">filters</td><td align="left">绑定的日志过滤器</td></tr><tr><td align="left">propagate</td><td align="left">是否传递给父日志器，默认 True</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>handlers 常用参数：</p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">参数</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">class</td><td align="left">指定处理器类，如 FileHandler、StreamHandler 等</td></tr><tr><td align="left">level</td><td align="left">处理器的日志级别</td></tr><tr><td align="left">formatter</td><td align="left">用于格式化日志的 Formatter</td></tr><tr><td align="left">args</td><td align="left">处理器初始化参数，如文件名等</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>formatters 参数：</p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">参数</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">format</td><td align="left">指定日志输出格式的模板</td></tr><tr><td align="left">datefmt</td><td align="left">格式化时间的格式字符串</td></tr><tr><td align="left">style</td><td align="left">输出样式，如 ’{’ 和 ’$’ 等</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="模块用法">模块用法<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#模块用法" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<pre><code class="mermaid">graph TB
START(开始)-->Choose_Logger[选择Logger]
Choose_Logger-->|内置Logger|Use_Builtin[使用Python内置Logger]
Choose_Logger-->|自定义Logger|Define_Logger[定义自定义Logger]
Define_Logger-->Set_Level[设置日志级别&lt;br>如DEBUG,INFO等]
Define_Logger-->Create_Handler[创建Handler&lt;br>如FileHandler,&lt;br>StreamHandler等]
Set_Level-->Create_Handler
Create_Handler-->Set_Format[设置日志格式]
Set_Format-->Add_Handler[添加Handler到Logger]
Use_Builtin-->Set_Level
Use_Builtin-->Create_Handler
Add_Handler--> USE[使用Logger记录日志]
USE-->END(结束)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="日志级别">日志级别<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#日志级别" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>logging 模块总共定义了 6 个级别的日志，按照严重程度从低到高排列如下：</p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">级别</th><th align="left">数值</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">DEBUG</td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">最详细的调试信息</td></tr><tr><td align="left">INFO</td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">确认一切运行正常</td></tr><tr><td align="left">WARNING</td><td align="left">30</td><td align="left">表示出现异常，但尚未影响程序运行</td></tr><tr><td align="left">ERROR</td><td align="left">40</td><td align="left">由于更严重的问题，程序的某些功能已经不能正常运行了</td></tr><tr><td align="left">CRITICAL</td><td align="left">50</td><td align="left">严重错误，程序可能无法继续运行</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>在代码中记录日志时，我们可以根据需要的日志级别选择合适的函数，比如：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">debug</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'detailed debug info'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">info</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'program running info'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">warning</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'warning occurred'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">error</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'error occurred'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">critical</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'critical error'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>日志级别可用于控制日志的输出粒度，通过设置级别参数可以只输出大于或等于该级别的日志。</p>
<h3 id="日志输出">日志输出<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#日志输出" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>logging 模块支持通过多种 Handler 将日志输出到不同的位置，常见的有两种：</p>
<h4 id="输出到控制台">输出到控制台<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#输出到控制台" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># create logger</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getLogger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'simple_example'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setLevel</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(logging.DEBUG)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># create console handler and set level to debug</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ch </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">StreamHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ch</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setLevel</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(logging.DEBUG)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># create formatter</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">formatter </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Formatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(asctime)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(name)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(levelname)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(message)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># add formatter to ch</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ch</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setFormatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(formatter)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># add ch to logger</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">addHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(ch)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 'application' code</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">debug</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'debug message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">info</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'info message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">warning</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'warn message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">error</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'error message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">critical</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'critical message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="输出到文件">输出到文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#输出到文件" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建 logger</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getLogger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'simple_example'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setLevel</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(logging.DEBUG)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建一个向文件输出的 handler</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">fh </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">FileHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'test.log'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">fh</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setLevel</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(logging.DEBUG)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建 formatter</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">formatter </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Formatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(asctime)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(name)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(levelname)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(message)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 添加 formatter 到 