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<p>通过第三节,我们知道了 Token 的使用方式以及组成,我们不难发现,服务端验证客户端发送过来的 Token 时,还需要查询数据库获取用户基本信息,然后验证 Token 是否有效;这样每次请求验证都要查询数据库,增加了查库带来的延迟等性能消耗。</p>
<p><strong>那么这时候业界常用的 JWT 就应运而生了!!!</strong></p>
<h3 id="jwt-的定义">JWT 的定义<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的定义" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>JWT 是 Auth0 提出的通过对 JSON 进行加密签名来实现授权验证的方案。</p>
<p>就是登录成功后将相关用户信息组成 JSON 对象,然后对这个对象进行某种方式的加密,返回给客户端; 客户端在下次请求时带上这个 Token 服务端再收到请求时校验 token 合法性,其实也就是在校验请求的合法性。</p>
<h3 id="jwt-的组成">JWT 的组成<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的组成" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>JWT 由三部分组成:<strong>Header 头部</strong><strong>Payload 负载</strong><strong>Signature 签名</strong>。它是一个很长的字符串,中间用( . )分隔成三个部分。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="text" data-theme="default"><code data-language="text" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.SflKxwRJSMeKKF2QT4fwpMeJf36POk6yJV_adQssw5c</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="header-头部">Header 头部<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#header-头部" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>在 Header 中通常包含了两部分:</p>
<ul>
<li>typ代表 Token 的类型,这里使用的是 JWT 类型。</li>
<li>alg使用的 Hash 算法,例如 HMAC SHA256 或 RSA。</li>
</ul>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="json" data-theme="default"><code data-language="json" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">&quot;alg&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;HS256&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">&quot;typ&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;JWT&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="payload-负载">Payload 负载<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#payload-负载" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>它包含一些声明 Claim实体的描述通常是一个 User 信息还包括一些其他的元数据用来存放实际需要传递的数据JWT 规定了 7 个官方字段:</p>
<ul>
<li>ississuer签发人</li>
<li>expexpiration time过期时间</li>
<li>subsubject主题</li>
<li>audaudience受众</li>
<li>nbfNot Before生效时间</li>
<li>iatIssued At签发时间</li>
<li>jtiJWT ID编号</li>
</ul>
<p>除了官方字段,你还可以在这个部分定义私有字段,下面就是一个例子。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="json" data-theme="default"><code data-language="json" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">{</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">&quot;sub&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;1234567890&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">&quot;name&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;John Doe&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">&quot;admin&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">:</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-constant);">true</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="signature-签名">Signature 签名<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#signature-签名" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
<p>Signature 部分是对前两部分的签名,防止数据篡改。</p>
<p>首先需要指定一个密钥secret。这个密钥只有服务器才知道不能泄露给用户。然后使用 Header 里面指定的签名算法(默认是 HMAC SHA256按照下面的公式产生签名。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="java" data-theme="default"><code data-language="java" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);">HMACSHA256(</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> base64UrlEncode(header) </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-string-expression);">&quot;.&quot;</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> </span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-keyword);">+</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> base64UrlEncode(payload)</span><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-punctuation);">,</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-token-function);"> secret)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="jwt-的使用方式">JWT 的使用方式<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的使用方式" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p>客户端收到服务器返回的 JWT可以储存在 Cookie 里面,也可以储存在 localStorage。</p>
<p>此后,客户端每次与服务器通信,都要带上这个 JWT。你可以把它放在 Cookie 里面自动发送,但是这样不能跨域,所以更好的做法是放在 HTTP 请求的头信息 Authorization 字段里面。</p>
<div data-rehype-pretty-code-fragment><pre style="background-color:var(--shiki-color-background);" tabindex="0" data-language="http" data-theme="default"><code data-language="http" data-theme="default"><span data-line><span style="color:var(--shiki-color-text);"> Authorization: Bearer &lt;token></span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="jwt-的认证流程图">JWT 的认证流程图<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的认证流程图" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/d6666d37094db.png" alt="JWT 的认证流程图"/></p>
<h3 id="jwt-的优点">JWT 的优点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的优点" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>不需要在服务端保存会话信息RESTful API 的原则之一就是无状态),所以易于应用的扩展,即信息不保存在服务端,不会存在 Session 扩展不方便的情况。</li>
<li>JWT 中的 Payload 负载可以存储常用信息,用于信息交换,有效地使用 JWT可以降低服务端查询数据库的次数。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="jwt-的缺点">JWT 的缺点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#jwt-的缺点" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>加密问题:</strong> JWT 默认是不加密,但也是可以加密的;生成原始 Token 以后,可以用密钥再加密一次。</li>
<li><strong>到期问题:</strong> 由于服务器不保存 Session 状态,因此无法在使用过程中废止某个 Token或者更改 Token 的权限。一旦 JWT 签发了,在到期之前就会始终有效,除非服务器部署额外的逻辑。</li>
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#jwtjson-web-token鉴权" data-for="jwtjson-web-token鉴权">JWTJSON Web Token鉴权</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的定义" data-for="jwt-的定义">JWT 的定义</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的组成" data-for="jwt-的组成">JWT 的组成</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的使用方式" data-for="jwt-的使用方式">JWT 的使用方式</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的认证流程图" data-for="jwt-的认证流程图">JWT 的认证流程图</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的优点" data-for="jwt-的优点">JWT 的优点</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#jwt-的缺点" data-for="jwt-的缺点">JWT 的缺点</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Basics&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Basics/english&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Blog&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/个人成长&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/医学健康&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/历史&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/哲学宗教&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/心理&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/政治军事&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/教育学习&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/文学&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/生活百科&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/社会文化&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/科学技术&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/经济理财&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/艺术&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Book/计算机&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Company&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Company/信息化&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Company/信息化/规范&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Culture&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Government&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Government/中国&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Government/中国/标准&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Government/中国/法律&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Journal&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Journal/2022&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Journal/2022/W34&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Journal/2022/W35&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot
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