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464 KiB
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141 lines
464 KiB
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<p>现在我们已经得知,Session-Cookie 的一些缺点,以及 Session 的维护给服务端造成很大困扰,我们必须找地方存放它,又要考虑分布式的问题,甚至要单独为了它启用一套 Redis 集群。那有没有更好的办法?</p>
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<p>于是 Token 就应运而生了</p>
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<h3 id="token令牌">Token(令牌)<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token令牌" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>Token 是一个令牌,客户端访问服务器时,验证通过后服务端会为其签发一张令牌,之后,客户端就可以携带令牌访问服务器,服务端只需要验证令牌的有效性即可。一句话概括:<strong>访问资源接口(API)时所需要的资源凭证</strong></p>
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<h4 id="token-的组成">Token 的组成<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-的组成" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p>一般 Token 的组成由 <strong>uid</strong> (用户唯一的身份标识)+ <strong>time</strong>(当前时间的时间戳) + <strong>sign</strong> (签名,Token 的前几位以哈希算法压缩成的一定长度的十六进制字符串)</p>
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<h4 id="token-的认证流程图">Token 的认证流程图<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-的认证流程图" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/40b2dbfe8f84a.png" alt="Token 的认证流程图"/></p>
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<h4 id="token-认证步骤解析">Token 认证步骤解析<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-认证步骤解析" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>客户端:</strong> 输入用户名和密码请求登录校验。</li>
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<li><strong>服务器:</strong> 收到请求验证用户名与密码;验证成功后,服务端会签发一个 Token,并把这个 Token 发送给客户端。</li>
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<li><strong>客户端:</strong> 收到 Token 以后需要把它存储起来,Web 端一般会放在 localStorage 或 Cookie 中,移动端原生 APP 一般存储在本地缓存中。</li>
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<li><strong>客户端:</strong> 再次向服务端请求 API 资源的时候,将 Token 通过 HTTP 请求头 Authorization 字段或者其它方式发送给服务端。</li>
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<li><strong>服务器:</strong> 收到请求,然后去验证客户端请求里面带着的 Token ,如果验证成功,就向客户端返回请求的数据,否则拒绝返还(401)。</li>
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</ol>
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<h4 id="token-的优点">Token 的优点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-的优点" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>服务端无状态化、可扩展性好:</strong> Token 机制在服务端不需要存储会话(Session)信息,因为 Token 自身包含了其所标识用户的相关信息,这有利于在多个服务间共享用户状态。</li>
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<li><strong>支持 APP 移动端设备。</strong></li>
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<li><strong>安全性好:</strong> 有效避免 CSRF 攻击(因为不需要 Cookie)。</li>
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<li><strong>支持跨程序调用:</strong> 因为 Cookie 是不允许跨域访问的,而 Token 则不存在这个问题。</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="token-的缺点">Token 的缺点<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-的缺点" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>配合:</strong> 需要前后端配合处理。</li>
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<li><strong>占带宽:</strong> 正常情况下比 sid 更大,消耗更多流量,挤占更多宽带。</li>
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<li><strong>性能问题:</strong> 虽说验证 Token 时不用再去访问数据库或远程服务进行权限校验,但是需要对 Token 加解密等操作,所以会更耗性能。</li>
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<li><strong>有效期短:</strong> 为了避免 Token 被盗用,一般 Token 的有效期会设置的较短,所以就有了 Refresh Token。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="refresh-token刷新-token">Refresh Token(刷新 Token)<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#refresh-token刷新-token" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>业务接口用来鉴权的 Token,我们称之为 Access Token。为了安全,我们的 Access Token 有效期一般设置较短,以避免被盗用。但过短的有效期会造成 Access Token 经常过期,过期后怎么办呢?</p>
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<p>一种办法是<strong>刷新 Access Token</strong>,让用户重新登录获取新 Token,会很麻烦。另一种办法是再来一个 Token,一个专门生成 Access Token 的 Token,我们称为 <strong>Refresh Token</strong>。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Access Token:</strong> 用来访问业务接口,由于有效期足够短,盗用风险小,也可以使请求方式更宽松灵活;</li>
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<li><strong>Refresh Token:</strong> 用来获取 Access Token,有效期可以长一些,通过独立服务和严格的请求方式增加安全性;由于不常验证,也可以如前面的 Session 一样处理;</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="refresh-token-的认证流程图">Refresh Token 的认证流程图<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#refresh-token-的认证流程图" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<p><img src="https://static.7wate.com/img/2022/08/30/0f634bdff18ca.png" alt="Refresh Token 的认证流程图"/></p>
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<h4 id="refresh-token-认证步骤解析">Refresh Token 认证步骤解析<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#refresh-token-认证步骤解析" class="internal"> §</a></h4>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>客户端:</strong> 输入用户名和密码请求登录校验。</li>