fh</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">fh</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setFormatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(formatter)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 添加 fh 到 logger</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">addHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(fh)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 日志输出</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">debug</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'debug message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">info</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'info message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">warning</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'warn message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">error</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'error message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">critical</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'critical message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>此外，还可以通过 SocketHandler 进行网络日志，通过 MemoryHandler 将日志输出到内存等。</p>
<h3 id="日志格式化">日志格式化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#日志格式化" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>logging 模块允许自定义日志的输出格式，方便阅读和分析。主要通过 Formatter 实现。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 自定义格式</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 2023-02-28 15：50：07，431 - myapp.utils - INFO - User signed in successfully [in /path/to/utils.py：456] </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">formatter </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Formatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(asctime)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(name)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(levelname)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(message)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> [in </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(pathname)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">：</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(lineno)d</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">]'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">handler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setFormatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(formatter)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Formatter 使用的格式字符串类似于 C 语言的 printf 格式，可以包含以下字段：</p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">字段</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">asctime</td><td align="left">日志事件发生时间，如 2023-02-28 15：49：23，895</td></tr><tr><td align="left">levelname</td><td align="left">日志级别的文本表示，如 INFO、ERROR 等</td></tr><tr><td align="left">levelno</td><td align="left">日志级别的数值，如 20、40 等</td></tr><tr><td align="left">message</td><td align="left">日志消息文本</td></tr><tr><td align="left">pathname</td><td align="left">调用日志输出函数的源代码文件路径</td></tr><tr><td align="left">filename</td><td align="left">pathname 的文件名部分</td></tr><tr><td align="left">module</td><td align="left">文件名的模块名部分</td></tr><tr><td align="left">funcName</td><td align="left">调用日志输出函数的函数名</td></tr><tr><td align="left">lineno</td><td align="left">调用日志输出函数的源代码行号</td></tr><tr><td align="left">thread</td><td align="left">线程 ID</td></tr><tr><td align="left">process</td><td align="left">进程 ID</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 id="日志高级功能">日志高级功能<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#日志高级功能" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<h4 id="日志回滚">日志回滚<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#日志回滚" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>通过 RotatingFileHandler 可以实现日志文件回滚，即当日志文件达到一定大小时自动生成新文件。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">handler </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">RotatingFileHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'test.log'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, maxBytes</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1024</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, backupCount</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">5</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="日志分割">日志分割<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#日志分割" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>它可以设置最大字节数和备份文件的数量，超过这些限制之后就会生成新的日志文件。通过 TimedRotatingFileHandler 可以实现日志文件按时间分割。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">handler </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">TimedRotatingFileHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'test.log'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, when</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'D'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, interval</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>通过 when 参数可以设置按日、周、月等时间间隔进行切割，interval 参数设置时间间隔大小。</p>
<h2 id="最佳实践">最佳实践<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#最佳实践" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="根据应用场景配置-logging-模块">根据应用场景配置 Logging 模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#根据应用场景配置-logging-模块" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>不同的 Python 应用场景需要不同的日志方案：</p>
<ul>
<li>小型命令行程序：直接输出到 stdout</li>
<li>大型项目：输出到日志文件，同时进行错误提醒、日志分割等</li>
<li>分布式系统：实现集中式日志，结合 ELK 等日志分析系统</li>
</ul>
<p>选择合适的 logging 功能组合。</p>
<h3 id="与项目架构相结合">与项目架构相结合<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#与项目架构相结合" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>logging 模块要与项目的架构设计相结合，比如：</p>
<ul>
<li>对 Django 项目进行专门的 Logging 设置</li>
<li>对 Flask 项目使用 dictsConfig 进行配置</li>
<li>对于大型项目，创建一个 log.py 统一处理日志</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="可选的日志收集工具">可选的日志收集工具<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#可选的日志收集工具" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>可以结合日志收集系统，实现可视化分析，如 ELK(ElasticSearch + Logstash + Kibana) 组合。</p>
<h3 id="日志的性能优化">日志的性能优化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#日志的性能优化" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>通过配置只记录必要的日志级别，不记录无用日志</li>
<li>将调试日志单独记录到一个文件</li>
<li>避免频繁字符串拼接，使用参数化格式</li>
<li>控制日志文件大小和滚动频率</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="实战练习">实战练习<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#实战练习" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="标准日志模块的配置示范">标准日志模块的配置示范<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#标准日志模块的配置示范" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># log_config.py</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">config</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 日志配置字典</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">config_dict </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 版本配置</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'version'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 配置日志格式化器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'formatters'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 简单日志格式</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'simple'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'format'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(asctime)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">] [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(levelname)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">] </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(message)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">},</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 