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<h2 id="基本概念">基本概念<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#基本概念" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="理念和用途">理念和用途<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#理念和用途" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>**面向对象编程是在更高的抽象层次上思考问题的一种方式。**面向对象编程的主要理念是，将现实世界中的对象抽象化，将对象的属性（也叫状态）和行为（也叫方法）封装在一起。面向对象编程的思考方式，更贴近我们对现实世界的认知。</p>
<p>面向对象编程的主要优点包括：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>代码复用性</strong>：类的定义一旦完成，就可以在任何地方创建其对象，复用类的属性和方法，而无需重复编写代码。通过类之间的继承关系，子类可以继承父类的代码，从而实现代码的复用。</li>
<li><strong>代码的可维护性和可扩展性</strong>：面向对象编程的封装特性，保护了对象内部的数据，使得代码更安全，更易于维护。通过类的继承和多态，可以轻松实现对现有代码的扩展。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="特点">特点<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#特点" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p><strong>面向对象编程有三个主要的特点：封装、继承、和多态。</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>封装</strong>：封装是指将对象的状态（数据）和行为（方法）包装在一起，隐藏对象的内部实现细节，仅对外提供必要的接口。这样可以保护对象的内部状态，提高代码的安全性，也提高了代码的可维护性。</li>
<li><strong>继承</strong>：继承是指子类可以继承父类的属性和方法。继承让我们可以在父类的基础上进行扩展，实现代码的复用，提高代码的可扩展性。</li>
<li><strong>多态</strong>：多态是指不同类的对象对同一消息会做出不同的响应。多态提供了统一的接口，使得我们可以使用一致的方式处理不同类的对象，提高了代码的灵活性。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="python-中的类和对象">Python 中的类和对象<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#python-中的类和对象" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>在 Python 中，我们使用 <code>class</code> 关键字来定义类。类是一种数据类型，它定义了一种新的对象，这种对象具有自己的属性和方法。</p>
<h3 id="类和对象的概念">类和对象的概念<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#类和对象的概念" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>类 (Class)</strong>： 类是对象的蓝图或原型。你可以想象成是创建对象的模板，它定义了特定类型的对象的属性和方法。</li>
</ul>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 一个简单的 Python 类的例子</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> pass</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<ul>
<li><strong>对象 (Object)</strong>：对象是类的实例。具体来说，当我们根据类的定义创建了一个实例后，这个实例就是一个对象。每个对象都具有类定义的属性和方法。</li>
</ul>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 创建Dog类的一个实例</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">my_dog </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> Dog()</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>我们可以通过创建类的实例，也就是对象，来使用类的属性和方法。</p>
<h3 id="类的属性和方法">类的属性和方法<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#类的属性和方法" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>类的属性和方法是类的主要组成部分。属性用于描述类和其实例的状态，方法用于描述类和其实例可以进行的操作。</p>
<p>在 Python 中，我们可以在类中定义两种类型的属性和方法：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>实例属性和方法</strong>：实例属性和方法属于类的实例。每个实例都有自己的实例属性，这些属性与其他实例的属性互不影响。实例方法可以通过实例来调用，它可以访问和修改实例的属性。</li>
</ul>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在Python类中定义实例属性和方法的例子</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> __init__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, name):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 实例属性</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> bark</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self): </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 实例方法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> says woof!&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<ul>
<li><strong>类属性和方法</strong>：类属性和方法是属于类本身的，所有的实例都会共享同一个类属性。类方法可以通过类名直接调用，也可以通过实例调用，但是它不能访问和修改实例属性。</li>
</ul>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 在Python类中定义类属性和方法的例子</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> species </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;Canis familiaris&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 类属性</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> @</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">classmethod</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> description</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(cls): </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 类方法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;This class represents a dog.&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="__init__"><code>__init__</code><a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#__init__" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在 Python 中使用 <code>__init__</code> 方法来初始化类的实例。这个方法会在创建实例时自动调用，我们可以在这个方法中设置实例的初始状态，也就是定义实例的属性。</p>
<p><code>__init__</code> 方法的第一个参数始终是 <code>self</code>，代表了实例本身。在 <code>__init__</code> 方法中，我们使用 <code>self.属性名</code> 来定义实例属性。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> __init__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, name, age):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> name</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.age </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> age</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="封装">封装<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#封装" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="概念和用途">概念和用途<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#概念和用途" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>封装，这是面向对象编程（OOP）中的基本概念之一，其目标是通过将数据（对象的状态）和对象的行为组合在一起，来<strong>隐藏或封装对象内部的详细信息</strong>。简单地说，封装就是把客户端代码（对象的使用者）从对象的内部细节中解耦出来。</p>
<p>封装的主要优势包括：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>提高了代码的安全性</strong>：封装可以防止对象状态的无意义或不合适的修改。只有通过定义好的方法（有时被称为 getter 和 setter ）才能修改状态，这些方法可以控制对对象状态的更改，从而保证其正确和一致。</li>
