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<h3 id="csv-文件是什么">CSV 文件是什么<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-文件是什么" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>CSV（Comma Separated Values，字符分隔值）是一种简单的文件格式，用来存储表格数据，如电子表格或数据库。CSV 文件由任意数量的记录组成，记录间以某种换行符分隔。每条记录由字段组成，字段间的分隔符是其他字符或字符串，最常见的是逗号或制表符。</p>
<h3 id="用途和优点">用途和优点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#用途和优点" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>CSV 文件常用于数据的导入导出，可以被大多数类型的软件包括文本编辑器和电子表格程序读取。其优点包括<strong>简单、易于阅读、跨平台和语言兼容。</strong></p>
<h3 id="基本结构">基本结构<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基本结构" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>CSV 文件由行和列组成。每一行代表一个数据记录，而列则代表该记录的字段。字段的值由逗号分隔，不同的行则由换行符分隔。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="text" data-theme="default"><code data-language="text" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name,age,job</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">John,25,Engineer</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Alice,30,Doctor</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="python-csv-模块">Python Csv 模块<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#python-csv-模块" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>Python 的 <code>csv</code> 模块提供了一种方便的方式来操作 CSV 文件。它包括了用于读取和写入 CSV 数据的函数，以及用于处理 CSV 数据的类。</p>
<p>在 Python 中导入 <code>csv</code> 模块只需要简单的 <code>import</code> 语句：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="主要函数和类">主要函数和类<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#主要函数和类" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><code>csv</code> 模块的主要函数和类有：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>csv.reader()</code>：生成一个读取器对象，用于迭代读取 CSV 文件的每一行。</li>
<li><code>csv.writer()</code>：生成一个写入器对象，用于将数据写入 CSV 文件。</li>
<li><code>csv.DictReader()</code>：生成一个读取器对象，用于以字典形式读取 CSV 文件的每一行。</li>
<li><code>csv.DictWriter()</code>：生成一个写入器对象，用于将字典数据写入 CSV 文件。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="读取-csv-文件">读取 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#读取-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="使用-csvreader-函数读取-csv-文件">使用 csv.reader() 函数读取 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-csvreader-函数读取-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>csv.reader()</code> 函数读取 CSV 文件的步骤如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>打开你想要读取的 CSV 文件。</li>
<li>创建一个 <code>csv.reader</code> 对象，传入该文件对象作为参数。</li>
<li>迭代 <code>csv.reader</code> 对象，读取文件的每一行。</li>
</ol>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>**读取 CSV 文件时可能遇到的问题包括编码问题、字段格式问题等。**常见解决方法包括指定文件的编码方式、使用 <code>try-except</code> 块处理可能出现的错误等。</p>
<h3 id="csv-文件的读取实例">CSV 文件的读取实例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-文件的读取实例" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>假设我们有一个名为 <code>employees.csv</code> 的 CSV 文件，内容如下：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="plaintext" data-theme="default"><code data-language="plaintext" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name,age,department</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">John Doe,30,Engineering</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Jane Smith,40,Marketing</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>我们可以使用以下代码来读取这个文件：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'employees.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Name: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">0</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">, Age: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">1</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">, Department: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">2</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="写入-csv-文件">写入 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#写入-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="使用-csvwriter-函数写入-csv-文件">使用 csv.writer() 函数写入 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-csvwriter-函数写入-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>csv.writer()</code> 函数写入 CSV 文件的步骤如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>打开你想要写入的 CSV 文件。</li>
<li>创建一个 <code>csv.writer</code> 对象，传入该文件对象作为参数。</li>
<li>使用 <code>writerow()</code> 或 <code>writerows()</code> 方法，将数据写入文件。</li>
</ol>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'w'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, newline</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">''</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">([</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'job'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">])</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">([</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'John'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'25'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Engineer'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">])</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">([</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Alice'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'30'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Doctor'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">])</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>**写入 CSV 文件可能遇到的问题包括权限问题、磁盘空间问题等。**常见解决方法包括检查文件写入权限、确保磁盘有足够空间等。</p>
<h3 id="csv-文件的写入实例">CSV 文件的写入实例<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-文件的写入实例" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>假设我们需要将以下数据写入一个名为 <code>employees.csv</code> 的 CSV 文件：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">employees </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'department'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'John Doe'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'30'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Engineering'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Jane Smith'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'40'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Marketing'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>我们可以使用以下代码来写入这个文件：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'employees.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'w'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, newline</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">''</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerows</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(employees)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="csv-数据使用字典处理">CSV 数据使用字典处理<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-数据使用字典处理" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<h3 id="使用-csvdictreader-函数读取-csv-文件并返回字典">使用 csv.DictReader() 函数读取 CSV 文件并返回字典<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-csvdictreader-函数读取-csv-文件并返回字典" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><code>csv.DictReader()</code> 函数可以将 CSV 文件的每行读取为一个字典，其中列名为键，列值为值。