复杂日志格式 </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'complex'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'format'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(asctime)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">] [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(levelname)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">] [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(name)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">] [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(filename)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(funcName)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(lineno)d</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">] </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(message)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">},</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 配置日志处理器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'handlers'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 控制台日志</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'console'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'class'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'logging.StreamHandler'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'level'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'DEBUG'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'formatter'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'simple'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">},</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 文件日志</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'file'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'class'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'logging.FileHandler'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'filename'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'app.log'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'mode'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'a'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'formatter'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'complex'</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">},</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 配置日志器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'loggers'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 应用日志器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'app'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'handlers'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'console'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'file'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'level'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'DEBUG'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">}</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">if</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">__name__</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">==</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'__main__'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 加载配置字典</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">config</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">dictConfig</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(config_dict)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 获取日志器并输出日志</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logger </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getLogger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'app'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">debug</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'This is a debug message'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>以上实现了一个标准的日志配置，输出到控制台和文件，并使用不同的格式器，包含日志实践中的常见操作。</p>
<h3 id="小型项目中添加日志">小型项目中添加日志<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#小型项目中添加日志" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>以一个小型的 Web 项目为例：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建日志器 </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">getLogger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'myweb'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 创建控制台处理器并设置级别</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ch </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">StreamHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ch</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setLevel</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(logging.INFO)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 添加格式器 </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">formatter </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> logging</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">Formatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(asctime)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(name)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(levelname)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);"> - </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">%(message)s</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">ch</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">setFormatter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(formatter)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 将处理器添加到日志器</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">addHandler</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(ch)</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-comment);"># 记录一条日志</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">logger</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">info</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Starting myweb server...'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>代码中创建日志器、添加处理器、设置格式后，就可以在项目代码任何地方使用 logger.info、logger.debug 等记录日志，从而方便地添加日志功能。</p>
<h3 id="尝试优化项目日志的性能">尝试优化项目日志的性能<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#尝试优化项目日志的性能" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>优化日志性能的常见做法：</p>
<ul>
<li>通过配置文件配置日志，不要在代码里反复配置</li>
<li>设置生产环境只记录必要的日志级别，如 WARNING 以上</li>
<li>ERROR 日志单独记录到文件，便于定位问题</li>
<li>DEBUG 日志可以使用内存 Handler，避免 IO 消耗</li>
<li>使用异步日志，避免影响程序性能</li>
<li>合理设置日志滚动策略，避免文件过大</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="扩展学习">扩展学习<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#扩展学习" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="其他日志框架的比较-logurulog4j-等">其他日志框架的比较 (Loguru、log4j 等)<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#其他日志框架的比较-logurulog4j-等" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>logging 模块作为标准库，用法简单，但需要自行处理诸如异步、日志分割等额外功能。一些第三方日志库如 loguru、log4j 等提供了更多实用功能的封装，可以根据需求选择。</p>
<h3 id="分布式系统日志收集方案">分布式系统日志收集方案<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#分布式系统日志收集方案" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>在分布式系统中，可以通过将日志发送到消息队列如 Kafka，然后由 Logstash 收集存储到 ElasticSearch 中，最后结合 Kibana 进行日志分析和可视化。也可以直接使用 ELK 提供的 Filebeat 代替 Logstash 从日志文件中收集日志。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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