<li><strong>提高了代码的可维护性</strong>：由于客户端代码从对象的内部实现中解耦出来，我们可以自由地改变对象的内部实现，而不会影响到使用该对象的代码。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="python-中实现封装">Python 中实现封装<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#python-中实现封装" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="数据封装">数据封装<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#数据封装" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>在 Python 中，我们可以通过使用私有属性（私有变量）实现数据封装。**Python 中的私有属性名字前面带有两个下划线（例如 <code>__name</code>）。**这些属性只能在类的内部被访问，不能在类的外部直接访问，从而实现了数据的封装。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> __init__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, name, age):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # __name和__age是私有属性，我们不能在类的外部直接访问</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> name</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__age </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> age</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="方法封装">方法封装<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#方法封装" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>Python 同样可以通过私有方法实现方法的封装。私有方法的名字也以两个下划线开始，它们只能在类的内部被调用，不能在类的外部直接调用。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> __init__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, name, age):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> name</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__age </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> age</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # __bark 是一个私有方法，我们不能在类的外部直接调用</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> __bark</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> says woof!&quot;</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>尽管私有属性和方法不能在类的外部直接访问，但是我们可以提供公共的 getter 和 setter 方法，让外部代码能够以受控的方式读写这些私有属性。这样我们就可以保证封装的安全性，同时也提供了一定的灵活性。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> __init__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, name, age):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> name</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__age </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> age</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # getter for __name</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> get_name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__name</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # setter for __name</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> set_name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, name):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> name</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # getter for __age</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> get_age</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__age</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # setter for __age</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> set_age</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, age):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__age </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> age</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # __bark 是一个私有方法，我们不能在类的外部直接调用</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> __bark</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> f</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">{self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__name</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> says woof!&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 公共方法可以调用私有方法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> public_bark</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.__bark()</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="继承">继承<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#继承" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="继承的概念和用途">继承的概念和用途<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#继承的概念和用途" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>继承是面向对象编程中的核心概念之一。继承允许我们定义一个新的类（子类或派生类）来继承现有类（父类或基类）的属性（变量）和方法（函数）。这样我们就可以在新类中复用父类的代码，避免了代码的重复，同时也可以在新类中添加新的方法或对父类的方法进行重写（override）。</p>
<p>继承的主要优点包括：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>代码复用</strong>：子类继承了父类的所有属性和方法，所以我们可以通过创建子类，来复用和扩展父类的代码，减少了代码的重复。</li>
<li><strong>易于维护和修改</strong>：由于子类可以重写父类的方法，这就意味着我们可以在不改变父类的情况下，改变子类的行为。这使得代码更容易维护和修改。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="python-中实现继承">Python 中实现继承<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#python-中实现继承" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="单继承">单继承<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#单继承" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>在 Python 中，我们可以通过在类定义时的括号中写入父类的名字来创建子类。新定义的类将会继承父类的所有属性和方法。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Animal</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> __init__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, name):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> name</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Dog 是 Animal 的子类，它继承了 Animal 的所有属性和方法。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">Animal</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> pass</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="多继承">多继承<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#多继承" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>Python 支持多继承，意味着一个类可以继承多个父类。但这可能会导致一些复杂性，如“菱形问题”。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Swimming</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> swim</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;Swims!&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Flying</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> fly</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;Flies!