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<html lang="zh"><head><title>Shell 是什么</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM Plex Mono&family=Noto Serif Simplified Chinese:wght@400;700&family=Source Sans Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400;1,600&display=swap"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta property="og:title" content="Shell 是什么"/><meta property="og:description" content="Shell 是什么."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://wiki.7wate.com/static/og-image.png"/><meta property="og:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:height" content="675"/><link rel="icon" href="../../../../static/icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="Shell 是什么."/><meta name="generator" content="Quartz"/><link href="../../../../index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/KaTeX/0.16.9/katex.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" spa-preserve/><script src="../../../../prescript.js" type="application/javascript" spa-preserve></script><script type="application/javascript" spa-preserve>const fetchData = fetch("../../../../static/contentIndex.json").then(data => data.json())</script></head><body data-slug="Technology/GettingStarted/命令行工具/Shell/Shell-是什么"><div id="quartz-root" class="page"><div id="quartz-body"><div class="left sidebar"><h2 class="page-title"><a href="../../../..">🪴 X·Eden</a></h2><div class="spacer mobile-only"></div><div class="search"><button class="search-button" id="search-button"><p>搜索</p><svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.9 19.7"><title>Search</title><g class="search-path" fill="none"><path stroke-linecap="square" d="M18.5 18.3l-5.4-5.4"></path><circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7"></circle></g></svg></button><div id="search-container"><div id="search-space"><input autocomplete="off" id="search-bar" name="search" type="text" aria-label="搜索些什么" placeholder="搜索些什么"/><div id="search-layout" data-preview="true"></div></div></div></div><button class="darkmode" id="darkmode"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="dayIcon" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 35 35" style="enable-background:new 0 0 35 35" xml:space="preserve" aria-label="暗色模式"><title>暗色模式</title><path d="M6,17.5C6,16.672,5.328,16,4.5,16h-3C0.672,16,0,16.672,0,17.5 S0.672,19,1.5,19h3C5.328,19,6,18.328,6,17.5z M7.5,26c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.439l-2,2C4.168,28.711,4,29.086,4,29.5 C4,30.328,4.671,31,5.5,31c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.44l2-2C8.832,28.289,9,27.914,9,27.5C9,26.672,8.329,26,7.5,26z M17.5,6 C18.329,6,19,5.328,19,4.5v-3C19,0.672,18.329,0,17.5,0S16,0.672,16,1.5v3C16,5.328,16.671,6,17.5,6z M27.5,9 c0.414,0,0.789-0.168,1.06-0.439l2-2C30.832,6.289,31,5.914,31,5.5C31,4.672,30.329,4,29.5,4c-0.414,0-0.789,0.168-1.061,0.44 l-2,2C26.168,6.711,26,7.086,26,7.5C26,8.328,26.671,9,27.5,9z M6.439,8.561C6.711,8.832,7.086,9,7.5,9C8.328,9,9,8.328,9,7.5 c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061l-2-2C6.289,4.168,5.914,4,5.5,4C4.672,4,4,4.672,4,5.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06 L6.439,8.561z M33.5,16h-3c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5s0.672,1.5,1.5,1.5h3c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5S34.328,16,33.5,16z M28.561,26.439C28.289,26.168,27.914,26,27.5,26c-0.828,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5c0,0.414,0.168,0.789,0.439,1.06l2,2 C28.711,30.832,29.086,31,29.5,31c0.828,0,1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5c0-0.414-0.168-0.789-0.439-1.061L28.561,26.439z M17.5,29 c-0.829,0-1.5,0.672-1.5,1.5v3c0,0.828,0.671,1.5,1.5,1.5s1.5-0.672,1.5-1.5v-3C19,29.672,18.329,29,17.5,29z M17.5,7 C11.71,7,7,11.71,7,17.5S11.71,28,17.5,28S28,23.29,28,17.5S23.29,7,17.5,7z M17.5,25c-4.136,0-7.5-3.364-7.5-7.5 c0-4.136,3.364-7.5,7.5-7.5c4.136,0,7.5,3.364,7.5,7.5C25,21.636,21.636,25,17.5,25z"></path></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" id="nightIcon"
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<p>壳层（shell）这个说法起源于路易斯·普赞（Louis Pouzin），在 1964 年至 1965 年间首次提出，随后在 Multics（MULTiplexed Information and Computing System）项目中首次被实现出来。Unix 上的第一个 Unix 壳层（Unix shell）是肯·汤普逊（Ken Thompson）以 Multics 上的 shell 为范本，所写出的 Thompson shell。</p>
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<p>微软的 Windows 操作系统也提供了命令行壳层的功能，它们是 Windows 95 / 98 下的 command.com、Windows NT 内核下的 cmd.exe 以及 PowerShell；而图形界面壳层即为 explorer.exe。</p>
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<h2 id="简介">简介<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#简介" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<p>Shell（壳层）在计算机科学中指<strong>为用户提供用户界面</strong>的软件，通常指的是命令行界面的解析器。一般来说，这个词是指操作系统中提供访问内核所提供之服务的程序。Shell 也用于泛指所有为用户提供操作界面的程序，也就是程序和用户交互的层面。因此与之相对的是内核（Kernel），<strong>内核不提供和用户的交互功能</strong>。</p>
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<p>通常将 shell 分为两类：命令行与图形界面。命令行壳层提供一个命令行界面（CLI）；而图形壳层提供一个图形用户界面（GUI）。</p>
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<h2 id="图形用户界面gui">图形用户界面（GUI）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#图形用户界面gui" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>DOS Shell</li>
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<li>Macintosh Finder</li>
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<li>Microsoft Windows 环境：Aston shell、BB4Win、Emerge Desktop、Geoshell、Litestep、程序管理器、Secure Desktop、SharpE、Windows Explorer、UserShell。</li>
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<li>X Window System 环境或 Wayland 环境（主要用于类 Unix 操作系统）
