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410 KiB
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141 lines
410 KiB
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<html><head><title>Token 鉴权</title><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="Token 鉴权"/><meta property="og:description" content="Token 鉴权."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="Token 鉴权."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><script async src="https://umami.7wate.com/script.js" data-website-id="c061efdc-95dd-4d21-9d04-a1ffda0a85b9"></script><script>
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</script><link href="../../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.0/dist/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&family=Schibsted Grotesk:wght@400;700&family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch(`../../../../static/contentIndex.json`).then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Tech/computer-security/用户安全/用户鉴权/Token-鉴权"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h1 class="page-title "><a href="../../../..">📚 X·Eden</a></h1><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search "><div id="search-icon"><p>Search</p><div></div><svg tabIndex="0" aria-labelledby="title desc" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title id="title">Search</title><desc id="desc">Search</desc><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></div><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="Search for something" placeholder="Search for something"/><div id="results-container"></div></div></div></div><div class="darkmode "><input class="toggle" id="darkmode-toggle" type="checkbox" tabIndex="-1"/><label id="toggle-label-light" for="darkmode-toggle" tabIndex="-1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35;" xmlSpace="preserve"><title>Light mode</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17.5,25c-4.136,0-7.5-3.364-7.5-7.5 c0-4.136,3.364-7.5,7.5-7.5c4.136,0,7.5,3.364,7.5,7.5C25,21.636,21.636,25,17.5,25z"></path></svg></label><label id="toggle-label-dark" for="darkmode-toggle" tabIndex="-1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="nightIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" style="enable-background='new 0 0 100 100'" xmlSpace="preserve"><title>Dark mode</title><path d="M96.76,66.458c-0.853-0.852-2.15-1.064-3.23-0.534c-6.063,2.991-12.858,4.571-19.655,4.571 C62.022,70.495,50.88,65.88,42.5,57.5C29.043,44.043,25.658,23.536,34.076,6.47c0.532-1.08,0.318-2.379-0.534-3.23 c-0.851-0.852-2.15-1.064-3.23-0.534c-4.918,2.427-9.375,5.619-13.246,9.491c-9.447,9.447-14.65,22.
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<p>现在我们已经得知，Session-Cookie 的一些缺点，以及 Session 的维护给服务端造成很大困扰，我们必须找地方存放它，又要考虑分布式的问题，甚至要单独为了它启用一套 Redis 集群。那有没有更好的办法？</p>
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<p>于是 Token 就应运而生了</p>
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<h3 id="token令牌">Token（令牌）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token令牌" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>Token 是一个令牌，客户端访问服务器时，验证通过后服务端会为其签发一张令牌，之后，客户端就可以携带令牌访问服务器，服务端只需要验证令牌的有效性即可。一句话概括：<strong>访问资源接口（API）时所需要的资源凭证</strong></p>
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<h4 id="token-的组成">Token 的组成<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-的组成" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p>一般 Token 的组成由 <strong>uid</strong> （用户唯一的身份标识）+ <strong>time</strong>（当前时间的时间戳) + <strong>sign</strong> （签名，Token 的前几位以哈希算法压缩成的一定长度的十六进制字符串）</p>
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<h4 id="token-的认证流程图">Token 的认证流程图<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-的认证流程图" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/40b2dbfe8f84a.png" alt="Token 的认证流程图"/></p>
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<h4 id="token-认证步骤解析">Token 认证步骤解析<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-认证步骤解析" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 输入用户名和密码请求登录校验。</li>
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<li><strong>服务器：</strong> 收到请求验证用户名与密码；验证成功后，服务端会签发一个 Token，并把这个 Token 发送给客户端。</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 收到 Token 以后需要把它存储起来，Web 端一般会放在 localStorage 或 Cookie 中，移动端原生 APP 一般存储在本地缓存中。</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 再次向服务端请求 API 资源的时候，将 Token 通过 HTTP 请求头 Authorization 字段或者其它方式发送给服务端。</li>
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<li><strong>服务器：</strong> 收到请求，然后去验证客户端请求里面带着的 Token ，如果验证成功，就向客户端返回请求的数据，否则拒绝返还（401）。</li>
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</ol>
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<h4 id="token-的优点">Token 的优点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-的优点" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>服务端无状态化、可扩展性好：</strong> Token 机制在服务端不需要存储会话（Session）信息，因为 Token 自身包含了其所标识用户的相关信息，这有利于在多个服务间共享用户状态。</li>
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<li><strong>支持 APP 移动端设备。</strong></li>
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<li><strong>安全性好：</strong> 有效避免 CSRF 攻击（因为不需要 Cookie）。</li>