&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Duck</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">Swimming</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">Flying</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> pass</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">duck </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> Duck()</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(duck.swim()) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Outputs: Swims!</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(duck.fly()) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Outputs: Flies!</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="super-函数"><code>super</code> 函数<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#super-函数" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>在 Python 中，<code>super</code> 函数是一个内置函数，它可以用来调用父类的方法。这在你需要在子类中扩展父类的方法时特别有用。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Animal</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> __init__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, name):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.name </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> name</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Dog 的 __init__ 方法中使用了 super().__init__(name) 来调用 Animal 的 __init__ 方法。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">Animal</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> __init__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self, name, breed):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> super</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">().</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">__init__</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(name) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 调用父类的构造方法</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> self</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">.breed </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> breed </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 新增的属性</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="多态">多态<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#多态" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="多态的概念和用途">多态的概念和用途<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#多态的概念和用途" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在面向对象编程（OOP）中，多态性是一种允许一个实体采取多种形态的能力。更具体地说，多态是指通过同一个接口，使用不同的实例，可以产生不同的结果。这使得我们可以在运行时确定我们正在使用的对象类型，然后执行相应的操作。</p>
<p>多态的优势主要有两点：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>提高代码的灵活性</strong>：多态能够让我们以更一般的方式编写代码，处理更广泛的数据类型，而不仅仅是特定的单一数据类型。这使得我们的代码更加灵活和可维护。</li>
<li><strong>提高代码的可扩展性</strong>：如果我们想要添加新的数据类型，我们只需要确保它们遵循现有的接口规定。这使得我们的代码更易于扩展和改进，而无需修改大量现有代码。</li>
<li><strong>促进了类之间的解耦</strong>：多态允许系统在不修改现有代码的情况下，添加新的对象类型。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="python-中实现多态">Python 中实现多态<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#python-中实现多态" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>Python 是一种动态类型语言，意味着我们不需要明确地声明对象的类型。这就让我们在 Python 中能够非常容易地实现多态。以下是 Python 中实现多态的一些方法：</p>
<h4 id="方法重写">方法重写<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#方法重写" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>在 Python 中，子类可以重写父类的方法。这就意味着，当我们在子类中调用一个父类的方法时，将会执行子类中定义的版本，而非父类中的原始版本。这使得我们可以改变子类中方法的行为，以符合我们的需求。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Animal</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">:</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> sound</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;Generic animal sound&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Dog类重写了Animal类的sound方法，所以当我们调用Dog实例的sound方法时，会返回&quot;Woof!&quot;，而不是&quot;Generic animal sound&quot;。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> Dog</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">Animal</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> sound</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;Woof!&quot;</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="duck-typing">Duck Typing<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#duck-typing" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>Python 支持一种编程概念叫做 duck typing，这也是实现多态的一种方法。Duck typing 的核心思想是：如果一个对象能够像鸭子一样走路，像鸭子一样叫，那么我们就可以认为它是鸭子。对于 Python 来说，如果一个对象有我们需要的方法，我们就可以使用它，而不管它是什么类型的对象（运行时类型确定）。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> animal_sound</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(animal):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 这个函数只关心对象是否有sound方法，而不关心对象的具体类型</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> animal.sound()</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(animal_sound(Dog())) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出&quot;Woof!&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">print</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(animal_sound(Animal())) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 输出&quot;Generic animal sound&quot;</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="抽象类和接口">抽象类和接口<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#抽象类和接口" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="抽象类和接口的概念">抽象类和接口的概念<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#抽象类和接口的概念" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>抽象类是一种特殊的类，它不能被实例化，只能被继承。抽象类中可以定义抽象方法，这些方法在抽象类中没有实现，在子类中必须实现。</p>
<p>接口是一种特殊的抽象类，它只定义了一组方法的签名，没有提供任何实现。接口定义了一组行为，任何实现了这些行为的类都可以说是实现了这个接口。</p>
<h3 id="python-的-abc-模块">Python 的 Abc 模块<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#python-的-abc-模块" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>在 Python 中，我们使用 abc 模块来创建抽象类和接口。abc 模块提供了 <code>ABC</code> 基类和 <code>abstractmethod</code> 装饰器，我们可以使用它们来定义抽象类和抽象方法。</p>