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">DictReader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="使用-csvdictwriter-函数将字典写入-csv-文件">使用 csv.DictWriter() 函数将字典写入 CSV 文件<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用-csvdictwriter-函数将字典写入-csv-文件" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><code>csv.DictWriter()</code> 函数可以将字典数据写入 CSV 文件。需要先指定列名，然后调用 <code>writeheader()</code> 方法写入列名，最后调用 <code>writerow()</code> 或 <code>writerows()</code> 方法写入字典数据。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'w'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, newline</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">''</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> fieldnames </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> [</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'job'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">]</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">DictWriter</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file, fieldnames</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">fieldnames)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writeheader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">({</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'John'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'25'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'job'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Engineer'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">})</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> writer</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">writerow</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">({</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Alice'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'age'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'30'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'job'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'Doctor'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">})</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="字典和-csv-数据的交互">字典和 CSV 数据的交互<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#字典和-csv-数据的交互" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>假设我们有一个名为 <code>employees.csv</code> 的 CSV 文件，内容如下：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="plaintext" data-theme="default"><code data-language="plaintext" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">name,age,department</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">John Doe,30,Engineering</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">Jane Smith,40,Marketing</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>我们可以使用以下代码来读取这个文件，并打印出每个员工的名字和部门：</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'employees.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">DictReader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">f</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;Name: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'name'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">, Department: </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">{</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">row[</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'department'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">]</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">}</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="csv-文件中的错误和异常">CSV 文件中的错误和异常<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#csv-文件中的错误和异常" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>读取和写入 CSV 文件时可能遇到的错误和异常包括文件不存在、文件不可读写、磁盘空间不足等。可以使用 try-except 结构来捕获和处理这些异常。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="default"><code data-language="python" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">import</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">try</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">with</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">open</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'example.csv'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">, </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'r'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">as</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> file</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">=</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> csv</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">.</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(file)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">for</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> row </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">in</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> reader</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(row)</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">except</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">FileNotFoundError</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">print</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">(</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">'File not found.'</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">错误类型</th><th align="left">错误描述</th><th align="left">解决方案</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>FileNotFoundError</code></td><td align="left">找不到指定的文件。</td><td align="left">确保文件的路径和名称正确，且文件确实存在。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>PermissionError</code></td><td align="left">没有足够的权限打开文件。</td><td align="left">确保你有足够的权限访问和修改文件。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>IsADirectoryError</code></td><td align="left">尝试打开的是一个目录，而不是文件。</td><td align="left">确保指定的路径是文件，而非目录。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>IOError</code></td><td align="left">文件读写出错，例如磁盘空间不足。</td><td align="left">确保磁盘有足够的空间，文件没有被其他程序锁定。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>csv.Error</code></td><td align="left">CSV 文件格式错误。</td><td align="left">确保 CSV 文件的格式正确，例如字段是否正确分隔。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>UnicodeDecodeError</code></td><td align="left">文件编码问题。</td><td align="left">确保文件的编码和你在 Python 中指定的编码一致。</td></tr></tbody></table></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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