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<html lang="zh"><head><title>基础</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&amp;family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&amp;family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&amp;display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="基础"/><meta property="og:description" content="Git 基础操作."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="Git 基础操作."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../../../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Technology/GettingStarted/版本控制/Git/入门/基础"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../../../../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17.5,25c-4.136,0-7.5-3.364-7.5-7.5 c0-4.136,3.364-7.5,7.5-7.5c4.136,0,7.5,3.364,7.5,7.5C25,21.636,21.636,25,17.5,25z"></path></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="nightIcon" x="0px"
<p>本章也将向你演示了如何配置 Git 来忽略指定的文件和文件模式、如何迅速而简单地撤销错误操作、如何浏览你的项目的历史版本以及不同提交（commits）之间的差异、如何向你的远程仓库推送（push）以及如何从你的远程仓库拉取（pull）文件。</p>
<h2 id="获取-git-仓库">获取 Git 仓库<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#获取-git-仓库" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>通常有两种获取 Git 项目仓库的方式：</p>
<ol>
<li>将尚未进行版本控制的本地目录转换为 Git 仓库。</li>
<li>从其它服务器克隆一个已存在的 Git 仓库。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="在目录中初始化仓库">在目录中初始化仓库<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#在目录中初始化仓库" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 当前目录下初始化仓库</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> init</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>该命令将创建一个名为 .git 的子目录，这个子目录含有你初始化的 Git 仓库中所有的必须文件，这些文件是 Git 仓库的骨干。</p>
<h3 id="克隆现有的仓库">克隆现有的仓库<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#克隆现有的仓库" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>如果你想获得一份已经存在了的 Git 仓库的拷贝，比如说，你想为某个开源项目贡献自己的一份力，这时就要用到 git clone 命令。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 克隆远程仓库</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> clone</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ur</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">l</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>如果你想在克隆远程仓库的时候，自定义本地仓库的名字，你可以通过额外的参数指定新的目录名：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 指定仓库本地命名</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> clone</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ur</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">l</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>克隆现有的仓库，实际上是<strong>多个命令的分解</strong>。首先初始化一个本地仓库，接着添加远程仓库，最后拉取远程仓库数据到本地。</p>
<h2 id="记录每次更新到仓库">记录每次更新到仓库<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#记录每次更新到仓库" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>当我们成功拥有一个仓库后，可以运行 git status 当仓库状态。在未进行开发的情况下，仓库都是干净的。当我们在工作目录对文件进行了变动，此时工作目录下的每一个文件都不外乎这两种状态：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>已跟踪</strong>：指那些被纳入了版本控制的文件，在上一次快照中有它们的记录，在工作一段时间后， 它们的状态可能是未修改，已修改或已放入暂存区。简而言之，已跟踪的文件就是 Git 已经知道的文件。</li>
<li><strong>未跟踪</strong>：工作目录中除已跟踪文件外的其它所有文件都属于未跟踪文件，它们既不存在于上次快照的记录中，也没有被放入暂存区。</li>
</ul>
<p>运行 git status 就会显示我们对那些文件进行了变动，那些是已跟踪，那些是未跟踪。接着我们可以使用 git add 将文件添加至暂存区。添加至暂存区后可以提交更新或继续工作；如果继续工作，同时对已暂存的文件进行了更改，可以使用 git diff 查看该文件工作区和暂存区之间的差异。</p>
<p>如果提交新修改的文件至暂存区，暂存区的文件会被新提交的覆盖。完成所有的工作开发，并且提交至暂存区后，就运行 git commit 提交更新至 git 目录，记录此次快照。</p>
<p>进行多次开发之后，想要回顾一下提交历史，可以使用 git log 查看提交历史。</p>
<h3 id="忽略文件">忽略文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#忽略文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>有些文件无需纳入 Git 的管理，也不希望它们总出现在未跟踪文件列表。</p>
<p>在这种情况下，我们可以创建一个名为 .gitignore 的文件，列出要忽略的文件的模式，不同目录下可以拥有不同的 .gitignore 。</p>
<h4 id="gitignore-格式规范">.gitignore 格式规范：<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#gitignore-格式规范" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
<ul>
<li>所有空行或者以 # 开头的行都会被 Git 忽略。</li>
<li>可以使用标准的 glob 模式匹配，它会递归地应用在整个工作区中（glob 模式是指 shell 所使用的简化了的正则表达式）。</li>
<li>匹配模式可以以（/）开头防止递归。</li>
<li>匹配模式可以以（/）结尾指定目录。</li>
<li>要忽略指定模式以外的文件或目录，可以在模式前加上叹号（!）取反。</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>GitHub 有一个十分详细的针对数十种项目及语言的 .gitignore 文件列表， 你可以在 <a href="https://github.com/github/gitignore" class="external">https://github.com/github/gitignore<svg aria-hidden="true" class="external-icon" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M320 0H288V64h32 82.7L201.4 265.4 178.7 288 224 333.3l22.6-22.6L448 109.3V192v32h64V192 32 0H480 320zM32 32H0V64 480v32H32 456h32V480 352 320H424v32 96H64V96h96 32V32H160 32z"></path></svg></a> 找到它。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="检查当前仓库状态">检查当前仓库状态<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#检查当前仓库状态" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 查看当前仓库状态总览</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> status</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 查看当前仓库状态简览</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> status</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> status</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --short</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 当前文件和暂存区之间的具体差异</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> diff</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 暂存区和最后一次提交的具体差异</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> diff</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --staged</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> diff</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --cached</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="踪新文件或暂存已修改的文件">踪新文件或暂存已修改的文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#踪新文件或暂存已修改的文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 添加文件到暂存区</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">fil</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 添加路径到暂存区</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">pat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">h</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="提交更新">提交更新<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#提交更新" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 提交更新，同时会启动文本编辑器来输入提交说明。