<h3 id="python-中使用抽象类和接口">Python 中使用抽象类和接口<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#python-中使用抽象类和接口" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<h4 id="创建抽象类">创建抽象类<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#创建抽象类" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>我们可以使用 <code>ABC</code> 基类和 <code>abstractmethod</code> 装饰器来创建抽象类。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="Python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="Python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span>from abc import ABC, abstractmethod</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span># AbstractAnimal 是一个抽象类，它有一个抽象方法 sound。</span></span>
<span data-line><span>class AbstractAnimal(ABC):</span></span>
<span data-line><span> @abstractmethod</span></span>
<span data-line><span> def sound(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span> pass</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="创建接口">创建接口<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#创建接口" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>在 Python 中，接口的概念可以通过完全由抽象方法构成的抽象类来实现。与抽象类类似，我们使用 ABC 基类和 abstractmethod 装饰器来定义接口。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> abc </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> ABC</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, abstractmethod</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># AnimalBehaviour 是一个接口，它定义了两个抽象方法：eat 和 sleep。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">class</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> AnimalBehaviour</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">ABC</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> @abstractmethod</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> eat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> pass</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> @abstractmethod</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> def</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> sleep</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> pass</span></span>
<span data-line> </span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="实现接口">实现接口<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#实现接口" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<p>我们可以通过继承抽象类并实现其所有的抽象方法来实现接口。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="Python" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="Python" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span>class Dog(AbstractAnimal, AnimalBehaviour):</span></span>
<span data-line><span> def sound(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span> return &quot;Woof!&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span> def eat(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span> return &quot;The dog is eating.&quot;</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span> def sleep(self):</span></span>
<span data-line><span> return &quot;The dog is sleeping.&quot;</span></span></code></pre></figure></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#基本概念" data-for="基本概念">基本概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#理念和用途" data-for="理念和用途">理念和用途</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#特点" data-for="特点">特点</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#python-中的类和对象" data-for="python-中的类和对象">Python 中的类和对象</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#类和对象的概念" data-for="类和对象的概念">类和对象的概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#类的属性和方法" data-for="类的属性和方法">类的属性和方法</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#__init__" data-for="__init__">__init__</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#封装" data-for="封装">封装</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#概念和用途" data-for="概念和用途">概念和用途</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#python-中实现封装" data-for="python-中实现封装">Python 中实现封装</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#继承" data-for="继承">继承</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#继承的概念和用途" data-for="继承的概念和用途">继承的概念和用途</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#python-中实现继承" data-for="python-中实现继承">Python 中实现继承</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#多态" data-for="多态">多态</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#多态的概念和用途" data-for="多态的概念和用途">多态的概念和用途</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#python-中实现多态" data-for="python-中实现多态">Python 中实现多态</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#抽象类和接口" data-for="抽象类和接口">抽象类和接口</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#抽象类和接口的概念" data-for="抽象类和接口的概念">抽象类和接口的概念</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#python-的-abc-模块" data-for="python-的-abc-模块">Python 的 Abc 模块</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#python-中使用抽象类和接口" data-for="python-中使用抽象类和接口">Python 中使用抽象类和接口</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="explorer mobile-only"><button type="button" id="explorer" data-behavior="collapse" data-collapsed="collapsed" data-savestate="true" data-tree="[{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2018&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2020&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2021&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2022&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2023&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Blog/2024&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/个人成长&quot;,&quot;collapsed&quot;:true},{&quot;path&quot;:&quot;Personal/Book/医学健康&
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