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<li><strong>支持跨程序调用：</strong> 因为 Cookie 是不允许跨域访问的，而 Token 则不存在这个问题。</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="token-的缺点">Token 的缺点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-的缺点" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>配合：</strong> 需要前后端配合处理。</li>
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<li><strong>占带宽：</strong> 正常情况下比 sid 更大，消耗更多流量，挤占更多宽带。</li>
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<li><strong>性能问题：</strong> 虽说验证 Token 时不用再去访问数据库或远程服务进行权限校验，但是需要对 Token 加解密等操作，所以会更耗性能。</li>
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<li><strong>有效期短：</strong> 为了避免 Token 被盗用，一般 Token 的有效期会设置的较短，所以就有了 Refresh Token。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="refresh-token刷新-token">Refresh Token（刷新 Token）<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#refresh-token刷新-token" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>业务接口用来鉴权的 Token，我们称之为 Access Token。为了安全，我们的 Access Token 有效期一般设置较短，以避免被盗用。但过短的有效期会造成 Access Token 经常过期，过期后怎么办呢？</p>
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<p>一种办法是<strong>刷新 Access Token</strong>，让用户重新登录获取新 Token，会很麻烦。另一种办法是再来一个 Token，一个专门生成 Access Token 的 Token，我们称为 <strong>Refresh Token</strong>。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Access Token：</strong> 用来访问业务接口，由于有效期足够短，盗用风险小，也可以使请求方式更宽松灵活；</li>
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<li><strong>Refresh Token：</strong> 用来获取 Access Token，有效期可以长一些，通过独立服务和严格的请求方式增加安全性；由于不常验证，也可以如前面的 Session 一样处理；</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="refresh-token-的认证流程图">Refresh Token 的认证流程图<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#refresh-token-的认证流程图" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/0f634bdff18ca.png" alt="Refresh Token 的认证流程图"/></p>
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<h4 id="refresh-token-认证步骤解析">Refresh Token 认证步骤解析<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#refresh-token-认证步骤解析" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 输入用户名和密码请求登录校验。</li>
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<li><strong>服务端：</strong> 收到请求，验证用户名与密码；验证成功后，服务端会签发一个 Access Token 和 Refresh Token 并返回给客户端；</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 把 Access Token 和 Refresh Token 存储在本地；</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 请求数据时，携带 Access Token 传输给服务端；</li>
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<li><strong>服务端</strong>：
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<ul>
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<li>验证 Access Token 有效：正常返回数据</li>
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<li>验证 Access Token 过期：拒绝请求</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><strong>客户端</strong> ( Access Token 已过期) <strong>：</strong> 则重新传输 Refresh Token 给服务端；</li>
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<li><strong>服务端</strong> ( Access Token 已过期) <strong>：</strong> 验证 Refresh Token ，验证成功后返回新的 Access Token 给客户端；</li>
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<li><strong>客户端：</strong> 重新携带新的 Access Token 请求接口；</li>
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</ol>
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<h3 id="token-和-session-cookie-的区别">Token 和 Session-Cookie 的区别<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-和-session-cookie-的区别" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>Session-Cookie 和 Token 有很多类似的地方，但是 Token 更像是 Session-Cookie 的升级改良版。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>存储地不同：</strong> Session 一般是存储在服务端；Token 是无状态的，一般由前端存储。</li>
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<li><strong>安全性不同：</strong> Session 和 Token 并不矛盾，作为身份认证 Token 安全性比 Session 好，因为每一个请求都有签名还能防止监听以及重放攻击。</li>
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<li><strong>支持性不同：</strong> Session-Cookie 认证需要靠浏览器的 Cookie 机制实现，如果遇到原生 NativeAPP 时这种机制就不起作用了，或是浏览器的 Cookie 存储功能被禁用，也是无法使用该认证机制实现鉴权的；而 Token 验证机制丰富了客户端类型。</li>
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</ul></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#token-鉴权" data-for="token-鉴权">Token 鉴权</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#token令牌" data-for="token令牌">Token（令牌）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#refresh-token刷新-token" data-for="refresh-token刷新-token">Refresh Token（刷新 Token）</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#token-和-session-cookie-的区别" data-for="token-和-session-cookie-的区别">Token 和 Session-Cookie 的区别</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Basics","collapsed":true},{"path":"Basics/english","collapsed":true},{"path":"Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Company/信息化/规范","collapsed":true},{"path":"Culture","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/标准","collapsed":true},{"path":"Government/中国/法律","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W34","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W35","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W36","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W37","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W38","collapsed":true},{"path":"Journal/2022/W39"
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