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<p>1975 年 4 月 4 日，比尔·盖茨和保罗·艾伦在新墨西哥州阿尔伯克基共同创立了微软公司。起初，微软专注于开发和销售 BASIC 解释器。1974 年底，艾伦在哈佛广场发现了介绍 Altair 8800 微型计算机的《流行电子学》杂志，激发了他与高中好友盖茨合作为这款计算机开发 BASIC 的灵感。这一合作的成功促成了微软的成立，盖茨为此离开了哈佛大学。</p>
<p>微软的早期产品主要是为当时流行的家用计算机系统，如 Apple II 和 Commodore 64，开发的 Microsoft BASIC 的不同版本。他们的第一个硬件产品是 Z-80 SoftCard，使 Apple II 能运行业界标准的 CP/M 操作系统。1980 年，微软发布了其首个公开的操作系统 Xenix，一种基于 Unix 的系统。</p>
<p>1980 年，微软开始与 IBM 合作，为 IBM 计算机提供操作系统。这一合作标志着微软在操作系统市场的重要转折点。在 IBM 与 Digital Research 的谈判失败后，IBM 选择了微软作为其 IBM PC 操作系统的提供者。微软购买了 86-DOS 系统，重命名为 IBM PC DOS，这成为了 IBM PC 的标准操作系统，并为后来广泛使用的 MS-DOS 奠定了基础。</p>
<h2 id="windows-操作系统">Windows 操作系统<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#windows-操作系统" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>自 1985 年首次推出以来，Windows 操作系统已成为全球最受欢迎的个人电脑操作系统之一。Windows 1.0 的发布标志着图形用户界面时代的到来，为用户提供了一个直观、易用的界面，相较于传统的命令行界面。</p>
<p>进入 1990 年代，微软发布了 Windows 3.0 和 3.1，这些版本的成功标志着 Windows 的普及。随后，Windows 95、98、2000、XP 等版本陆续推出，每个版本都在功能、稳定性和用户界面上进行了创新。尤其是 Windows XP，它集成了早期版本的优势，成为微软历史上最成功的操作系统之一。</p>
<p>21 世纪以来，Windows Vista、7、8 和 10 的发布，展示了微软在操作系统领域的持续进步，特别是在跨平台和云计算方面。Windows 10 的推出特别体现了微软对未来技术趋势的适应性。最新的 Windows 11 进一步展现了微软在用户界面设计和多任务处理方面的创新。</p>
<p>Windows 操作系统的持续发展不仅反映了技术的革新，也展示了微软在市场策略和用户需求适应上的灵活性。面对苹果的 Mac OS 和各种 Linux 发行版的竞争，Windows 继续保持其在个人电脑操作系统市场的主导地位，对全球用户的计算体验产生了深远的影响。</p>
<h3 id="发展历史">发展历史<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#发展历史" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>1985 年</strong>：发布 Windows 1.0，引入图形用户界面。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>1990 年</strong>：Windows 3.0 的推出，带来图形界面和性能的改进。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>1995 年</strong>：Windows 95 发布，引入开始菜单，实现市场突破。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>2001 年</strong>：推出 Windows XP，融合前代优势，获得巨大成功。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>2007 年</strong>：Windows Vista 问世，带来 Aero 图形界面，但因兼容性和性能问题遭遇批评。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>2009 年</strong>：发布 Windows 7，修复了 Vista 的问题，赢得市场和用户好评。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>2012 年</strong>：Windows 8 发布，引入触摸屏优化的界面。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>2015 年</strong>：推出 Windows 10，标志着微软在跨平台和云计算方面的重大进步。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>2021 年</strong>：Windows 11 发布，带来全新的用户界面和对最新硬件的强化支持。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="产品和服务多样化">产品和服务多样化<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#产品和服务多样化" class="internal"> §</a></h2>
<p>微软不仅专注于 Windows 操作系统，还大力发展了其他产品和服务，表现出高度的多样性和创新：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Office 套件</strong>：包括 Word、Excel、PowerPoint 等，成为全球标准办公软件。</li>
<li><strong>Xbox 游戏平台</strong>：推出 Xbox 系列游戏机和 Xbox Live 在线服务，成为游戏行业的关键参与者。</li>
<li><strong>Surface 设备</strong>：推出一系列创新的个人电脑和平板设备，如 Surface Pro 和 Surface Laptop。</li>
<li><strong>Azure 云服务</strong>：提供云计算、存储及多种企业级服务，成为微软转型的核心。</li>
<li><strong>LinkedIn 和 Skype</strong>：收购这些公司后，微软在社交网络和通信领域的影响力得到扩展。</li>
</ul>
<p>微软的这一发展历程不仅体现了其在技术创新方面的领先地位，也展示了其对市场变化的快速响应和适应能力。从一个小型软件公司成长为全球科技巨头，微软不断扩展其影响力，覆盖了操作系统、办公软件、游戏娱乐、云计算等多个领域。微软的成功在于其不断追求创新，以及对用户需求和市场趋势的深刻理解。随着技术的不断进步，微软继续引领着全球计算技术的未来方向，为全世界的用户提供更加强大、便捷的技术解决方案。</p></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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for (const div of collapsible) {
const title = div.firstElementChild;
if (title) {
title.removeEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
title.addEventListener(`click`, toggleCallout);
const collapsed = div.classList.contains(`is-collapsed`);
const height = collapsed ? title.scrollHeight : div.scrollHeight;
div.style.maxHeight = height + `px`;
}
}
}
document.addEventListener(`nav`, setupCallout);
window.addEventListener(`resize`, setupCallout);
</script><script type="module">
import mermaid from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid/dist/mermaid.esm.min.mjs';
const darkMode = document.documentElement.getAttribute('saved-theme') === 'dark'
mermaid.initialize({
startOnLoad: false,
securityLevel: 'loose',
theme: darkMode ? 'dark' : 'default'
});
document.addEventListener('nav', async () => {
await mermaid.run({
querySelector: '.mermaid'
})
});
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