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<li><strong>服务端:</strong> 收到请求,验证用户名与密码;验证成功后,服务端会签发一个 Access Token 和 Refresh Token 并返回给客户端;</li>
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<li><strong>客户端:</strong> 把 Access Token 和 Refresh Token 存储在本地;</li>
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<li><strong>客户端:</strong> 请求数据时,携带 Access Token 传输给服务端;</li>
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<li><strong>服务端</strong>:
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<ul>
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<li>验证 Access Token 有效:正常返回数据</li>
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<li>验证 Access Token 过期:拒绝请求</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><strong>客户端</strong> ( Access Token 已过期) <strong>:</strong> 则重新传输 Refresh Token 给服务端;</li>
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<li><strong>服务端</strong> ( Access Token 已过期) <strong>:</strong> 验证 Refresh Token ,验证成功后返回新的 Access Token 给客户端;</li>
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<li><strong>客户端:</strong> 重新携带新的 Access Token 请求接口;</li>
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</ol>
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<h3 id="token-和-session-cookie-的区别">Token 和 Session-Cookie 的区别<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#token-和-session-cookie-的区别" class="internal"> §</a></h3>
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<p>Session-Cookie 和 Token 有很多类似的地方,但是 Token 更像是 Session-Cookie 的升级改良版。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>存储地不同:</strong> Session 一般是存储在服务端;Token 是无状态的,一般由前端存储。</li>
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<li><strong>安全性不同:</strong> Session 和 Token 并不矛盾,作为身份认证 Token 安全性比 Session 好,因为每一个请求都有签名还能防止监听以及重放攻击。</li>
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<li><strong>支持性不同:</strong> Session-Cookie 认证需要靠浏览器的 Cookie 机制实现,如果遇到原生 NativeAPP 时这种机制就不起作用了,或是浏览器的 Cookie 存储功能被禁用,也是无法使用该认证机制实现鉴权的;而 Token 验证机制丰富了客户端类型。</li>
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</ul></article></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph "><h3>Graph View</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div><svg version="1.1" id="global-graph-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlnsXlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xmlSpace="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":-1,"scale":0.9,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[]}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class><h3>Table of Contents</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content"><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#token-鉴权" data-for="token-鉴权">Token 鉴权</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#token令牌" data-for="token令牌">Token(令牌)</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#refresh-token刷新-token" data-for="refresh-token刷新-token">Refresh Token(刷新 Token)</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#token-和-session-cookie-的区别" data-for="token-和-session-cookie-的区别">Token 和 Session-Cookie 的区别</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="backlinks "><h3>Backlinks</h3><ul class="overflow"><li>No backlinks found</li></ul></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{"path":"Obsidian","collapsed":true},{"path":"Obsidian/Templates","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2018","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2020","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2021","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2023","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Blog/2024","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/个人成长","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/医学健康","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/历史","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/哲学宗教","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/心理","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/政治军事","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/教育学习","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/文学","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/生活百科","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/社会文化","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/科学技术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/经济理财","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/艺术","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Book/计算机","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022/W34","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022/W35","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022/W36","collapsed":true},{"path":"Personal/Journal/2022/W37","collapsed&qu
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