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<ul>
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<li>独立的 X 窗口管理器，例如 Blackbox 与 Fluxbox。</li>
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<li>依靠窗口管理器的完整桌面环境，例如：CDE、GNOME、Unity（以 GNOME 作内核）、KDE、XFCE。</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="命令行界面cli">命令行界面（CLI）<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#命令行界面cli" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h2>
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<h3 id="unix">Unix<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#unix" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<h4 id="bourne-shell-兼容">Bourne Shell 兼容<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#bourne-shell-兼容" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li>**Bourne shell（sh）**史蒂夫·伯恩在贝尔实验室时编写。1978 年随 Version 7 Unix 首次发布。
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<ul>
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<li>Almquist shell（ash）由肯尼斯·艾昆斯特（Kenneth Almquist）在 SVR4 上建立了这个分支。</li>
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<li>**Bourne-Again shell（bash）**由布莱恩·福克斯在 1987 年为了 GNU 计划而编写。</li>
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<li>Debian Almquist shell（dash）由赫伯特·许（Herbert Xu）1997 年移植到 Linux 上后改名为 dash。</li>
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<li>Korn shell（ksh）David Korn 在贝尔实验室时编写。</li>
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<li>Z shell（zsh）是 macOS（2019 年起） 一款可用作交互式登录的 shell 及脚本编写的命令解释器。</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h4 id="c-shell-兼容">C Shell 兼容<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#c-shell-兼容" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h4>
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<ul>
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<li>C shell（csh）比尔·乔伊在加州大学伯克利分校时编写。1979 年随 BSD 首次发布。
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<ul>
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<li>TENEX C shell（tcsh） 一个向下兼容 c shell 的 Unix shell，目前作为 FreeBSD 和其延伸发行版的默认 shell。</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="非-unix">非 Unix<a role="anchor" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-no-popover="true" href="#非-unix" class="internal"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li>4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT – JP Software 公司可在在 DOS, OS/2，及 Windows NT 下使用的壳层。Take Command 程序则是 GUI 方式的兼容程序。</li>
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<li>Amiga CLI/Amiga 壳层是称为 Workbench 的 AmigaOS 图形界面的另一选择。</li>
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<li>BASIC-PLUS – RSTS/E</li>
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<li>Beemos（BEEMos）–在 Windows XP 上执行的一个小型项目，提供设置、应用程序等功能，感觉起来像是在另一个操作系统下。</li>
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<li>CANDE MCS– MCP 操作系统的指令行壳曾与文本编辑器</li>
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<li>CCP – CP/M 操作系统的主控台指令处理器</li>
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<li><strong>cmd.exe</strong> 基于 OS/2、Windows CE、Windows NT 系列操作系统的命令提示字符壳层</li>
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<li>COMMAND.COM – DOS 的壳层</li>
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<li>Commodore DOS Wedge – Commodore 64 上 BASIC 2.0 的延伸功能，包括常用磁盘操作的简略指令</li>
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<li>DCL – OpenVMS 的标准壳层，派生自早期的迪吉多（DEC）操作系统</li>
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<li>DDT – 迪吉多（DEC）PDP-10 调试工具，麻省理工学院 Incompatible Timesharing System 的指令壳层</li>
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<li>DROS – 智能手机上基于 Java ME 平台的类 DOS 壳层</li>
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<li>EFI-SHELL –可扩展固件界面（Extensible Firmware Interface，EFI）指令壳层，它是开放源代码的</li>
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<li>Google Shell –基于浏览器的 Google Search 前端界面</li>
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<li>iSeries QSHELL – IBM OS/400 上的 Unix 风格壳层</li>
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<li>Macintosh Programmer’s Workshop –古典 Mac OS 软件开发用的老式指令行环境</li>
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<li>Microsoft BASIC –一些古老 8 位电脑上的主要作业环境</li>
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<li>Rexx – IBM 的脚本语言（scripting language）</li>
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<li>Singularity shell – Singularity 的标准壳层</li>
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<li><strong>Windows PowerShell</strong> –命令提示字符的新一代面向对象后继者（旧称 Monad 或 Microsoft Shell (MSH)）</li>
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<li>Windows 修复主控台– Windows 2000、Windows XP、Windows 2003 操作系统的一项功能</li>
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<li>YouShell –用于 YouOS，基于 JavaScript 的指令处理器</li>
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</ul></article><hr/><div class="page-footer"></div></div><div class="right sidebar"><div class="graph"><h3>关系图谱</h3><div class="graph-outer"><div id="graph-container" data-cfg="{"drag":true,"zoom":true,"depth":1,"scale":1.1,"repelForce":0.5,"centerForce":0.3,"linkDistance":30,"fontSize":0.6,"opacityScale":1,"showTags":true,"removeTags":[],"focusOnHover":false}"></div><button id="global-graph-icon" aria-label="Global Graph"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 55 55" fill="currentColor" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M49,0c-3.309,0-6,2.691-6,6c0,1.035,0.263,2.009,0.726,2.86l-9.829,9.829C32.542,17.634,30.846,17,29,17
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