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> commit</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 将提交信息与命令放在同一行</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> commit</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -m</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ms</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">g</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 跳过暂存，直接提交已跟踪文件。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> commit</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -a</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="查看提交历史">查看提交历史<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#查看提交历史" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<h3 id="git-log-的常用选项">Git Log 的常用选项<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#git-log-的常用选项" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 格式化输出一行显示提交历史</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> log</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --oneline</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-p</td><td>按补丁格式显示每个提交引入的差异。</td></tr><tr><td>—stat</td><td>显示每次提交的文件修改统计信息。</td></tr><tr><td>—shortstat</td><td>只显示 —stat 中最后的行数修改添加移除统计。</td></tr><tr><td>—name-only</td><td>仅在提交信息后显示已修改的文件清单。</td></tr><tr><td>—name-status</td><td>显示新增、修改、删除的文件清单。</td></tr><tr><td>—abbrev-commit</td><td>仅显示 SHA-1 校验和所有 40 个字符中的前几个字符。</td></tr><tr><td>—relative-date</td><td>使用较短的相对时间而不是完整格式显示日期（比如“2 weeks ago”）。</td></tr><tr><td>—graph</td><td>在日志旁以 ASCII 图形显示分支与合并历史。</td></tr><tr><td>—pretty</td><td>使用其他格式显示历史提交信息。可用的选项包括 oneline、short、full、fuller 和 format（用来定义自己的格式）。</td></tr><tr><td>—oneline</td><td>—pretty=oneline —abbrev-commit 合用的简写。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="git-log-prettyformat-常用的选项">Git Log —pretty=format 常用的选项<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#git-log-prettyformat-常用的选项" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> format</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 可以定制记录的显示格式</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> log</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --pretty=format:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;%h - %an, %ar : %s&quot;</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>%H</td><td>提交的完整哈希值</td></tr><tr><td>%h</td><td>提交的简写哈希值</td></tr><tr><td>%T</td><td>树的完整哈希值</td></tr><tr><td>%t</td><td>树的简写哈希值</td></tr><tr><td>%P</td><td>父提交的完整哈希值</td></tr><tr><td>%p</td><td>父提交的简写哈希值</td></tr><tr><td>%an</td><td>作者名字</td></tr><tr><td>%ae</td><td>作者的电子邮件地址</td></tr><tr><td>%ad</td><td>作者修订日期（可以用 —date=选项 来定制格式）</td></tr><tr><td>%ar</td><td>作者修订日期，按多久以前的方式显示</td></tr><tr><td>%cn</td><td>提交者的名字</td></tr><tr><td>%ce</td><td>提交者的电子邮件地址</td></tr><tr><td>%cd</td><td>提交日期</td></tr><tr><td>%cr</td><td>提交日期（距今多长时间）</td></tr><tr><td>%s</td><td>提交说明</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3 id="git-log-限制输出的选项">Git Log 限制输出的选项<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#git-log-限制输出的选项" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<div class="table-container"><table><thead><tr><th>选项</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-n</td><td>仅显示最近的 n 条提交。</td></tr><tr><td>—since, —after</td><td>仅显示指定时间之后的提交。</td></tr><tr><td>—until, —before</td><td>仅显示指定时间之前的提交。</td></tr><tr><td>—author</td><td>仅显示作者匹配指定字符串的提交。</td></tr><tr><td>—committer</td><td>仅显示提交者匹配指定字符串的提交。</td></tr><tr><td>—grep</td><td>仅显示提交说明中包含指定字符串的提交。</td></tr><tr><td>-S</td><td>仅显示添加或删除内容匹配指定字符串的提交。</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="撤消操作">撤消操作<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#撤消操作" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>有时候我们提交完了才发现漏掉了几个文件没有添加，或者提交信息写错了。 此时，可以运行带有 —amend 选</p>
<p>项的提交命令来重新提交：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 撤销上次提交</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> commit</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --amend</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>此命令会将当前暂存区的文件一并提交，最终只会有一个提交——第二次提交将代替第一次提交的结果。</p>
<h3 id="撤销已暂存的文件">撤销已暂存的文件<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#撤销已暂存的文件" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 取消暂存区文件</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> reset</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> HEAD</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">fil</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>git reset 确实是个危险的命令，如果加上了 —hard 选项则更是如此。 然而在上述场景中，工作目录中的文件尚未修改，因此相对安全一些。</p>
<h3 id="撤消对文件的修改">撤消对文件的修改<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#撤消对文件的修改" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 撤销工作区的文件修改</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> checkout</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">fil</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>请务必记得 <code>git checkout -- &lt;file></code> 是一个危险的命令。 你对那个文件在本地的任何修改都会消失——Git 会用最近提交的版本覆盖掉它。 除非你确实清楚不想要对那个文件的本地修改了，否则请不要使用这个命令。</p>
<h2 id="远程仓库">远程仓库<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#远程仓库" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>为了能在任意 Git 项目上协作，你需要知道如何管理自己的远程仓库。远程仓库是指托管在因特网或其他网络中</p>
<p>的你的项目的版本库。</p>
<p>你可以有好几个远程仓库，通常有些仓库对你只读，有些则可以读写。 与他人协作涉及管理远程仓库以及根据需要推送或拉取数据。 管理远程仓库包括了解如何添加远程仓库、移除无效的远程仓库、管理不同的远程分支并定义它们是否被跟踪等等。</p>
<h3 id="查看远程仓库">查看远程仓库<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#查看远程仓库" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>运行 git remote 命令，查看你已经配置的远程仓库服务器。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 查看远程仓库</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> remote</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>也可以指定选项 -v，会显示需要读写远程仓库使用的 Git 保存的简写与其对应的 URL</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 显示远程仓库简写及其</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> URL</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> remote</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -v</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="添加远程仓库">添加远程仓库<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#添加远程仓库" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>你可以运行 <code>git remote add &lt;shortname> &lt;url></code> 添加一个新的远程 Git 仓库，同时指定一个方便使用的简写：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 添加一个新的远程</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 仓库</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> remote</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> add</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">remote-nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ur</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">l</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="从远程仓库中抓取与拉取">从远程仓库中抓取与拉取<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#从远程仓库中抓取与拉取" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>当你添加远程仓库后，可以从远程仓库拉取数据。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 从远程仓库拉取数据，不自动合并。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> fetch</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">remote-nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 从远程仓库抓取数据，并尝试自动合并到当前分支。</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> pull</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="推送到远程仓库">推送到远程仓库<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#推送到远程仓库" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>当你想分享你的项目时，必须将其推送到上游。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 推送分支到远程仓库</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> push</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">remot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">branc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">h</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="查看重命名与移除远程仓库">查看、重命名与移除远程仓库<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#查看重命名与移除远程仓库" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>你可以使用以下命令，对远程仓库进行查看、重命名与移除操作。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 查看远程仓库</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> remote</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">remot</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 远程仓库的重命名</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> remote</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> rename</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ol</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">d</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">ne</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">w</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 远程仓库的移除</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> remote</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> remove</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">nam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="打标签">打标签<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#打标签" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>Git 可以给仓库历史中的某一个提交打上标签，以示重要。 比较有代表性的是人们会使用这个功能来标记发布结点（ v1.0 、 v2.0 等等）</p>
<p>Git 支持两种标签：<strong>轻量标签（lightweight）<strong>与</strong>附注标签（annotated）</strong>。</p>
<p>轻量标签很像一个不会改变的分支——它只是某个特定提交的引用。</p>
<p>而附注标签是存储在 Git 数据库中的一个完整对象， 它们是可以被校验的，其中包含打标签者的名字、电子邮件地址、日期时间， 此外还有一个标签信息，并且可以使用 GNU Privacy Guard （GPG）签名并验证。 通常会建议创建附注标签，这样你可以拥有以上所有信息。</p>
<p>但是如果你只是想用一个临时的标签， 或者因为某些原因不想要保存这些信息，那么也可以用轻量标签。</p>
<h3 id="创建标签">创建标签<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#创建标签" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 创建轻量标签</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tag</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">tagnam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 创建附注标签</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tag</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -a</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">tagnam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>你也可以对过去的提交打标签。，只需要输入提交的 SHA-1 数。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 后期打标签</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tag</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">tagnam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">commit-i</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">d</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="查看标签">查看标签<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#查看标签" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 列出已有的标签</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tag</span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 显示标签信息</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> show</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">tagnam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="共享标签">共享标签<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#共享标签" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<p>默认情况下，git push 命令并不会传送标签到远程仓库服务器上。 在创建完标签后你必须显式地推送标签到共享服务器上。</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 推送标签到远程仓库</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> push</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> origin</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">tagnam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 推送全部标签</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> push</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> origin</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --tags</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="删除标签">删除标签<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#删除标签" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 删除标签</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tag</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -d</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">tagnam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span>
<span data-line> </span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 删除远程仓库标签</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> push</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> origin</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --delete</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> &lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">tagnam</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">e</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">></span></span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="git-别名">Git 别名<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#git-别名" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
<p>Git 并不会在你输入部分命令时自动推断出你想要的命令。 如果不想每次都输入完整的 Git 命令，可以通过 git</p>
<p>config 文件来轻松地为每一个命令设置一个别名。如下：</p>
<figure data-rehype-pretty-code-figure><pre tabindex="0" data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark"><code data-language="shell" data-theme="github-light github-dark" style="display:grid;"><span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> config</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --global</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> alias.co</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> checkout</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> config</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --global</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> alias.br</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> branch</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> config</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --global</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> alias.ci</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> commit</span></span>
<span data-line><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">git</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> config</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --global</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> alias.st</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> status</span></span></code></pre></figure>
<p>接下来我们就可以使用 git co 等价代替 git checkout，其他同理。</p></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:1,&quot;scale&quot;:1.1,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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s-2-0.897-2-2s0.897-2,2-2S47,39.897,47,41z M49,10c-2.206,0-4-1.794-4-4s1.794-4,4-4s4,1.794,4,4S51.206,10,49,10z"></path></svg></button></div><div id="global-graph-outer"><div id="global-graph-container" data-cfg="{&quot;drag&quot;:true,&quot;zoom&quot;:true,&quot;depth&quot;:-1,&quot;scale&quot;:0.9,&quot;repelForce&quot;:0.5,&quot;centerForce&quot;:0.3,&quot;linkDistance&quot;:30,&quot;fontSize&quot;:0.6,&quot;opacityScale&quot;:1,&quot;showTags&quot;:true,&quot;removeTags&quot;:[],&quot;focusOnHover&quot;:true}"></div></div></div><div class="toc desktop-only"><button type="button" id="toc" class aria-controls="toc-content" aria-expanded="true"><h3>目录</h3><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="fold"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg></button><div id="toc-content" class><ul class="overflow"><li class="depth-0"><a href="#获取-git-仓库" data-for="获取-git-仓库">获取 Git 仓库</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#在目录中初始化仓库" data-for="在目录中初始化仓库">在目录中初始化仓库</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#克隆现有的仓库" data-for="克隆现有的仓库">克隆现有的仓库</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#记录每次更新到仓库" data-for="记录每次更新到仓库">记录每次更新到仓库</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#忽略文件" data-for="忽略文件">忽略文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#检查当前仓库状态" data-for="检查当前仓库状态">检查当前仓库状态</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#踪新文件或暂存已修改的文件" data-for="踪新文件或暂存已修改的文件">踪新文件或暂存已修改的文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#提交更新" data-for="提交更新">提交更新</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#查看提交历史" data-for="查看提交历史">查看提交历史</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#git-log-的常用选项" data-for="git-log-的常用选项">Git Log 的常用选项</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#git-log-prettyformat-常用的选项" data-for="git-log-prettyformat-常用的选项">Git Log —pretty=format 常用的选项</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#git-log-限制输出的选项" data-for="git-log-限制输出的选项">Git Log 限制输出的选项</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#撤消操作" data-for="撤消操作">撤消操作</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#撤销已暂存的文件" data-for="撤销已暂存的文件">撤销已暂存的文件</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#撤消对文件的修改" data-for="撤消对文件的修改">撤消对文件的修改</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#远程仓库" data-for="远程仓库">远程仓库</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#查看远程仓库" data-for="查看远程仓库">查看远程仓库</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#添加远程仓库" data-for="添加远程仓库">添加远程仓库</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#从远程仓库中抓取与拉取" data-for="从远程仓库中抓取与拉取">从远程仓库中抓取与拉取</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#推送到远程仓库" data-for="推送到远程仓库">推送到远程仓库</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#查看重命名与移除远程仓库" data-for="查看重命名与移除远程仓库">查看、重命名与移除远程仓库</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#打标签" data-for="打标签">打标签</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#创建标签" data-for="创建标签">创建标签</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#查看标签" data-for="查看标签">查看标签</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#共享标签" data-for="共享标签">共享标签</a></li><li class="depth-1"><a href="#删除标签" data-for="删除标签">删除标签</a></li><li class="depth-0"><a href="#git-别名" data-for="git-别名">Git 别名</a></li></ul></div></div><d
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